直接法与替代法测定肉羊氨化秸秆代谢能值的比较研究

试验旨在对直接法与替代法测定肉羊氨化秸秆代谢能值进行比较。将4月龄、体重25 kg左右，体况良好的杜泊公羊20只随机分为5组，每组4个重复，每个重复1只羊。直接法组（全氨化秸秆组）饲喂全氨化玉米秸秆，替代法组饲喂用不同比例氨化秸秆替代玉米和豆粕的基础日粮，即：饲喂基础日粮（精粗比1：1），饲喂氨化秸秆替代比例为20%、40%和60%的试验日粮。采用体内法进行动物消化代谢和呼吸测热试验，试验期60 d，含预饲期15 d，正试期45 d，分为3期，每期15 d。结果显示：替代法各组日粮的干物质（DM）、粗蛋白质（CP）、有机物（OM）表观消化率均随着替代比例的增加而显著降低（P<0.05），但均显著高于直接法组（P<0.05）。替代法各组的消化能（DE）与代谢能（ME）均显著高于直接法组（P<0.05）。通过比较替代法组内的消化能与代谢能发现，基础日粮组 > 20%替代组 > 40%替代组 > 60%替代组。而在对原料氨化秸秆的营养物质消化率测定及能值评定中，直接法全氨化秸秆组的DM、OM表观消化率及DE、ME均显著高于60%替代组（P<0.05），但与其他替代组无显著差异（P>0.05），且均接近于20%替代组。综上所述，采用直接法和替代法对氨化玉米秸秆进行能值评定时，替代比例不同会对试验结果造成显著差异。而通过替代法测定原料氨化秸秆的能量代谢时发现，氨化玉米秸秆适宜替代比为20%。     

棉桃壳和氨化棉桃壳对绵羊的营养价值评定

选用4只体重28 kg左右,安装永久瘤胃瘘管甘肃高山细毛羯羊,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,通过体内消化代谢试验对棉桃壳和氨化棉桃壳进行营养价值评定。结果表明,绵羊对棉桃壳和氨化棉桃壳消化能、干物质消化率、氮消化率、有机物质消化率、中性洗涤纤维消化率、酸性洗涤纤维消化率、钙消化率、磷消化率和氮存留率分别为11.42 和10.90 MJ/kg,68.41%和66.30%,60.30%和60.68%,70.25%和67.57%,57.44%和54.55%,54.78%和52.21%,27.66%和24.88%,34.56%和27.57%及49.48%和50.34%。氨化棉桃壳和棉桃壳的消化率无显著性差异(P>0.05);饲粮中添加棉桃壳和氨化棉桃壳对绵羊瘤胃液中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和其他酸摩尔比及乙/丙和氨态氮与蛋白氮浓度均产生了显著的影响(P<0.05),对瘤胃液pH及TVFA、总氮和尿素氮浓度无显著影响(P>0.05)。试验表明棉桃壳和氨化棉桃壳养分表观消化率无显著差异,利用尿素进行氨化处理时绵羊瘤胃内释放氨的速度较快,瘤胃微生物合成强度较低。     

FP4菌袋装青贮玉米秸饲喂肉牛效果试验

[目的]为了探讨和观察FP4菌袋装青贮玉米秸调制及其饲喂肉牛育肥效果.[方法]以20头18～24月龄雄性西门塔尔杂交肉牛为试验对象,随机分为两组,进行FP4秸秆发酵活干菌青贮玉米秸与氨化麦秸肉牛育肥比较试验.两组日粮水平完全相同,试验组日饲喂袋装青贮玉米秸,对照组饲喂氨化麦秸.[结果]表明,试验组头均日增重为1 170 g,比对照组的892.4 g提高23.7%.试验组头均纯收入为1 051元,比对照组的585元多收入466元,经济效益提高了44.3%,收益显著.[结论]说明FP4菌袋装青贮玉米秸杆能显著提高饲养效益.     

不同加工与处理的玉米秸秆饲喂肉牛增重效果观察

将玉米秸秆揉切加工经氨化、微贮、青贮处理后进行饲喂肉牛增重肥育试验。对照组牛喂自然风干揉碎秸秆。40头供试牛随机分为4组，分别进行对比，其结果为：喂青贮秸秆组头日均增重1073g，喂微贮秸秆组头日均增重986g，喂氨化秸秆组头日均增重931g，对照级夹 日均增重684g。青贮组与微贮组、氨化且差异显著（P＜0．05），与对照组差异极显著（P＜0．01）。微贮组与氨化组差异不显著（P＞0．05）。微贮组、氨化组与对照组差异极显著（P＜0．01）。将各组所耗精料、粗料及增重按当时市场价格进行分析。60天试验期结束，青贮组、微贮组、氨化组、对照组平均每头获利分别为124．86元、92．21元、90．52元和23．54元。玉米秸秆青贮处理后饲喂肉牛，优于秸秆微贮和氨化，更好于干秸秆，且操作简单，适口性强，饲喂效果明显，在广大农区值得大力推广。     

饲喂氨化棉籽壳对塔里木马鹿瘤胃内环境指标及血清尿素氮含量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲喂氨化棉籽壳对塔里木马鹿瘤胃内环境指标及血清尿素氮含量的影响,以期为塔里木马鹿对氨化饲料的合理利用提供理论依据。选用3只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的塔里木马鹿作为试验动物,采用配对试验设计(饲喂氨化棉籽壳前和饲喂氨化棉籽壳后),分2期进行,前期饲喂含未氨化棉籽壳(1 kg)的饲粮,后期饲喂用氨化棉籽壳全部替换掉未氨化棉籽壳的饲粮。每期试验分为预试期和正试期,预试期7 d,正试期15 d。结果显示:饲喂氨化棉籽壳后,塔里木马鹿瘤胃液p H、氨态氮浓度、微生物蛋白含量和血清尿素氮含量均显著或极显著高于饲喂氨化棉籽壳前(P0.05或P0.01),乙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著或极显著低于饲喂氨化棉籽壳前(P0.05或P0.01)。饲喂氨化棉籽壳前、后每只塔里木马鹿每天的饲料成本分别为5.55和5.04元,饲喂后比饲喂前低0.51元。由此可见,塔里木马鹿对氨化棉籽壳有很强的适应能力,氨化棉籽壳在塔里木马鹿饲粮中的应用可有效节约蛋白质饲料,提高粗饲料的利用效率,提高经济效益。     

氨化与微贮处理小麦秸秆的效果对比

对小麦秸秆进行氨化和微贮处理、分析,发现氨化麦秸CP含量高于未处理麦秸255.80%(P>0.05),微贮麦秸CP含量无大的变化,其含量同未处理麦秸;微贮后的半纤维素含量低于未处理麦秸27.10%(P<0.05),低于氨化麦秸15%(P>0.05),氨化麦秸的半纤维素含量低于未处理麦秸14%(P>0.05);中性洗涤纤维(NDF)氨化麦秸和微贮麦秸均低于未处理麦秸(P>0.05),但酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)又高于氨化麦秸和未处理麦秸(P>0.05)。     

Ammoniated forage toxicosis in calves

Two calves developed a CNS syndrome characterized by hyperesthesia, tremors, and incoordination while nursing dams that had been feeding on ammoniated forage. To increase digestibility, intake, and nitrogen content, low-quality forages were ammoniated at a rate of 3% dry weight. However, a CNS syndrome of unknown cause has been observed in cows and calves nursing cows that have ingested ammoniated forage. Serum electrolytes, glucose, and blood differentials of the 2 calves in this report were normal. However, the older calf had high serum and CSF ammonia concentrations. Both calves, sedated with acepromazine and given thiamine injections, were clinically normal 12 hours later.     

低精料水平下氨化微贮稻草育肥西镇牛试验研究

本试验以广泛分布于秦巴山区的西镇牛为研究对象，进行低精料水平下稻草经不同处理舍饲饲养试验。结果表明，稻草经过氨化、微贮加工可提高牛采食量、日增重，提高饲料转化率。氨化、微贮组日增重较干稻草组分别提高124％和l11％。在低精料水平下饲喂氨化、微贮稻草能显著提高经济效益。试验90d，氨化组较干稻草组每头牛增收94元。     

Etiology of ammoniated hay toxicosis

Some animals consuming hay treated with anhydrous ammonia have developed neurological signs including hyperexcitability, circling and convulsions. A series of experiments was conducted to identify tentatively the toxin and determine its mode of action. Three out of four sheep fed ammoniated orchardgrass hay (approximately 4% ammonia on a dry basis) developed convulsions. Two of the three sheep died within 18 h of the onset of signs. The concentrations of blood lactate and pyruvate were elevated in the symptomatic sheep (P less than .05). A proposed toxin, 4-methyl imidazole, did not induce the syndrome when 750 mg/d (approximately 10 times the dietary amount) were administered orally. Four out of five calves that received milk from cows fed ammoniated oat hay (approximately 5% ammonia on dry basis) displayed hyperexcitability and circling. Concentrations of blood lactate and pyruvate were also elevated in the calves. The crude alkaloid fraction of the toxic milk produced neurological signs similar to those of the calves when injected into mice. A fluorescent compound was found in the alkaloid fraction of toxic milk and ammoniated hay, but not in control milk or untreated hay. The fluorescent compound was quite labile; hence, characterization has been unsuccessful thus far.     

氨化秸秆育肥肉牛增重试验

[目的]检验氨化小麦秸秆与小麦秸杆对夏西黄育肥牛增重的效果.[方法]试验选择改良去势夏西黄公牛40头,随机分为氨化组与对照组,每组20头,经60 d试验.在相同饲养管理水平下,对照组饲喂普通麦秸,实验组饲喂氨化麦秸.[结果]在60 d试验期内,试验组增重效果高于对照组,头均日增重为1.06 kg,比对照组提高37.66％,日增重差异显著（P＜0.05）.头日净增收多5.32元,提高48.6％,经济效益显著.[结论]麦秸经过氨化处理,不仅可以提高育肥牛增重效果,而且可以明显提高饲料报酬,降低饲料成本,提高肉羊养殖经济效益.     

小麦秸秆处理方式对绵羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵性能及经济效益的影响

文章旨在评估不同小麦秸秆处理方式对干物质体外降解动力学及绵羊生长性能和瘤胃发酵性能的影响。试验将平均初始体重为（51.26±0.07）kg的24头绵羊随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头羊。3组绵羊每天采食体重1%的基础浓缩料,对照组自由采食未处理的小麦秸秆,处理组绵羊分别采食2.5%氨水处理的小麦秸秆和5×108 CFU酵母菌处理的小麦秸秆,试验共进行10周。结果：氨化秸秆与酵母处理秸秆组干物质体外降解动力学参数B较小麦秸秆组分别显著提高11.04%和13.63%（P＜0.05）,而氨化秸秆组干物质体外降解动力学参数A+B较小麦秸秆组显著提高11.45%（P＜0.05）。氨化秸秆组干物质降解效率显著高于未处理的小麦秸秆组（P＜0.05）。与小麦秸秆组相比,氨化秸秆和酵母秸秆组绵羊的平均日增重分别显著提高9.12%和13.11%（P＜0.05）。氨化小麦秸秆组绵羊的能量和蛋白质摄入量最高（P＜0.05）。氨化小麦秸秆组绵羊瘤胃发酵0～8 h的氨氮浓度均最高（P＜0.05）,而酵母秸秆组绵羊瘤胃液体外发酵2 h后的挥发性脂肪酸浓度较小麦秸秆组显著提高32.84%（P＜0.05）,体外发酵4 h后的挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于其他两组（P＜0.05）。结论：氨水和酵母菌处理提高小麦秸秆的水不溶性物质（B组分）降解率和绵羊的平均日增重,同时氨水处理小麦秸秆提高了绵羊代谢能、蛋白质摄入量和瘤胃氨氮浓度。     

超声改善氨化稻秸纤维结构工艺优化及其对瘤胃降解特性的影响

试验旨在研究超声改善氨化稻秸纤维结构工艺优化及其对瘤胃降解特性的影响。采用响应面设计优化氨化稻秸纤维的超声水平,以中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）和酸性洗涤木质素（ADL）含量为响应值建立多元二次回归数学模型,得到最佳超声水平,并测定最佳超声水平下氨化稻秸与未处理氨化稻秸中营养成分的含量。利用尼龙袋法测定上述样品在奶牛瘤胃中干物质（DM）、NDF及ADF的降解率,得到各营养成分的动态降解参数。结果显示,氨化稻秸的最佳超声水平为超声功率112 W,超声时间17.3 min,液固比10.7：1,容器内声功率密度1.317 W/mL,在此超声水平下的氨化稻秸ADF和ADL含量的最小值分别为43.75%、7.95%,显著低于超声前（P<0.05）,实际结果与模型预测接近,说明该模型可行。与超声前相比,氨化稻秸ADF降低了6.64%,ADL降低了11.38%。在瘤胃降解试验中,超声处理后的氨化稻秸DM、NDF、ADF的慢速降解部分（b）、潜在降解部分（d）和有效降解率（ED）均得到极显著提高（P<0.01）,其中DM、NDF和ADF的慢速降解部分分别提高了36.52%、30.06%和22.19%,潜在降解部分分别提高了27.15%、28.56%和21.35%,有效降解率分别提高了25.09%、24.98%和24.00%。综上所述,适宜的超声处理可以降低氨化稻秸中ADF和ADL的含量,提高有效降解率。     

Effects of ammoniation of tall fescue on phenolic composition, feed intake, site and extent of nutrient digestion and ruminal dilution rates of steers

Tall fescue hay (H) supplemented with corn and urea (HU) or corn gluten meal (HCGM) and ammoniated tall fescue hay supplemented with corn (AH) or corn gluten meal (AHCGM) were fed to steers in two 4 X 4 Latin-square trials. Diets were fed to four Angus-Hereford steers (550 kg) at equal intakes in trial 1 and to four Hereford steers (350 kg) at ad libitum intakes in trial 2. Ammoniation reduced cell wall concentrations of p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid by 48 and 67%, respectively. Concentrations of other phenolics were also reduced. Apparent total tract digestibilities of vanillin, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid were lower (P less than .05, .001 and .01, respectively) when nontreated hay was fed in trial 1, but were not different between hay types in trial 2. In trial 1, greater negative intestinal digestibilities of p-coumaric acid (P less than .001) and vanillin (P less than .05) occurred for steers fed HU and HCGM vs AH and AHCGM diets. Digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were greater (P less than .001) for steers fed ammoniated hay diets in both trials and greater (P less than .05) for HCGM vs HU in trial 1. More than 96% of the NDF and ADF digested by steers in trial 1 was digested in the stomach. Intakes of digestible NDF and ADF, but not indigestible NDF or ADF, were higher (P less than .001) for steers fed AH and AHCGM in trial 2. In situ dry matter disappearance rate of ammoniated hay was greater (P less than .05) than that of nontreated hay, but rate of cotton thread disappearance from bags suspended in the rumen of steers fed the various diets was similar among treatments. In both trials, feeding ammoniated hay resulted in higher (P less than .05) ruminal concentrations of acetate and higher (P less than 0.05) acetate:propionate ratios. Ruminal liquid dilution rates were lower (P less than .05) for steers fed AH and AHCGM in trial 1, but were not different in trial 2. Ruminal dry matter concentration and solids dilution rate were not affected by diet in either trial. The results are interpreted to indicate that increased intake of ammoniated hay is a result of increased rate and extent of fiber digestion.     

日粮中尿素氨化稻草水平对体外培养发酵总产气量、氨态氮和pH值的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例的氨化稻草及精组比例对体外发酵产气规律的影响。以2头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛作为瘤胃液供体,以未氨化、4%尿素和6%尿素氨化的稻草为粗饲料,分别与精料混合料配制成6种比例日粮,其中精料与粗饲料的比例为0∶100、20∶80、40∶60、60∶40、80∶20、100∶0。采用体外产气法测定各种日粮体外发酵的产气规律。结果表明:同一尿素氨化水平下,随着精料比例增加,产气量显著增加(P<0.05),并且精料∶粗料为100∶0组极显著高于0∶100组(P<0.01);不同尿素氨化水平下,精料∶粗料为40∶60时,4%尿素氨化组48 h产气量显著高于未氨化组(P<0.05),并且高于6%氨化组,而精料∶粗料为0∶100、20∶80、60∶40、80∶20、100∶0时,3种尿素氨化水平产气量之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。表明使用4%尿素对稻草进行氨化处理、日粮精料∶粗料为40∶60时,日粮的可消化性最好。     

Effects of pearl millet silage ammoniation with urea on carcass and meat quality of lambs

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pearl millet silage ammoniated with urea on lamb carcass characteristics and meat quality. Thirty‐two noncastrated crossbred lambs at 4–5 months of age, with an average initial body weight of 17.39 ± 2.16 kg, were distributed into four treatments in a randomized block experimental design with eight animals per treatment. Experimental diets were composed of pearl millet silage ammoniated with four levels of urea (0%, 2%, 4% and 6%, on dry matter basis (DM). Carcass conformation and fatness decreased linearly (p < 0.05). Except for the fat content, the proximate composition was not influenced (p < 0.05) by the diets. Meat lightness and yellowness increased linearly (p < 0.05). There was no effect of diets (p > 0.05) on cooking losses or shear force. The levels of oleic and erucic fatty acid levels in the meat decreased linearly (p < 0.05), whereas linoleic and eicosadienoic acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA:SFA ratio and ω6 contents increased (p < 0.05). Pearl millet silage ammoniated with urea allows for the production of good‐quality lamb meat, with greater concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, lambs fed diets with pearl millet ammoniated with up to 6% lead to a reduction of carcass characteristics without significantly affecting loin‐eye area possibly associated with low palatability of the additive used. The lower acceptance of the silages with higher levels of urea is due to the ammonia retention in the material is attributed to the ammonization process. Thus, in spite of the benefits on lamb meat quality, it is suggested that the use of this additive in the ammonization of tropical forages be carried out with care, in limits of up to 6%.     

暖棚和氨化秸秆育肥绵羊试验报告

利用氨化秸秆在暖棚内进行菜羊育肥，平均每只增加产值143元，比敞圈育肥组高58元，比对照组高159元；平均每只增加收入97元，比敞圈育肥组高58元，比对照组高122元，经济效益明显，宜在有条件的地区推广。     

氨化玉米秸秆育肥秦川牛的试验报告

用氨化玉米秸秆育肥一周岁龄秦川牛,在每天每头补饲０．５ｋｇ精料,饲喂两次麸草和氨化玉米秸秆４ｋｇ,二个月内,试验组每头平均增重２０．７２ｋｇ,比直接饲喂没有氨化的玉米秸秆组（１２．６７ｋｇ）多增重８．０５ｋｇ,试验组比对照组平均每头多收入４５．５１元,效益明显。     

Ammonia and urea in corn silage-based complete mixed diets for dairy cows

Source of supplemental N was evaluated in three corn silage-based complete mixed diets (CMD) fed to lactating dairy cows. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and contained 60% corn silage and 40% concentrate on a dry matter basis. Diets were: CMD-A, ammoniated corn silage (ammonia provided 16% of total N) plus concentrate; CMD-U, untreated corn silage and concentrate (16% of total N from urea) and CMD-S, untreated corn silage plus concentrate with soybean meal. Ammoniation at 1.0% of dry weight increased crude protein content of silage from 8.5 to 12.7%. Daily means for cows fed CMD-A, CMD-U and CMD-S were: 24.2, 24.3 and 24.5 kg of fat-corrected milk; 3.17, 3.10 and 3.15% milk protein; 3.41, 3.67 and 3.63% milk fat and 3.02, 2.99 and 3.02 kg intake of total dry matter/100 kg body weight. Differences were not significant except for reduced milk fat percentage for cows fed the ammoniated corn silage diet. Both anhydrous ammonia and urea at 16% of total dietary N were found to be practical and economical substitutes for part of the supplemental soy protein. When compared to CMD with all soybean protein, greater savings in feed costs resulted from inclusion of ammoniated corn silage than with inclusion of urea.     

氨化、微贮秸秆饲喂鲁西黄牛不同增重效果的比较研究

将小麦秸、玉米秸经氨化、微贮处理后进行饲喂鲁西黄牛增重肥育试验。30头供试牛随机分成6组,分别与饲喂未处理秸秆牛进行对比,其结果为:氨化小麦秸组、氨化玉米秸组每头日均增重分别为0.931kg、1.012kg;饲喂微贮小麦秸组、微贮玉米秸组每头日均增重分别为0.985kg1、.064kg;小麦秸对照组、玉米秸对照组每头日均增重分别为0.684kg0、.708kg。小麦秸和玉米秸经氨化或微贮处理后增重效果都优于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01),而氨化处理组与微贮处理组差异不显著(P>0.05)。将所耗精料、粗料及增重按当时市价进行分析,60d试验期结束,期内每头每日获利:小麦秸氨化组、微贮组、对照组分别为:2.103元、2.665元、0.806元;玉米秸氨化组、微贮组、对照组分别为:2.279元、2.960元、0.819元。玉米秸秆微贮后饲喂鲁西黄牛经济效果优于小麦秸秆的氨化、微贮,更优于未处理秸秆,且操作简单,值得在农区进行推广。     

定西县“秸秆畜牧业”开发之我见

定西县是全国出名的干旱贫困县，至今人均占有粮食３０２．８ｋｇ，依赖饲料粮的增加来发展畜牧业是不现实的。唯一出路是靠农作物秸秆资源，采用科技手段提高其营养价值，即开发“秸秆畜牧业”，实现全县脱贫致富。文章重点就小麦秸氨化处理及玉米秸青贮调制可经济效益之对比，探讨全县开发“秸秆畜牧业”并非空中楼阁，一纸空变。