Evaluation of techniques for lignocaine hydrochloride analgesia of the velvet antler of adult stags

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of various routes of administration and doses of local anaesthetic (LA) to provide analgesia of the velvet antler of adult stags. METHODS: In Experiment 1, antlers from 50 red deer stags, >or=2-years-old were allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 25 antlers/group) to receive injections with 2% lignocaine hydrochloride as follows: High-dose (1 ml/cm pedicle circumference) or Low-dose ring-block (0.4 ml/cm pedicle circumference) or; High-site or Low-site regional nerve block (5 ml per site, both of which included the auriculopalpebral nerve). An electrical stimulus was applied before application of LA and then each min for up to 4 min after LA injection. If no response was observed, analgesia was tested with a saw cut. If no response occurred, the antler was cut at that time. If the animal responded, a further wait time was applied until 4 min had elapsed, at which time observations ceased. In Experiment 2, 10 primary and 50 re-growth antlers were given a High-dose ring-block and tested with a saw cut after 1 min (n = 30) or 2 min (n = 30). If no response occurred, the antler was removed. If a response occurred, further 1-min wait periods were applied. RESULTS: In the High-dose ring-block and High-site nerve-block groups, 24/25 and 21/25 antlers were removed without response by 2 min, compared with 20/25 and 15/25 antlers in the Low-dose ring-block and Low-site nerve-block groups, respectively. The High-dose ring-block provided more effective analgesia after 3 min than the Low-dose ring-block, as assessed by the number of stags that did not respond to the electrical stimulus (p = 0.008), or subsequent antler removal (p = 0.050). The numbers of antlers removed without response after 1 or 2 min were greater using the High-site nerve-block than the Low-site nerve-block (p = 0.002 and p = 0.037, respectively). In all but the High-dose ring-block group, at least 1 stag required further LA after 4 min, before antler could be humanely removed. In Experiment 2, stags reacted to a saw-cut test on 6/30 antlers, 1 min after a High-dose ring-block, compared with 1/30 antlers after 2 min (p = 0.051). CONCLUSION: The High-dose ring-block produced the most effective and rapid analgesia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A High-dose ring-block with a 2-min wait period should be the preferred method for achieving local analgesia for velvet antler removal.     

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in goats

AIMS: To compare two methods of applying rubber rings to the pedicles of yearling stags to induce analgesia in the antler prior to removal. To compare the application of a rubber ring with that of a lignocaine ring block of the antler pedicle on the efficacy and time course of the analgesia produced in yearling stags.

METHODS: Rubber rings were applied to the pedicles of 36 yearling stags that required velvet antler removal. The standard method, a doubled-over ring expanded and lowered down from the distal end of the antler and released midway down the pedicle, was compared with a cable-tie method on the other pedicle, where a ring was pulled around the pedicle by an electrical cable tie threaded through the ring. Brief electrical stimulation (train-of-four mode) was applied proximal and distal to the ring before, and at regular intervals for 1 hour after, application of the ring to a level that produced an auriculopalpebral reflex response.

In a second experiment, each pair of antlers per yearling stag (n=36) was allocated to one of three pairs of treatments, viz no treatment (control) and the cable-tie method as described above, control and local anaesthesia (a ring block of 2 ml 2% lignocaine per cm pedicle circumference), or the cable-tie method and local anaesthesia. Electrical stimulation (tetanic mode) was applied to each antler approximately 25 mm distal to the pedicle/antler junction before, and at intervals up to 1 hour after, application of treatments at a level required to produce a head/neck avoidance behavioural response.

In a third experiment, the two electrical stimulation protocols used above were directly compared by measuring the response of stags (n=8) to one protocol on each pedicle/antler prior to, and at intervals for 1 hour after, application of a rubber ring. At the end of each treatment in all three experiments, analgesia of the antler was established as a nil behavioural response of the stag to a saw cut to the antler (the ‘nick test’).

RESULTS: For both methods of application of a ring the minimum electrical stimulation required distal to the ring to elicit a reflex response increased from around 16 to 55 mA by 60 minutes. In contrast, the electrical stimulation required proximal to the ring remained low (~17.0 mA) throughout. No stag subjected to either of the methods of application responded to the nick test 60 minutes after application of the ring.

The electrical stimulation required to produce a behavioural response increased very rapidly in stags treated with local anaesthetic and at a slower rate in those treated with the cabletie method but showed no significant increase in control stags. After 4 and 30 minutes, for local anaesthesia and the cable-tie method, respectively, 95% of stags were not responding to 80 mA. A significantly greater proportion of stags with antlers treated with local anaesthetic and the cable-tie method did not respond to the nick test than controls, and there was no significant difference in the frequency of the response between stags with treated antlers.

The minimum current required to produce a response proximal to a rubber ring was slightly higher on average for train-of-four electrical stimulus (mean 18.1 (SD 2.6) mA) than for the tetanic mode (mean 11.9 (SD 2.5) mA). The increase in minimum current required to produce the respective response to stimulation distal to the ring was similar for both methods, although the maximum predicted value (67.4 mA) was lower for train-of-four than for the tetanic mode (84.5 mA). No stag responded to the nick test =60 minutes after application of the ring.

CONCLUSIONS: The cable-tie method was no different from the standard method as a procedure for producing analgesia in the antlers of yearling stags and should be accepted as an appropriate procedure for applying analgesic rings to yearling stags. The analgesia produced in the antlers of yearling stags by rubber rings applied by the cable-tie method to the pedicle was similar to that of a lignocaine ring block, but the time course for the development of analgesia was markedly different. Given that a lignocaine ring block is accepted as an adequate method of pain relief for antler removal, the application of rubber rings followed by a period of =30 minutes after application can be advocated as a viable alternative for pain relief.     

Welfare of farmed deer in New Zealand. 2. Velvet antler removal

This paper reviews published data on welfare aspects of stag restraint and velvet antler removal, and prevention of antler growth. Several studies of physical restraint and handling demonstrate behavioural and physiological changes both during and after velvet antler removal. Interpretations vary as to whether the act of velvet antler removal imposes a welfare cost additional to that of handling and restraint alone. Chemical restraint presents immediate and delayed welfare risks to the animal. Surgical removal of velvet antler can be achieved without acute pain using a high dose rate of local anaesthetic applied as a ring block, rather than as regional nerve blocks, provided the wait time is adequate. However, there is evidence of less than optimum reproducibility. Lignocaine hydrochloride produces rapid analgesia of short duration, whilst bupivacaine has a delayed onset, but longer duration of analgesia. Mepivacaine has a rapid onset and intermediate duration of analgesia. Mixtures of long and short-acting local anaesthetics provide rapid onset and long duration of analgesia. Present methods for electronic analgesia are aversive and not sufficiently effective. The efficacy and possible aversiveness of compression techniques for inducing analgesia of antlers are currently under evaluation. Post-operative pain and the need for its control have been insufficiently researched. Post-operative sequelae are uncommon, but include clostridial infection. Antler growth in most stags can be prevented by rubber-band application to the growing pedicle, although behavioural changes after ring application suggest this practice may be painful. The procedures used for velvet antler removal, and whether practices are acceptable on the balance of welfare costs and benefits, should be reviewed on an ongoing basis as science, using an increasing range of techniques and measures, provides more data about the welfare implications of this practice.     

Routes and doses of lignocaine hydrochloride for analgesia of the velvet antler of stags

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of various routes of administration and doses of local anaesthetic to provide analgesia of the velvet antler of young stags. METHODS: In study 1, in which an electrical stimulus was used, 64 l-year-old male red and red X wapiti deer with velvet antler lo-30 cm long, were randomly allocated to one of ten treatments with four treatments/animal, and 23 or 24 antlers/treatment. Treatments delivered included three control groups, three local anaesthetic (2% lignocaine HCL) doses delivered by ring block (5, 10 or 15 ml per pedicle), and a high or low regional block with or without an auriculopalpebral nerve block (5 ml per site). An electrical stimulus was applied before and 1,2,4 and 8 minutes after local anaesthetic treatments and to controls, at an increasing voltage until a response was observed. The voltage and animal responses were recorded. In Study 2 the same seven local anaesthetic treatments (16-I 8 antlers/treatment) were evaluated using 58 of the stags from Study 1 when antlers were ready for removal, but a saw cut was used as the test stimulus. A test cut was applied to the antler I,2 and 4 minutes after application of local anaesthetic. If no response was observed, the antler was removed at that time. RESULTS: In Study 1, major dose and treatment effects were significantly different (p < 0.05) with the outcome variable being whether or not the deer responded. No stags given the high dose ring block responded to electrical stimulation 1 minute after treatment, one responded at 2 minutes, and none responded at 4 or 8 minutes. At least one animal responded after all other treatments at all time intervals. More deer responded after the low regional block than the high regional block, and there was a lower response rate when the auriculopalpebral nerves were anaesthetised. In Study 2, no deer responded 2 minutes after the medium dose ring block treatment. Three of 18 stags receiving the high dose ring block still responded after 2 minutes, and one responded after 4 minutes. Responses occurred to all other treatments at each time, with some deer requiring further administration of local anaesthetic before antler removal, even with the four minute waiting period. CONCLUSION: Ring blocks produced more consistent analgesia of the velvet antler than regional nerve blocks. The high dose ring block produced analgesia faster and more effectively than lower doses, and the regional nerve blocks were more effective when the auriculopalpebral nerve was blocked.     

梅花鹿锯茸时出血特点及止血药物的研究

为达到更好的锯茸止血效果,对梅花鹿锯茸时出血特点及锯茸止血药物应用效果进行了观察:收取初角茸时呈渗出状出血;收取二杠茸时呈线状出血;收取三杈茸和畸型茸时呈喷射状出血,并且有节律地进行搏动。出血量随着鹿茸的产量和茸根围度的增加而增多,但是当收取茸根围度为(20.3±0.6)cm的畸型茸时却不存在这种明显的相关关系。同一茸型不同年龄的鹿,因茸重、茸根围度的不同出血亦有差别。根据鹿茸的组织结构、生长规律和梅花鹿生理特点,选用由中药组成的外用锯茸止血药方剂,通过锯茸止血试验,结果表明,该锯茸止血药无刺激性,止血快,抗感染能力强,创面愈合良好,对再生茸产量没有明显影响(P>0.05)。     

Comparison of analgesic techniques for antler removal in halothane-anaesthetized red deer (Cervus elaphus): electroencephalographic responses

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence for an analgesic effect of antler pedicle compression or lidocaine 'ring block' by comparing changes in median and spectral edge frequencies and total electroencephalographic (EEG) power during the application of each technique followed by antler removal. ANIMALS: Twenty-nine 2-year-old red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags weighing 106-131 kg each were used in this study. Stags were carrying immature growing antler suitable for commercial harvest. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anaesthesia was induced using propofol (8.25 +/- 1.28 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (2.18 +/- 0.15 mg kg(-1)) and maintained with halothane in oxygen. End-tidal halothane (Fe'HAL), expired CO(2) tension (Pe'CO(2)), SpO(2), EEG, ECG, and direct arterial blood pressures were recorded continuously. Respiratory rate and somatic responses were recorded at specific time points. After stabilization of anaesthesia (Fe'HAL was approximately 0.8%) baseline data were recorded. Stags were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups; control, local anaesthesia, or compression band. One antler was removed 4 minutes after the application of treatment. Electroencephalographic responses to application of treatment and antler removal were analysed using area under the curve (AUC) analysis. Mean AUC was compared between groups using anova, and when significant differences were found, groups were compared post hoc with two-tailed t-tests. Significance levels were set at p 相似文献   

Behavioural and heart rate responses to velvet antler removal in red deer

Heart rate and behaviour during and following velvet antler removal were monitored in yearling red deer stags to determine the extent to which this procedure was perceived by the deer to be aversive. Nine stags normally kept at pasture were habituated over 5 weeks to the following daily handling procedure. Each deer was fitted with a harness containing a heart rate monitor. It was then allowed to run through a fixed course in a deer yard, restrained for 40 s in a mechanical deer crush, and then confined for 3.5 h with the remainder of the group of stags in an indoor pen containing food and water. In Week 6, the deer were subjected to either restraint for 6 minutes (the control treatment) or removal of one velvet antler under local anaesthesia. Each velvet antler was removed on separate occasions, either on Days 1 and 2 (five deer) or Days 3 and 4 (four deer). The control treatment was applied to all deer when velvet antler was not being removed, and on Day 5. Heart rate and behaviour (time taken to enter the treatment area, and number of struggles made during restraint) were measured before and during treatment, and post-treatment activities were recorded at 0, 1 and 3 h (indoors), and at 6 and 9 h (at pasture). Heart rate was higher during the second velvet antler removal treatment than during the first, but lower during the second control treatment than the first (P<0.05). During velvet antler removal, stags struggled more, and after the treatment flicked their ears, shook their heads, and groomed themselves more than control stags (P<0.05). Stags whose velvet antler had been removed spent less time eating than control stags, and spent progressively more time sitting during the 3.5 h of confinement (P<0.05). However, during the paddock observation at 9 h post-treatment, stags which had had their velvet antler removed grazed more than control stags (P<0.05). The increase in heart rate over the two velvet antler removal treatments and the greater amount of struggling during velvet antler removal indicated that it was more aversive than the control treatment. Post-treatment differences in behaviour may have been due to pain following velvet antler removal.     

Comparison of lidocaine and compression for velvet antler analgesia in wapiti

This research compared ring block lidocaine anesthesia (L) and compression (C) for velvet antler removal in elk. Thirty-two wapiti were given 1 mg/kg body weight of zuclopenthixol acetate. The next day, they were restrained in a hydraulic chute and given either a compression device or a lidocaine ring block on the antler pedicle. Behavioral and physiological responses to treatment application and antler removal were recorded, and blood was collected for cortisol analysis. During application of L and C, increases in mean heart rate and systolic arterial blood pressure were greater in the C treatment group (P < 0.05, and P = 0.05, respectively). When antler was removed, more behavioral responses occurred in the C treatment group (P = 0.02) and its median behavior score was higher (P = 0.03). Mean heart rates increased for both treatment groups when antlers were removed (P < 0.01). It was concluded that application of C may be painful, and that C was not as effective as L for analgesia for velvet antler removal.     

Comparison of analgesic techniques for antler removal in wapiti.

The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of ring block anesthesia (LA) and electroanesthesia (A) for antler removal in elk given a long-acting tranquilizer to remove stress from restraint. Thirty-two male wapiti were given 1 mg/kg body weight of zuclopenthixol acetate; the next day, they were restrained in a hydraulic chute, provided with electroanesthesia or a lidocaine ring block, and had their antlers removed. Behavioral response to antler removal was scored. Significantly more (P = 0.032) animals responded to antler removal in the EA group. Heart rates and arterial pressures were measured by a catheter connected to a physiological monitor. Heart rate increased significantly over time with EA, but not with LA. Heart rate increased from baseline significantly more in the EA group immediately prior to antler removal (P = 0.017), immediately post antler removal (P = 0.001), and at 1 min post antler removal (P = 0.037). It was concluded that EA is not as effective a method of anesthesia as is LA for antler removal.     

Trial of an inactivated vaccine against egg drop syndrome 76 in New Zealand

There is a legal requirement to provide analgesia for velvet antler removal in New Zealand. Currently, this is achieved using local anaesthetic blockade, with or without systemically administered sedative/analgesic agents, or by compression in 1-year-old stags. Lignocaine hydrochloride 2% is most commonly used and is most effective when administered as a high-dose ring block. Combinations of various amino-amide local anaesthetic agents can achieve rapid onset and prolonged duration of analgesia, though concerns about drug residues and carcinogenic potential of a lignocaine metabolite have led to consideration of the amino-ester family of local anaesthetics as alternatives.

Systemically administered analgesics, including opioids, α2-adrenergic agents and ketamine provide dose-dependent sedation and analgesia. However, none are sufficient, alone or in combination, to produce surgical analgesia at currently recommended dose rates and when reversal agents are given, analgesic effects are usually reversed as well as sedation. Thus, local anaesthetic blockade is still indicated, though the potential for drug or drug-metabolite residues in velvet antler remains a concern.

The need for and effectiveness of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for post-operative analgesia requires investigation. Amitriptyline, locally administered K-opioid agonists, tramadol and other systemically administered agents may warrant future investigation for surgical and post-operative analgesia for velvet antler removal.     

Comparison of analgesic techniques for antler removal in halothane-anaesthetized red deer (Cervus elaphus): cardiovascular and somatic responses

OBJECTIVE: To compare changes in heart rate and arterial pressures resulting from compression of the antler pedicle or lidocaine 'ring block' and during subsequent antler removal during minimal halothane anaesthesia. ANIMALS: Twenty-nine 2-year-old red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags, weighing 106-131 kg and carrying immature growing antler suitable for commercial harvest were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anaesthesia was induced using intravenous propofol (median dose 8.0 mg kg(-1), range 5.2-11.0) and ketamine (median dose 2.2 mg kg(-1), range 1.9-2.4) and maintained using halothane in oxygen. End-tidal halothane concentration (Fe'HAL) end-tidal CO(2) tension (Pe'CO(2)), SpO(2), EEG, ECG, and direct systolic (SAP) mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures were recorded continuously. Respiratory rate and somatic responses were recorded. Baseline data were recorded once anaesthesia (Fe'HAL approximately 0.8%) was stable. Stags were randomly allocated to control, lidocaine 'ring block' or compression band treatment groups. One antler was removed 4 minutes after treatment. Cardiovascular responses to the application of analgesia and antler removal were analysed using a general estimates equation for repeated measures or area under the curve (AUC) analysis. Mean AUC was compared between groups using anova, and when significant differences were found, groups were compared post hoc with two-tailed t-tests. Somatic response data were compared with Fisher's exact chi-square test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Heart rate fell during observations in all groups with no significant differences between groups. Arterial pressures in the control and lidocaine groups during treatment and removal were not different from baseline values or from each other. Compression group pressures were significantly higher than baseline during both treatment and removal. Compression group DAP and MAP were significantly higher after antler removal than during treatment. In control and lidocaine groups, the AUC for SAP, DAP, and MAP over the combined baseline, treatment, and removal period did not differ. The compression group AUC for DAP and MAP were significantly greater over the experimental period than both the lidocaine group and control groups. Somatic responses occurred in one animal at lidocaine injection and three at compression application. Somatic responses occurred in eight control animals and two in the compression group at antler removal. More animals responded to antler removal in the control group than in the compression (p = 0.015) or lidocaine (p < 0.001) groups. CONCLUSIONS: Compression of the antler pedicle appears to be noxious. Pedicular compression is a less effective analgesic technique for antler removal compared to 'ring blocks' with lidocaine. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study suggests that lidocaine 'ring blocks' are the current technique of choice for antler removal in deer.     

大小兴安岭驼鹿角型的变异

为比较大、小兴安岭驼鹿角型的差异,统计分析了二者自然脱落的干角1 0 0 0余只,结果表明,除2杈和3杈角型基本一致外,4杈以上形状变化较大。主要表现在:大兴安岭所产驼鹿角的分杈数比小兴安岭所产驼鹿角分杈数多。大兴安岭所产驼鹿角分杈数可达9杈,而小兴安岭驼鹿角分杈数最多为6杈;大兴安岭驼鹿角4杈以上为掌状,属“掌型”,而小兴安岭驼鹿角4杈以上绝大多数为“杈型”;大小兴安岭驼鹿角各种分杈所占比例不同。大兴安岭驼鹿的4杈角最多,而小兴安岭驼鹿的3杈角最多;对于分杈数相同的驼鹿角,大兴安岭产驼鹿角的掌状面积、最大角长和重量都大于小兴安岭驼鹿角;而大兴安岭驼鹿角的角基直径却小于小兴安岭驼鹿角     

西丰梅花鹿种公鹿茸重性状表型参数的统计分析

对西丰梅花鹿种公鹿茸重性状表型参数的统计分析 ,结果表明 ,生茸佳期为 3～ 8锯 ,生茸最佳年龄为 6锯 ,达 (5 0 2± 1 46)kg ,6锯的产茸量极显著高于 1～ 5锯的产茸量(P <0 0 1 ) ;1～ 6锯的种公鹿鲜茸重与年龄呈强正相关 (r =0 833,P <0 0 1 ) ,其线性回归方程为 y=1 350 +0 679x ;各锯别与产茸量间相关系数统计及显著性检验结果为 :1与 2锯 ,2与 3,4,5,6锯 ,3与 4,5,6锯 ,4与 6,7锯间呈极显著正相关 (P <0 0 1 ) ,其余各锯相关不显著(P >0 0 5)。此统计结果为早期选种、制定生产计划和任务、产茸量标准及是否符合种用性能提供了科学依据。     

Xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination in farmed deer. II: velvet antler removal and reversal combinations

Three studies were undertaken on farmed red and red x wapiti deer to evaluate xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination for velvet antler removal. In the first experiment, 30 1-2 year-old red and 25% red x wapiti deer whose velvet was to be removed were given either 5% xylazine alone at 0.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly or the same dose rate of a commercially available mixture of 5% xylazine with the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of azaperone per ml. Physiological, behavioural and analgesic responses and reversal times after yohimbine or yohimbine and naloxone were monitored. There were no differences in heart rate, respiration rate, sedative or analgesic properties detected between xylazine or the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination. All deer became recumbent, but those given the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination became recumbent more rapidly than those given xylazine alone (9.4 and 12.5 minutes, respectively, p<0.05). The arousal pattern and timing of reversal of xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone using yohimbine and yohimbine and naloxone, respectively, were similar. The second experiment evaluated the reversal of the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination with either yohimbine or yohimbine and naloxone in 43 3-year-old red deer stags after velvet antler removal. There were no differences in arousal pattern or time to standing between reversal treatments. Sixteen 1-year-old red and 25% red x wapiti stags were used in the third experiment to evaluate clinically the analgesic properties of xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination during velvet removal without the application of a local anaesthetic agent. Withdrawal responses were observed in most deer after the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination at dosages containing 0.5, 0.7 and 0.75 mg of xylazine/kg and after xylazine alone at 0.7 mg/kg, indicating that insufficient analgesia was provided by the systemic agent for the surgical procedure of velvet antler removal. These studies have shown that the knock-down effect of the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination was more rapid than that of xylazine alone, but that other physiological, behavioural and analgesic responses at doses used and evaluated by the methods used were similar. Reversal of both the xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination was similar when using either yohimbine alone for xylazine and the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination or yohimbine and naloxone for the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination. The evaluation of surgical analgesia for antler removal suggested that both xylazine alone and the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination provided insufficient analgesia and that local anaesthetic should be used in all cases.     

原癌基因c-fos在塔里木马鹿茸组织中表达特性的研究

为探讨原癌基因c-fos对鹿茸生长的调控作用,采用3头成年塔里木马鹿Cervus elaphus生长期为30、60d的新鲜鹿茸,剖分成茸皮层、间充质细胞层、成软骨细胞层和软骨细胞层。首先用2种免疫组化的方法进行基因表达定位,然后通过荧光定量PCR技术对不同组织基因的表达进行定量分析。免疫组化分析结果表明,该基因在茸皮的毛囊内根鞘和毛母质及皮脂腺、动脉血管的环形平滑肌处呈阳性反应;真皮乳头层与表皮基部连接的基底层呈阳性反应。在静脉血管、神经和其他附属器反应均未观察到阳性细胞。在间充质细胞层、成软骨层和软骨层2种方法均没有观察到c-fos的阳性表达细胞。定量分析发现,c-fos基因在不同生长阶段不同组织层均有表达,且在茸皮的表达量显著的高于间充质细胞层,成软骨层和软骨层(P<0.05)。在同一生长期间充质细胞层、成软骨层和软骨层c-fos的表达量很低;生长30与60d比较,c-fos在间充质细胞层和成软骨层变化不大,在茸皮层和软骨层表现为下调表达。本研究表明c-fos基因在鹿茸快速生长期参与了茸皮干细胞的增殖与分化,并对成骨细胞的分化起着调控作用。     

日粮蛋白质水平对4岁马鹿产茸性能的影响

为探讨马鹿日粮蛋白质水平和蛋白质 /代谢能比值对其产茸性能的影响 ,采用 3个蛋白质水平 (分别为Ⅰ :7 60 % ,Ⅱ :1 1 60 % ,Ⅲ :1 5 60 % )日粮的单因子设计 ,将选出的 2 0头健康和上年产茸量相近的 4岁马鹿随机分配到 3个日粮处理组中 (Ⅰ组为 8头 ,其他两组各为 6头 ) ,进行饲养试验。试验结果表明 ,蛋白质水平及蛋白质 /代谢能比值分别为 1 1 60 %、1 3 74g/MJ的日粮处理对产茸性能 (茸重、茸日增重、料茸比等 )的影响效果较好 ,但各组间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。     

鹿茸角发育与再生机理

对鹿茸角发育与再生调节机理的研究进展进行了综述,并对与鹿茸角发育与再生相关的一些生理问题进行了探讨。已确认的与鹿茸角再生关系密切的重要分子有甲状旁腺激素相关肽、视黄酸、胰岛素样生长因子等,这些物质广泛分布于芽基及快速生长的鹿茸角内,可调节软骨细胞、成骨细胞及破骨细胞的分化。由于鹿茸角再生过程与生殖周期密切相关,性激素可能对这些因子在鹿茸角内的表达起调节作用     

鹿茸活性成分及其药理功能的研究进展

鹿茸是我国传统的名贵中药,它的化学成分和药理功能比较复杂。近年来,许多科学家对鹿茸的药理作用进行了深入研究,包括免疫增强、神经保护、生殖促进、抗骨质疏松、抗衰老、抗肝纤维化和抗关节炎等方面的药理作用。文章对鹿茸的活性成分及其药理作用的研究进展作一综述,旨在为进一步开发、利用鹿茸提供相应的理论依据。     

饲粮粗蛋白质、能量水平对3岁梅花公鹿鹿茸生长和体增重的影响

为探讨 3岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮适宜营养水平 ,本研究采用 2 (CP∶2 1%和 19% )× 2 (GE∶16 74MJ/kg和 15 90MJ/kg)二因子交叉设计 ,选用 3岁 (二锯 )梅花公鹿 6 7头 ,分为 4个试验组 ,进行了饲养试验和消化试验。试验结果表明 ,饲粮蛋白质水平对鹿体增重有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 ) ,在本试验所设能量浓度范围内 ,饲粮蛋白质水平为 19%处理组鹿体增重显著高于 2 1%蛋白组 ;鹿茸产量组间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;饲粮粗蛋白质水平对蛋白质消化率和能量消化率均有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 ) ;3岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮中能量、蛋白质适宜水平分别为 15 9～ 16 7MJ/kg (GE)和 19% (CP) ;平均每头鹿每天对消化能和可消化蛋白质的需要量分别为 2 9 9～ 31 3MJ和 388～ 394 g。     

Chemical analgesia for velvet antler removal in deer

There is a legal requirement to provide analgesia for velvet antler removal in New Zealand. Currently, this is achieved using local anaesthetic blockade, with or without systemically administered sedative/analgesic agents, or by compression in 1-year-old stags. Lignocaine hydrochloride 2% is most commonly used and is most effective when administered as a high-dose ring block. Combinations of various amino-amide local anaesthetic agents can achieve rapid onset and prolonged duration of analgesia, though concerns about drug residues and carcinogenic potential of a lignocaine metabolite have led to consideration of the amino-ester family of local anaesthetics as alternatives. Systemically administered analgesics, including opioids, alpha-2-adrenergic agents and ketamine provide dose-dependent sedation and analgesia. However, none are sufficient, alone or in combination, to produce surgical analgesia at currently recommended dose rates and when reversal agents are given, analgesic effects are usually reversed as well as sedation. Thus, local anaesthetic blockade is still indicated, though the potential for drug or drug-metabolite residues in velvet antler remains a concern. The need for and effectiveness of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for post-operative analgesia requires investigation. Amitriptyline, locally administered opioid agonists, tramadol and other systemically administered agents may warrant future investigation for surgical and post-operative analgesia for velvet antler removal.