作物叶面积指数和叶倾角分布函数的一种推算方法

设计了一种由作物冠层的辐射分布推算作物叶面积指数（ＬＡＩ）和叶倾角分布函数的方法。根据作物冠层中太阳光斑密度与群体结构关系的数学表达式，ＬＡＩ及其在各个叶倾角区间的分布可由不同太阳高度角时冠层内的光斑密度进行估计，而后者可通过观测冠层中的太阳总辐射和散射辐射的分布进行计算。因此，由容易测得的冠层总辐射的透过率，应用与多元回归分析类似的简单方法，就可以估算出难以直接测量的ＬＡＩ和叶倾角分布函数。用对玉米和油菜进行的实测检验结果表明，推算精度可以满足实际应用的需要。     

Quantifying the Interactive Effect of Leaf Nitrogen and Leaf Area on Tillering of Rice

Abstract

Relative tillering rate (RTR) increases linearly as leaf nitrogen concentration (NLV) increases in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Leaf area index (LAI) has a negative effect on the emergence and survival of tillers. The objectives of this paper were to quantify the interactive effect of NLV and LAI on tillering in irrigated rice. Field experiments were conducted at Philippine Rice Research Institute (PRRI) and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines during the dry seasons of 1995 and 1998. Two indica cultivars, IR72 and IR68284H, were subjected to various nitrogen (N) treatments. Number of tillers (including main stems), leaf area, and tissue N concentration were measured. The NLV explained a large part of variation in number of tillers m^?2 among treatments. However, the residual, defined as the difference between observed and estimated number of tillers m^?2, was negatively correlated with LAI (P < 0.01). When LAI was considered in addition to NLV, the model explained the variation in number of tillers m^?2 much better, and the correlation between the residual and LAI declined and became insignificant (P > 0.05). The critical NLV and critical LAI for tillering to stop were interrelated; higher NLV was needed to prevent tillers from dying when LAI was high, and vice versa. Use of stem or shoot N concentration instead of NLV gave similar results. Results suggest that LAI, in addition to NLV, should be considered in predicting tillers in rice crop.     

Comparison of Upper Leaf and Lower Leaf of Rice Plants in Response to Supplemental Nitrogen Levels

Abstract

A field study was conducted to study effects of four nitrogen (N) supplemental levels on biomass, protein‐N, non‐protein‐N, and starch of an upper and a lower leaf in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The ranges of leaf protein‐N, non‐protein‐N, total N, and starch concentrations were from 1.18% to 3.66%, from 0.13% to 0.67%, from 1.32% to 4.14%, and from 38.4 mg g^?1 to 108.6 mg g^?1, respectively. The upper leaf appeared to be more sensitive than the lower leaf in response to N levels on biomass, but larger differences of protein‐N, total N, and starch contents were observed among nitrogen level treatments in the lower leaf than in the upper leaf. Protein‐N may be the best indicative of N status in rice. The lower leaf had a considerably higher ratio of protein‐N to non‐protein‐N at panicle formation and heading growth stage. The lower leaf had higher starch contents, which decreased with increasing N level. The response differences between the upper leaf and the lower leaf with relation to light conditions, developmental extent and leaf function were discussed. The results suggested that the lower leaf could be more suitable as a test sample for N status diagnosis by leaf chemical analysis, especially during the reproductive growth stage.     

Specific Leaf Area and Leaf Nitrogen Concentration of Lantana in Response to Light Regime and Triazole Treatment

Abstract

The paclobutrazol (0, 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg L^?1) and triapenthenol (175, 350, 700, and 1400 mg L^?1) effects on specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf nitrogen (LN) concentration of Lantana camara L. (subsp. camara) under the shading levels 0%, 27%, and 66% were determined in glasshouse experiments. In most cases, increased concentrations of paclobutrazol and triapenthenol decreased SLA and increased LN of plants logarithmically at all shading levels. The SLA, at all concentrations examined, was generally increased with increased shading; LN showed an increase at 66% shading compared to 0% shading in the case of triapenthenol. The SLA reduction of paclobutrazol‐treated plants in relation to untreated plants of the same shading level was 18% to 37%; reduction was 49% to 73% for plants treated with triapenthenol at 0% shading, indicating a greater effect of triapenthenol on SLA reduction than paclobutrazol at previous shading.     

植物叶片截留特征分析

植物最大截留量是分析植物截留量的重要参数,分别采用浸泡法和喷水法测定了13种植物叶片的最大截留量。结果表明:（1）不同植物叶片最大截留量相差较大,喷水法测定的植物叶片最大截留量从腊梅叶片的0.008 g/cm²到小叶杨叶片的0.03 g/cm²,差异性显著（p < 0.05）,因此精确分析植物截留量时应考虑物种差异。（2）叶长、叶宽、叶周长、叶鲜重与叶片最大截留量的相关性不显著,而叶面积与叶片最大截留量遵循线性函数变化。（3）对于刺槐、杏树、石楠、柿子、柳树、小叶杨、石榴、白榆树、竹子、马铃薯、腊梅叶片而言,喷水法测得叶片最大截留量大于浸泡法,对于毛豆、樱桃而言,浸泡法测量的最大截留量值大于喷水法测量值。     

缺素叶片彩色图像颜色特征提取的研究

在提取无土栽培番茄营养元素亏缺叶片彩色图像的颜色特征时，为了使颜色特征有效性不受叶片大小、形状和叶片背景噪声影响，对由几种常用颜色系统表示的叶片图像进行了统计算法、相关系数算法提取叶片颜色特征的研究，以上的方法未能获得很有效的颜色特征。最后，提出了百分率直方图法提取缺素叶片图像颜色特征，进行了除去图像中白色背景影响的研究，用百分率直方图取代一般直方图以解决叶片大小对颜色特征提取影响的研究，以及如何确定提取颜色值区域的研究，此方法提取的颜色特征能理想地识别缺素番茄叶片，准确率在70%以上。     

Standardization of Leaf Sampling Technique in Bael

Abstract

The chemical diagnosis of nutritional status of Bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) tree by leaf analysis was done to study the effect of leaf age and leaf position on foliar nutrient composition of Bael. The results showed that leaf age has significant influence on leaf mineral content, whereas the position of leaf on shoot did not have any significant effect. Interactions between leaf age and position were found to be significant for nitrogen, boron and iron content. In general, stability in level of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents was observed in November–December (6‐ to 7‐month‐old leaves) and calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) showed their stability in 2‐to 3‐month‐old leaves (July–August). The contents of boron (B), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were found stabilized in September–October (3‐ to 4‐month‐old leaves), indicating their suitability for sampling in Bael.     

Leaf area index measurements at Fluxnet-Canada forest sites

Leaf area index (LAI) measurements made at 17 forest sites of the Fluxnet Canada Research Network are reported here. In addition to LAI, we also report other major structural parameters including the effective LAI, element clumping index, needle-to-shoot area ratio, and woody-to-total area ratio. Values of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) absorbed by green leaves in these stands at noon of 15 August are also provided, and a procedure is suggested for using the effective LAI for estimating FPAR at various times of the day and year. Labour-intensive laboratory measurements of the needle-to-shoot area ratio were made for five conifer sites. For each site, 45 shoot samples were measured at three heights from three trees. LAI-2000, TRAC and digital hemispherical photography (DHP) were used in the field, and good agreements between these techniques were obtained. In particular, the low cost DHP technique agreed within 21% of LAI-2000 in terms of effective LAI measurements and 12% of TRAC in terms of element clumping index measurements, suggesting a possibility of using DHP alone for indirect LAI measurements. However, LAI-2000 and TRAC are still found to be more reliable than DHP because of some remaining technical issues with DHP. We confirm the correct method for determining the photographic exposure proposed in previous studies and suggest optimum zenith angle ranges in photograph processing to estimate the effective LAI and the clumping index.     

Neutralization of Acid Droplets on Plant Leaf Surfaces

Sulfuric acid mist exposure of bush bean leaves at a low rate of precipitation suggested that acid on the leaf surface was neutralized by cations leached from leaf tissues and that Ca-S compounds were accumulated on the leaf surface (Kohno, 1994). This report summarizes visual observations of the neutralization process of acid on leaf surfaces as determined by a pH-imaging microscope. Small droplets of sulfuric acid were placed on the adaxial leaf surface and allowed to air dry under laboratory conditions. Droplets (0.1 µl) of sulfuric acid took about 7–8 minutes to dry. Leaf samples were cut at various times after the acid droplets dried. The adaxial leaf surface was placed on the pH-adjusted agar film layer on the pH-imaging sensor of the microscope. Hydrogen ions dispersed into the film layer and resulting pH distributions were visualized as pH distribution patterns. The size of the acidic area generated became smaller with time after the acid was added and allowed to dry. Results indicate that leaves could neutralize the surface acid probably by ion exchange with cations from their surface tissues and could recover from strong temporary acid stress imposed by acid rain or acid fog in a relatively short period of time. Our findings indicate that acidic precipitation at current acidity levels does not pose a direct threat to plants.     

Leaf Phosphorus Diagnosis of Sugarcane on Organic Soils

ABSTRACT

Most of the sugarcane (interspecific hybrids of Saccharum sp.) production in Florida is on organic soils. Supplemental phosphorus (P) fertilizer is often applied for optimum yields, but producers are required to reduce P levels in farm drainage waters. The objectives of this study were to relate optimum leaf P tissue concentration with yield in organic soil, and to determine optimum leaf sampling dates during the summer. Eight genotypes were planted at two locations, eight additional genotypes were planted at a third location, and eight more genotypes were planted at a fourth location. Crops were grown for three years. Measurements of leaf P concentration were repeated during growth seasons and over crop years for a total of six sampling dates at each location. Three fertilizer P treatments (0, 24, and 48 kg ha^?1 yr?1) were applied to all genotypes at each location. Leaf samples were partitioned into early-, mid-, and late-summer dates. Early-leaf samples had the widest range in leaf P concentrations compared with mid- and late-season leaf samples. Correlation analyses of yield vs. leaf P concentration across all treatments in early- and mid-summer were statistically significant (P < 0.05), but coefficients were low (r = 0.14 and 0.26, respectively). No consistent relationship across locations described the effect of leaf P tissue concentration on yield. Leaf P concentrations could not provide accurate P fertilization rates that will give maximum sugarcane yields and prevent over-fertilization of P. The highest potential for relating leaf P concentrations with yield appears to be from early leaf samples.     

芥菜的红叶RAPD标记筛选研究

我国西南地区有丰富的芥菜资源,是南方的一种重要蔬菜.经过多年的研究,芥菜的育种方面取得一定的成绩,但是其丰富的资源尚未得到很好的开发利用.常规育种方法,限制了作物上优良基因在远缘作物间的转移.生物工程技术的兴起,为不同物种间的基因转移找到一条可行途径.而分子标记的迅速发展,更为常规育种提供了重要的辅助手段,把作物的优良性状同分子标记选择相结合,可以加速育种进展,对于目标性状的基因定位以及基因克隆均有重要意义.目前研究与目标性状基因相关的分子标记采用近等基因系和集团分离分析     

加热法提取叶蛋白的工艺研究

该文对加热法提取苜蓿叶蛋白的工艺进行了深入研究,以提高其蛋白质含量。分别进行了提取液加盐量和絮凝温度对蛋白质含量影响的单因素试验研究,还进行了不同加水、加盐量和ｐＨ值的提取液及不同絮凝温度对蛋白质含量影响的多因素试验研究,得到了提高蛋白质含量的可靠工艺条件。     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Leaf Potassium Accumulation in Olive Plants Related to Nutritional K Status,Leaf Age,and Foliar Application of Potassium Salts

Four separate experiments were carried out in greenhouse conditions from spring of 2001 to summer of 2003. The aim of this research was to study the effect of factors such as leaf age, salt type and concentration, number of foliar applications, and the nutritional status on the efficiency of foliar applications of potassium (K) in olive plants. In all experiments, mist-rooted ‘Picual’ olive plants growing in 2 L pots containing perlite were fertigated with a complete nutrient solution containing 0.05 mM or 2.5 mM potassium chloride (KCl). In one experiment, plants received two foliar applications with five concentrations of KCl (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, or 8%) at 63 and 84 days after transplanting. Foliar KCl applications at 2% or 4% increased shoot lengths and the K content of plants fertigated with 0.05 mM KCl (poor K nourished), while foliar KCl application did not have any influence on the growth or K content of plants fertigated with 2.5 mM KCl (normal K nourished). When the number of foliar applications was increased, the results showed that two foliar applications were enough to increase leaf K concentration in olive plants above the sufficiency level. Leaf age could influence the efficiency of foliar K application. Leaf K concentration were higher in young leaves than in mature ones. All K-salts studied as foliar sprays [KCl, potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄), potassium nitrate (KNO₃), potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), and potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄)] were effective in increasing leaf K concentration. The results obtained in the present study indicate that foliar applications of K effectively increase K content in K-deficient olive plants, and that foliar applications might be more effective on young leaves. Two foliar applications of 4% KCl or the equivalent for other salts are enough to increase leaf K concentration.     

菠萝叶纤维提取与工艺设备的研究

介绍了菠萝叶纤维的资源和开发利用情况,进行了刮麻机理、生产工艺和配套设备的试验研究,提出了将菠萝叶在逐步打击和振动的双重作用下使纤维和麻渣分离的原理。用该理论指导研究和设计出的大、小两型机械取纤设备具有良好性能。该理论成果对叶脉纤维的提取研究及生产实践具有重要意义。     

Leaf area index uncertainty estimates for model-data fusion applications

Estimates of data uncertainties are required to integrate different observational data streams as model constraints using model-data fusion. We describe an approach with which random and systematic uncertainties in optical measurements of leaf area index [LAI] can be quantified. We use data from a measurement campaign at the spruce-dominated Howland Forest AmeriFlux site for illustrative purposes. We made measurements along two transects (one in a mature stand, one in a recently harvested shelterwood) before sunset on successive days using both the Li-Cor LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer and digital hemispherical photography (DHP). The random measurement uncertainty (1σ) at a given point for a single measurement is about 5% for LAI-2000 and 10% for DHP. These uncertainties are small compared to potential systematic biases due to instrument calibration errors and data processing decisions, which are estimated to be 10-20% for each instrument. Sampling uncertainty (due to the spatial variability along each transect where we conducted our measurements) is an additional, but again relatively small, uncertainty. Assumptions about clumping parameters, for which standard literature values are typically used, remain large sources of uncertainty. This analysis can also be used to develop strategies to reduce measurement uncertainties.     

Silicon Leaf Fertilization Promotes Biofortification and Increases Dry Matter,Ascorbate Content,and Decreases Post-Harvest Leaf Water Loss of Chard and Kale

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of silicon (Si) leaf fertilization in different concentrations and sources on the production and quality of chard and kale. We carried out two experiments with chard and kale under a completely randomized design with four replicates in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme and two sources of silicon: potassium silicate and stabilized sodium potassium silicate with four concentrations of Si: 0.00; 0.84; 1.68 and 2.52 g L^?1. We performed three leaf sprays every 10 days. The chard and kale were harvested at 48 and 54 days after transplanting the seedlings, respectively. Silicon leaf fertilization is important for leafy vegetables like chard and kale because it increases the content and the accumulation of Si and the growth and production of the vegetables. It also improved growth, productivity, and quality. The Silicon leaf fertilization of 2.52 g L^?1 in the form of potassium silicate was the most notable.     

数字图像处理技术在蔬菜叶面积测量中的应用

采用平台扫描仪获取叶片的数字图像，建立运用数字图像处理技术测定蔬菜叶面积的方法。同时与目前较常用的交叉网格法、CID仪器法、复印称重法和生产上常用的直尺法进行比较分析。结果表明：图像处理方法和上述传统的叶面积测定方法的测定结果呈极显著的线性相关关系，适用于叶面积的测量工作；和其它方法相比具有准确、快速、适用范围广、容易普及等优点，适用于科研和生产推广使用。试验还得出采用直尺法时，油菜和空心菜的叶面积的校正系数分别为0.792和0.818。     

Response to Fertilization Associated to Leaf Mineral Content in Strawberry

Leaf mineral content along the crop cycle may explain differences in response to fertilization among strawberry genotypes. A two year field experiment was conducted using responsive (‘Camarosa’, ‘Ventana’) and nonresponsive (‘Camino Real’, ‘Candonga’) to fertilization genotypes under proportional increases in nutrients supply: from a control dose “C” [120 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1, 70 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) ha^?1, 220 kg potassium oxide (K₂O) ha^?1, 40 kg calcium oxide (CaO) ha^?1 and 20 kg magnesium oxide (MgO) ha^?1] to “1.33C” and “1.66C” in 2007 and to “1.5C” and “2C” in 2008. Response to fertilization was high (45–120%) at begining of harvesting and low (10-28%) at middle and end of harvesting. Correlation between leaf area and total yields was high (r ≈ 0.73) at begining of harvesting, except on ‘Camino Real’ (late and compact genotype). At begining of flowering and harvesting, responsive genotypes showed higher potassium (K) and lower calcium (Ca) leaf contents than nonresponsive genotypes, accentuated with the fertilization increase.     

基于局部阈值的植物叶片图像分割算法研究

提供了采用数字图像处理方法快速分割含边框植物叶片的方法,分别采用局部阈值分割和最佳阈值分割获取二值图像,得到局部阈值分割效果较好的结论,最终得到了比较清晰的边框图像和叶片二值图像,为后续图像处理打下良好基础。