菜心小孢子胚再生体系优化及植株倍性鉴定

为进一步优化菜心游离小孢子胚再生技术体系,本研究以3份不同基因型的菜心小孢子胚状体为试验材料,研究不同培养基类型、培养基中不同琼脂浓度和不同胚龄对胚再生的影响,并对再生植株进行倍性鉴定。结果表明,使用B5培养基时各基因型的成苗率均高于MS培养基,褐化率低于MS培养基,B5培养基是菜心小孢子胚状体再生的适宜培养基;培养基中添加适宜浓度的琼脂可提高再生植株的成苗率,随着琼脂浓度的增加,出苗率呈先升后降的趋势,琼脂浓度为1.0%时,各基因型的出苗率达到最高;胚状体再生的最佳胚龄是25～29 d,胚龄时间过长或过短均不利于胚状体出苗,其中40 d以上胚龄的胚状体几乎不出苗;倍性鉴定发现菜心小孢子再生植株中同时存在单倍体、二倍体和多倍体,3个基因型的二倍体自然加倍率在62.22%～71.11%之间;75 mg/L秋水仙素处理可提高菜心再生株系的二倍体率。本研究为菜心游离小孢子胚再生体系优化及再生植株倍性鉴定提供了技术基础。     

小白菜小孢子胚状体诱导影响因素研究

以10个小白菜杂交种为试材,采用游离小孢子培养方法,研究影响小孢子胚状体形成因素的结果表明,不同品种胚状体的诱导率不同;NLN培养基中大量元素减半有利于小孢子胚诱导,其诱导率达到100%;培养基中添加0.05 mg/L的6-BA和0.2 mg/L的NAA可以提高胚状体诱导率;活性炭和琼脂糖对诱导胚状体发生和发育有促进作用,可使子叶胚的比例达90%以上;花蕾经4℃低温预处理24 h后的成胚率显著提高.     

小白菜小孢子胚状体诱导影响因素研究

以10个小白菜杂交种为试材,采用游离小孢子培养方法,研究影响小孢子胚状体形成因素的结果表明,不同品种胚状体的诱导率不同;NLN培养基中大量元素减半有利于小孢子胚诱导,其诱导率达到100%;培养基中添加0.05 mg/L的6-BA和0.2 mg/L的NAA可以提高胚状体诱导率;活性炭和琼脂糖对诱导胚状体发生和发育有促进作用,可使子叶胚的比例达90%以上;花蕾经4℃低温预处理24 h后的成胚率显著提高。     

不结球白菜小孢子胚成苗及倍性变异研究

以不结球白菜小孢子胚为外植体,对胚发育成苗过程中基本培养基、激素配比、基因型及生根条件进行了研究,并对再生植株的染色体倍性进行了鉴定。研究表明：适于小孢子胚芽分化的培养基为B5＋GA30.1 mg/L＋蔗糖3%＋琼脂1.2%,在此培养基上6号、14号、31号的子叶型胚状体的出芽率分别为53.33%,85.24%,75.55%,平均出芽数分别为5.66,3.83,3.28个;为了诱导获得健壮新根,提高植株再生率,最适宜的生根培养基为MS＋IBA 0.1 mg/L＋蔗糖3%＋琼脂0.6%,生根率达100%,平均根数9.70条。对133株再生植株进行了染色体倍性鉴定,结果发现不结球白菜自然加倍率很高,且倍性变异情况比较复杂,其中四倍体植株所占比例最高,达到56.39%,二倍体植株占39.10%,三倍体植株占3.01%,而单倍体植株仅占1.50%。     

不结球白菜小孢子胚成苗及倍性变异研究

以不结球白菜小孢子胚为外植体,对胚发育成苗过程中基本培养基、激素配比、基因型及生根条件进行了研究,并对再生植株的染色体倍性进行了鉴定.研究表明:适于小孢子胚芽分化的培养基为B5 GA3 0.1 mg/L 蔗糖3% 琼脂1.2%,在此培养基上6号、14号、31号的子叶型胚状体的出芽率分别为53.33%,85.24%,75.55 %,平均出芽数分别为5.66,3.83,3.28个;为了诱导获得健壮新根,提高植株再生率,最适宜的生根培养基为MS IBA 0.1 mg/L 蔗糖3% 琼脂0.6%,生根率达100%,平均根数9.70条.对133株再生植株进行了染色体倍性鉴定,结果发现不结球白菜自然加倍率很高,且倍性变异情况比较复杂,其中四倍体植株所占比例最高,达到56.39%,二倍体植株占39.10%,三倍体植株占3.01%,而单倍体植株仅占1.50%.     

唐菖蒲体细胞胚的诱导及植株再生

以唐菖蒲球茎芽切片为外植体,经体细胞胚发生途径,进行胚性愈伤组织诱导、胚状体的诱导、胚状体发育过程及植株再生的研究。胚状体诱导培养基为MS＋2,4-D1.0mg/L＋TDZ0.2mg/L,诱导率为68.3%;将产生的胚状体首先接种于MS培养基使其充分发育,之后转入MS＋6-BA2.0mg/L培养基中诱导发芽,在转入MS培养基中使其形成完整植株。采用石蜡切片法和临时压片法对胚状体的发育过程进行了观察发现,首先外植体表层薄壁细胞经脱分化恢复分生能力,形成愈伤组织,随后在愈伤组织表面形成许多瘤状突起即胚性细胞团,胚性细胞团继续发育成球形胚、盾形胚,最后发育成熟形成完整植株。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养中基因型及处理条件对成苗的影响

为进一步提高甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养效率,研究了基因型对甘蓝型油菜小孢子胚产量和再生植株自然加倍率的影响,以及小孢子振荡培养过程中光照与后期低温处理对胚状体一次成苗率和再生植株自然加倍率的影响。结果表明,基因型对小孢子培养胚产量和再生植株自然加倍率影响较大,D 393的胚产量和自然加倍率很高,分别高达119.87胚·蕾~(-1)和79.87%,D 393的自然加倍率是D 524的2～3倍;光照对一次成苗率和再生植株自然加倍率没有影响,4℃低温处理15 d能提高小孢子一次成苗率0.8～3倍。本研究获得了一个胚产量和自然加倍率都很高的甘蓝型油菜DH系D 393;综合考虑一次成苗率和加倍效率,在甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养进程中振荡培养阶段可能不需要光照,而在转入B 5固体培养基前应该对胚状体进行适当低温和时长的处理,可提高小孢子培养效率。     

单倍体育种技术在油菜育种材料创新上的应用研究Ⅱ.胚状体培育及试管苗越夏

利用游离小孢子培养技术对9个甘蓝型杂交油菜品种(组合)的F1代进行离体小孢子培养.在NLN-13培养基中诱导胚状体发生,将胚状体放置于含有多菌灵和链霉素的培养基中培养,结果表明:①20mg/L浓度的多菌灵和链霉素可以提高胚状体的成苗率.②将胚状体接种于含有0.05mg/L 2,4-D和0.01mg/L6-BA的MS培养基中培养,愈伤组织能快速分化形成不定根和丛芽.     

两种南瓜再生体系建立的方法

为建立不同途径的南瓜再生体系,以‘大果蜜本’南瓜种子子叶节和授粉后2天的子房为外植体,对南瓜愈伤组织和胚状体发育两种再生途径进行研究。结果表明：愈伤组织发育途径中,3%的次氯酸钠溶液消毒15 min是最佳灭菌方式,MS+3.0 mg/L6-BA+ 0.1 mg/L NAA是诱导南瓜子叶节丛生芽形成的最佳培养基,MS+0.2 mg/L NAA是诱导单芽成苗的最佳培养基;胚状体发育途径中MS+4.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L NAA+1.0 mg/L 6-BA和MS+0.06 mg/L TDZ均能有效诱导南瓜胚状体形成,MS培养基是诱导胚状体成苗最佳培养基。本研究成功建立了南瓜愈伤组织和胚状体发育两种途径形成再生植株的体系。     

青麻叶大白菜小孢子培养及新品种选育

对影响青麻叶大白菜游离小孢子培养的因素进行了研究。结果表明：供体植株的基因型与小孢子胚胎发生密切相关;33℃,24h高温处理有助于小孢子转化成胚状体,每蕾成胚数比25℃恒温培养提高4．5倍;在培养基中加入外源激素和多种氨基酸可以提高胚状体的诱导效率,平均比对照增加59．64％;培养基的琼脂含量增加到12g／L能显著提高小孢子胚的成苗率,比含琼脂8g／L的高出40．5个百分点。通过对青麻叶大白菜小孢子胚的培养,获得二倍性的双单倍体植株,从中选出性状优良的纯系进行杂交组合的选配,培育出青麻叶大白菜的新品系。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.