Design for the Incentive System of Architecture Market

Architecture market is a typical dynamic game market with incomplete information, in which exists three principal parts who are proprietors, supervising companies and contractors. There is a complex principal-agent relationship among them. With the analysis of the principal-agent relationship among proprietors, supervising companies and contractors, two dynamic games of incomplete information have been established and analyzed. If the proprietor only pay instant fee to supervising company, the supervising company will take weak supervise. Only with appropriate incentive way, the strong supervise can be done. Based on it, an incentive system is established to make the supervising companies and contractors work hard, to realize the given purpose of the proprietors.     

基于主成分分析的湖北省洪涝灾害风险评估模型构建

湖北省历年由洪涝灾害造成农作物受损严重,对湖北省进行洪涝风险评估十分必要。本文提出了一种定量化风险评估的模型建立方法,通过多源数据（气象、社会经济、地理特征等数据）提取到15个指标,采取主成分分析法确定各因子对于洪涝灾害的影响权重,建立风险评估模型,并运用地理信息系统(GIS)分析技术得出洪涝灾害风险区划图。在现有评估指标体系的基础上,通过网络爬虫方式获取更能反映防减灾能力的灾害应急指标;采用主成分分析方法降低模型建立中的主观因素。结果表明：（1）通过模型得到降雨与地势为湖北省洪灾发生的最主要因素;（2）湖北省中东部地区多为高风险区,其中东部武汉、黄石等长江干流途经地区处于重风险区;西南部多为中风险区,西北部在全省为低风险区。综上,该模型可为湖北省开展综合减灾、调整区域可持续发展结构、进行准确农情监测提供科学支撑和决策依据,具有重要的科学和实践意义。     

Study on Principal -agent Relationship between Developers and Agents

With the development of real estate market,the agency model will be more popular.Under asymmetry of information,both developer and agent are faced with moral hazards.In this paper,the authors analyzed the Principal-agent relationship between developers and agents,and used a principal-agent model to analyze the influencing factors for agent's moral hazards,and the influencing factors for developer's moral hazards,at last,the authors provided some ideas to solve this problem.     

Application of Game Theory to the Construction Corporation Management

Based on the introduction of particularity of the construction project and asymmetric information in its implementation, it shows that the project manager may have opportunism behavior, which affects the construction corporation and project manager. A principal-agent theory is applied to set up two models under different risk attitude and which proved that only if the agent were risk-neutral, the principal would get the maximum profit by leasing the project. The opportunism behavior does appear in the optimal incentive mechanism when the agent is risk-avoiding and it is harmful to the principal's benefit. The fundamental way to eliminate opportunism is enhancing the incentive intensity and enforcing outside monitoring and binding mechanism.     

高等院校农业科技推广人员激励模式初探

农业科技推广是实现科技成果转化的重要桥梁,是联系科研、教育、生产的重要纽带,是促进农业技术进步、实现农业现代化的重要手段。以大学为依托的农业推广体系,是对以政府为主体的推广体系的有效补充。通过对高等农业院校推广队伍存在的主要问题进行分析,提出了建立推广人员物质激励与精神激励两种模式,并进行了具体分析。     

Third-party Logistics Subcontract Design Based on Bilevel Programming

The research theme of this paper is about how third-party logistics provider design a kind of effective incentive mechanism which can not only avoid the moral hazard behavior of the subcontractor , but also promote subcontractor to raise the serving performance constantly, until obtaining the best TPL performance .Through building bilevel programming model where constructing the Nash equilibrium model this paper, the anthors assume subcontract decision variable as endogenetic variable first, and then analyze the optimal solution with the restraint of Nash equilibrium at the time of decision variable as exogenous variable, push the subcontract relationship research at the principal-agent level into the lay that principal-agent combining with whole contract performance optimal decision.     

二棱大麦品种（系）的综合评价

为更精准筛选和选育不同用途二棱大麦品种,对38份不同来源及用途的二棱大麦品种（系）的株高、穗长、千粒重、穗粒数、有效穗数、籽粒产量和不孕粒数等主要农艺性状及籽粒蛋白质含量进行综合评价。结果表明,参试二棱大麦品种（系）有效穗数、产量、穗长、不孕粒数及蛋白质含量变异丰富,株高、千粒重及穗粒数变异相对较小,二棱大麦育种的增产效应主要体现在穗长和有效穗数的适度增加。相关性分析表明,二棱大麦各性状间存在复杂的相关性,且多个性状均可影响产量,有效穗数与产量呈极显著正相关。供试二棱大麦品种（系）在遗传距离10水平上可聚为中秆大粒型和矮秆多穗型两类。主成分分析将38份二棱大麦品种（系）的主要农艺性状分为4个主成分,其累计贡献率达85.5807%;以前4个主成分得分值为指标进行主成分二维排序分析,分析38份二棱大麦品种（系）在特定因子性状上的差异,结果为创制优异种质及亲本选择提供依据。     

Image-based phenotyping: use of colour signature in evaluation of melon fruit colour

Fruit colour, both external and internal, is important because it relates directly to the commercial value of the product. In breeding and in pre- and postharvest studies of fruit colour, an effective method for evaluating colour is needed to replace subjective evaluations by eye. We used a series of data processing and statistical analyses used in content-based image retrieval to evaluate melon flesh colour, and assessed the efficacy of this approach. This method relies on summarizing colour information from images into colour signatures, calculating the earth mover’s distance (EMD) between colour signatures, and multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) based on an EMD matrix. Performing MDS on a set of fruit flesh images revealed important colour features, such as the yellowish-green strength in green-fleshed melons and the relative size of the green and red parts in red-fleshed melons, without the need for an explicit definition of these features. The proportion of variance due to differences among cultivars was higher by MDS than by traditional evaluation, indicating that this new method performed best at detecting colour differences among cultivars. The method provides effective, objective indicators of fruit colour, and shows considerable promise for use in research and breeding programs.     

中国草莓生产贸易形势与可持续发展对策分析

世界范围内频繁的草莓贸易和成功加入世贸组织为中国草莓产业发展提供了新的机遇。在对中国草莓生产现状和贸易形势的分析的基础上,提出通过中国草莓优势特色产区建设,发展绿色无公害草莓生产;培育强大的草莓加工业和高效流通渠道,实现产业化经营以及加快生产经营主体培育等策略的实施,保证中国草莓产业走可持续发展之路。     

水稻群体物质生产过程的计算机模拟

在作物生长过程的电子计算机模拟方面作了一次尝试。建立了计算机模拟所必需的基础软件:将水稻干物质的累积与产量形成分解为几个过程,如 CO₂同化,干物质分配,叶面积扩展,分蘖消长和幼穗分化等,分别制定了数学模型和子程序,并在此基础上建立了水稻群体干物质生产和产量形成的总模型和总程序:进行了水稻群体实验,以确定模型的部分参数。模型的表现在形式上符合实际情况,这说明模型的依据和结构是合理的,但在绝对数量上尚有误差。灵敏度试验提供了关于改变某一参数所产生的影响的信息,这对于指导生产和设计实验有一定的意义。     

抗生素替代品的研究进展

生长促进用抗生素的大量使用导致细菌耐药性问题日趋严重,同时传统抗生素的研发已进入瓶颈期,给细菌感染性疾病的治疗带来许多不安因素。这种情况下抗生素替代品逐渐成为世界各国的研究热点。文章就抗菌疫苗、免疫调节剂、噬菌体及其裂解酶、抗菌多肽、微生态制剂、植物提取物、细菌致病力抑制剂以及饲用酶这8类抗生素替代品的研发进展及存在问题进行分析和讨论,得出以下结论：兽用抗生素替代品由于其局限性尚不能完全替代抗生素,只有建立科学的监控体系和继续开发完善抗生素替代品才能减少抗生素不规范使用带来的负面效应,保证动物性食品的安全,从而实现畜牧业的绿色和健康发展。     

A game analysis on the personal behavior modes under governmental regulation

Market economy is the credit economy and principal of credibility is the foundation of market mechanism. With the development of economic reform, it is well concerned that discredit order of the society has become one of serious social problems which enhance the transaction cost of society. By using games analysis, reasons of discredit are studied based on personal behavior models under governmental regulation. According to the result that discredit is the result of personal choice under the existed institution, we should establish social credit management system to deal with the discredit based on credit information supplied by the independent third-part organization.     

灰色关联分析在粮食产量影响因素分析中的应用——以川东地区为例

为了有效提高粮食产量,通过采用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联分析方法,研究对粮食产量的影响,选择了以粮食作物耕地面积、播种面积、粮食单产、有效灌溉面积、化肥施用量、农业劳动力、农村用电量、农业机械总动力、受旱灾面积9项影响因子。结果表明：播种面积始终是影响遂宁市粮食产量的主要因素;化肥施用和粮食单产是影响粮食产量减少的最主要因素;耕地面积和有效灌溉面积是影响粮食产量增加的主要因素;农村用电量对粮食产量的影响力在下降;农业劳动力对粮食产量的影响始终很小。最后通过分析各影响因子,提出可供参考的关于提高粮食产量的意见。     

Quantitative evaluation of flower colour pattern by image analysis and principal component analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Primula sieboldii</Emphasis> E. Morren

In Primula sieboldii E. Morren, many cultivars have been bred with the purpose of obtaining various petal colour patterns. Colour pattern is an important breeding target in this species, and the availability of an objective and quantitative evaluation method is of vital importance for both genetic analysis and variety registration. Our objective was to establish a new quantitative evaluation method of P. sieboldii flower colour patterns in regions of interest (ROIs) by principal component analysis (PCA). We first set a ROI in each petal as a region that represented the petal colour pattern and defined the maximum square on each petal as the ROI. We then converted each ROI image to a 10 × 10 pixel mosaic image and defined a total of 300 variables (the colour values for red, green and blue components of the 100 pixels) per mosaic image. Finally, we summarized the information on the 300 variables by PCA, and redrew the mosaic images to correspond to some typical principal component scores to determine the effect of each principal component on colour pattern. By this method, we detected five different features of petal colour pattern, four of which were revealed to be mainly genetically controlled. Thus, we successfully established a procedure for evaluating petal colour patterns in P. sieboldii cultivars. This new procedure can be used as a basis for an objective and efficient variety registration system.     

耳石形态在斑尾复鰕虎鱼群体鉴别中的研究

为验证耳石形态指标在斑尾复鰕虎鱼群体鉴别中的有效性。本研究运用4种统计方法对黄、渤海斑尾腹鰕虎鱼4个群体矢耳石进行分析。结果显示：烟台群体与青岛群体、烟台群体与天津群体、丹东群体与天津群体的9个耳石形态指标均存在显著差异;平均判别正确率为86.5%;构建的3个主成分贡献率分别为50.927%、24.179%、12.321%,累积贡献率为87.427%;聚类分析显示青岛和天津群体聚为一组,烟台与丹东群体聚为一组。4种分析方法均显示不同群体间耳石的差异,证实了耳石形态指标可作为黄、渤海斑尾复鰕虎鱼群体判别的参考依据。研究结果可为渔业资源的研究提供基础资料。     

苹果生产中杀菌剂使用控制技术调查及分析

为了解苹果生产中杀菌剂使用过程控制技术现状。本研究以河南省苹果主产地的32个苹果园作为调查对象,通过走访和面对面问询,对苹果全生育期杀菌剂在整个生产过程中的使用情况进行调查和分析。结果发现存在以下问题：苹果生产中果农操作过程不规范;不同产地苹果园施药种类繁多,化学杀菌剂应用偏多,生物制剂应用偏少;不同园区杀菌剂的使用量有很大差别。从走访的32个果园来看,单个果园杀菌剂使用量最少的为27 kg/hm²,最多的为280.5 kg/hm²。用药次数差别较大,最少的6次,最多的14次。本研究针对苹果病害防治用药过程中存在的问题提出了相应的方法及建议,以期为制定苹果生产中杀菌剂使用过程控制技术体系提供理论支持。     

Analysis of the Moral Risk Model during Construction Process under Asymmetric Information

During construction process,there is a "principal-agent" relation between clients and constraints.Between the two parties,there exists moral risk under asymmetric information.This paper builds a "moral risk model" between clients and constraints during the construction process by applying "principal-agent theory" in the information economics theory.On the basis of quantitative analysis of the model,this paper draws some conclusions,which is benefitial to the enhancement of the level of project management.At last,this paper proposes some advice on reducing the moral hazard of the constraints.     

Test Study on the Small Span-to Depth Ratio Seismic Coupling Beams with Low Reinforcement Rate by New Reinforcement Scheme

Coupling beams are the key elements of plastic energy dissipation mechanisms in coupled walls.However,the design of the small span-to-depth ratio coupling beams with high ductility is still one of the problems not solved effectively in domestic and foreign seismic reinforced concrete structure design.The research group,where the authors of this paper are,brings forward a new reinforcement scheme with adding diagonal and rhombic bars to traditional reinforcement in the foundation.Test results prove that it is an effective way to solve the problems for it has good seismic performance and is easy to be constructed.This paper puts great emphasis on introducing the trial results and principal rules that are deduced from the test results of second set of specimens with low reinforcement rate.     

中国北部藜麦品质性状的多样性和相关性分析

藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)是美洲大陆最古老的作物之一,为全世界公认的全营养谷物。为了解国内不同藜麦种质资源营养性状的相关性和差异性,本研究测定国内25份藜麦种质资源的13个品质性状指标,并对其进行相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,脂肪与总黄酮呈极显著正相关(0.55),而与赖氨酸和组氨酸呈极显著负相关(–0.52和–0.54);总多酚、总黄酮和总皂苷之间均具有极显著相关性。13个品质性状分别隶属于5个主成分,累计贡献率为92.6%。25份种质材料可以聚类为4组,在品质和遗传距离方面各组群之间差异较大。利用主成分分析和聚类分析对藜麦品质进行综合评价,可避免单一指标的片面性和不稳定性,为藜麦的利用和品质育种提供重要的科学依据。     

Phenotypic diversity and relationships of fruit quality traits in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) germplasm

Fruit quality attributes were studied for two consecutive years in forty-three apricot cultivars and selections grown in a Mediterranean climate. Physical parameters (weight, size, flesh and skin colour, percentage of blush, firmness and percentage of dry matter), chemical parameters (total soluble solids content and acidity) and sensory parameters (attractiveness, taste, aroma and texture) were evaluated. A high variability was found in the set of the evaluated apricot genotypes and significant differences were found among them in all studied quality attributes. Year-by-year variations were observed for some pomological traits such as harvest date, flesh colour, fruit weight, firmness and soluble solids content. A high correlation was found among some apricot quality attributes. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) made it possible to establish similar groups of genotypes depending on their quality characteristics as well as to study relationships among pomological traits in the set of apricot genotypes evaluated.