锥栗疫病的抗病机制与抗病品种选育研究进展

综述了国内外栗疫病抗病性的研究成果，系统分析了锥栗抗病机制对寄主抗病性的影响，阐述了锥栗抗病的生物化学基础与锥栗抗病性的关系，探讨了锥栗生理生化指标树皮含水量、树皮和叶片多酚类物质、树皮黄酮类化合物、木质素含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧物歧化酶活性的测定在抗病品种选育中的应用，提出了缩短锥栗抗病品种选育周期的途径，为有效解决林木抗病育种存在周期长的问题提供了指导。     

锥栗对栗疫病的抗性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶的关系

健康的锥栗(Castanea henryi)皮层中,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)比活力与抗感病性之间不相关.不同抗病性的锥栗品种接种栗疫菌(Cryphonectria parastttca)后,PAL比活力均上升,接种144 h后,PAL比活力抗病性强的品种比抗病性弱的品种高.接种前以及接种后的各个时间内,木质素含量都是抗病品种比感病品种高.绿原酸的含量与品种的抗病性之间不呈规律性的相关,从绿原酸对栗疫菌菌丝生长影响的测定结果可知,锥栗体内的绿原酸浓度不足以影响栗疫菌.可见,接种后的皮层PAL比活力以及接种前、后的皮层木质素含量可作为衡量锥栗抗病性强弱的指标.     

水分胁迫下华山松抗腐烂病的研究

用不同浓度的聚乙二醇（PEG6000）对华山松幼苗进行诱导水分胁迫，树皮的相对膨胀度（RT值）随PEG浓度的增大而下降；且树皮内的酚类物质含量、多酚氧酶（PPO）活性和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性均有所降低，过氧化物酶（POD）活性升高。说明水分状况直接影响着华山松的抗病性。4种酚类物质抑菌试验表明，一定浓度下酚类物质对腐烂病病原菌松黑腐皮壳（Valsa pirni Fr.)菌丝体生长有抑制作用，以香草醛和邻苯二酚抑菌能力最强。     

杨树与松杨栅锈菌互作中寄主活性氧及抗性相关酶变化

对杨树与落叶松-杨栅锈菌互作中活性氧(ROS)产生、抗性相关酶活性动态变化与寄主抗病性的关系进行研究.结果表明,不同杨树种或品种与该锈菌不同小种菌系的互作进程中寄主叶片ROS代谢和抗性相关酶活性变化存在明显差异.免疫、抗病组合寄主超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量分别于接种后0.5,1天时迅速爆发且升幅最大,此后继续出现1～2个高峰,整个进程中明显高于感病组合;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性与杨树品种抗病性呈负相关;免疫、高抗组合杨树在接种2天时苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性快速升高且强度大,而感病组合无明显变化;几丁质酶活性与寄主抗病性呈正相关.     

三种细菌制剂对草坪草的抗旱和抗病效应研究

本研究以草坪草高羊茅为材料，将实验室分离的三种细菌(E、F、H)制成菌剂，并将三种细菌制剂应用于草坪草，测定其对草坪草抗旱性及抗病性的影响。结果显示，三种菌剂分别与复合肥混合使用效果最佳，可有效促进草坪草生长，减少电解质透出率和丙二醛含量，增加草坪草游离脯氨酸含量、硝酸还原酶含量和叶绿素含量，增强了草坪草的抗旱性。接种立枯丝核菌后，菌剂与复合肥混合使用可推迟草坪草的发病时间并减少病斑数量，过氧化物酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性及苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均高于其它处理，草坪草对立枯丝核菌的抗性明显增强。     

离体毛竹笋纤维素和木质素含量及POD和PAL活性研究

研究了离体后毛竹笋纤维素、木质素含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化.结果显示:笋体纤维素、木质素含量从笋尖到笋基部逐渐增加;PAL、POD活性笋尖明显高于笋基部.离体后贮藏的竹笋纤维素、木质素含量随贮藏时间的延长而增加,在前5 d纤维素的增加速度极快,在后5 d增加速度明显趋缓,但木质素含量随贮藏时间的延长基本呈匀速态势增加;POD、PAL活性随贮藏时间的延长,活性均显著增加.对离体竹笋进行低温处理(4 ℃)可显著降低竹笋的PAL、POD活性,减少木质素和纤维素合成,低温对纤维素的影响高于木质素.     

树皮内酚类物质的含量及苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性与杨树抗溃疡病的关系

本文通过不同含水量盆栽苗的接种试验,结果表明,水分亏缺是杨树溃疡病发生发展的诱因。在树皮含水量高的植株中,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性强,邻苯二酚和对-羟基苯甲酸等酚类物质的含量高,且它们的活性(或含量)随着树皮含水量的降低而降低。室内抑菌试验及盆栽苗的注射试验证明了邻苯二酚是寄主活体内的重要抑菌物质。     

外生菌根菌和植物生长物质复合制剂对杨树扦插苗生长及抗逆性的效应

通过扦插试验研究了由植物生长物质和树木菌根菌组成的复合制剂对108杨扦插苗成活率、苗高、地径、根茎比、菌根侵染率、毛根数、生物量、树体电容、叶绿素含量以及抗病性相关酶活性等指标的影响。发现复合制剂可以促进苗木的根系生长，苗木根系的毛根数、菌根侵染率及根茎比指标较对照有显著提高；可以促进苗木地上部分的生长发育，成活率、苗高、地径、生物量、叶绿素含量、长势等指标较对照均有显著提高；可以提高苗木的抗病能力，苗木的树皮相对膨胀度、过氧化物酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性及苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性较对照均有显著提高。经IBA溶液浸泡处理亦可有效提高苗木的生长，但整体效果不及复合制剂的最佳处理。初步确定了复合制剂的最有效成分配比及处理方法。     

雷竹笋采后贮藏生理的研究

研究了雷竹笋采后在常温 (2 5℃ )贮藏期间的相对含水量、粗蛋白质含量、过氧化物酶 (POD)活性、苯丙氨酸解氨酶 (PAL)活性、木质素含量的相互关系和变化规律 ,结果表明 ,相对含水量和蛋白质含量呈下降趋势 ,POD、PAL等酶活性呈先上升后下降趋势 ,木质素含量不断增加。POD、PAL酶活性的提高与笋体内木质素的增加密切相关     

黑胫病生防菌施用后对不同抗性烟草品种酶活性和 MDA 含量的影响

为了探究生防菌对烟草抗病性的影响,2012年,以对黑胫病抗性不同的高抗品种（云烟87）、中抗品种（ K326）和感病品种（红花大金元）等3种烟草品种70天苗龄的实生苗为实验材料,在烟苗茎秆接种黑胫病原后施用该生防菌,于不同接种时期（0天、15天、30天、45天、60天、75天）测定叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）的活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果表明,（1）高抗品种、中抗品种和感病品种的PAL、 PPO及POD活性水平皆明显高于各自的对照,且前期增加速度表现为高抗品种＞中抗品种＞感病品种,后期PPO活性减小情况也符合以上规律。（2）高抗品种、中抗品种和感病品种的MDA的含量增加速度明显低于各自的对照,前期MDA含量增加的速度和后期降低的速度均是感病品种＞中抗品种＞高抗品种。可见,施用该生防菌可通过调节抗性酶活性和MDA含量提高烟株对烟草黑胫病的抗病性。     

Key factors for causing poplar Ice Nucleation Active bacterial canker and its control techniques

The isolation, culture and the active determination of poplar ice nucleation active (INA) bacteria and the inoculation tests in laboratory and field were conducted, and the varieties, distribution and number of poplar INA bacteria and its pathogenicity and freezing injury property were determined. The study results showed that the INA bacteria widely spread on poplar in Northeast China and caused the frozen injury for poplar under the frost condition in Spring or Autumn, which was the key factor to induce INA bacterial canker. Through evaluation and investigation of different poplar varieties and inoculation tests, fine disease-resistant varieties and strains of poplar suitable for Northeast China were selected. Further tests for strong seedling showed that burying cuttings in sand and covering with plastic film could effectively avoid the frostbite, frozen and drought damage, reduce INA bacteria infection, and promote poplar growth. INA bacterial canker was detected early by highly specialized antiserums of INA bacteria and the agglutinated test of ring-shaped boundary surface. The inducers such as streptomycin, phenylmercuric acetae, salicylic acid and heat-killed bacteria to immerse cuttings, have obvious induced disease-resistant effect. Before poplar sprouted in early spring, through spraying the solution of frostbite agent, the control effect also was obvious. Foundation item: This paper was supported by National Foundation of Ninth Five-Year Plan (No.96-005-04-01-03). Biography: XIANG Cun-ti (1933-), male, professor in Collage of Forest Resources and Environment of Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

杨树冰核细菌溃疡病流行规律的研究(英文)

利用相关性分析和主成分分析的方法,分析了冰核细菌溃疡病发生特点与环境条件的之间的关系,选出了影响杨树病害发生的主要影响因子。同时综合分析病害流行的主因和诱因,提出东北地区杨树冰核细菌溃疡病危险等级划分标准,并将东北地区分为重发区、常发区、偶发区和安全区4个不同等级冰核细菌溃疡病发生区。6种模型曲线的非线性回归分析表明,冰核细菌溃疡病流行的时间动态以理查德生长模型为最优生长模型。运用逐步回归分析方法,建立了多元线性的中期预报方程,可以预测第二年的病情指数。根据病情指数随时间增长的趋势,选用灰色方法建立GM(1,1)数学模型,可做出中长期预报。     

寄生小蜂对小青×黑杨树皮及杨圆蚧挥发油的行为反应

Four-armed airflow olfactometer was used to determining the foraging behavior ofPteroptrix longgiclava (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) andEncarsia gigas (Tshumakova) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to the essential oils which emitted from the healthy bark ofPopulus pseudo-simonii×P. nigra, the infested bark injured byQuadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck), the body and scale of fixed 1st-instar-nymph ofQ. gigas. The results from these experiments showed that the volatile oils produced from the injured bark and from the scale of fixed 1st-instar-nymph had a higher attractive ability to female adults of the two species of wasps. The essential oil produced from the scale of the pest at dosages of 3–7 μL and the essential oil emitted by injured bark at dosages of 5–9 μL had a stronger alluring effect on the host searching behavior ofPteroptrix longgiclava. The essential oil from the body of fixed 1st-instar-nymph ofQ. gigas also had certain effect on the host locating effort ofPteroptrix longgiclava andEncarsia gigas. Those two wasps did not shown any reaction to the essential oil produced by the healthy bark of poplar. Foundation item: This paper was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (39970620) and the “TRAPOYT” Biography: CHI De-fu (1962-), male, Ph.D., Professor in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on photosynthesis, dark respiration and RuBPcase activity of three species seedlings in Changbai Mountain

Two-year-old seedlings ofPinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis andFraxinus mandshurica were treated in open-top chambers with elevated CO₂ concentrations (700 μL·L⁻¹, 500 μL·L⁻¹) and ambient CO₂ concentrations (350 μL·L⁻¹) in Changbai Mountain from June to Sept. in 1999 and 2001. The net photosynthetic rate, dark respiration rate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxlase (RuBPcase) activity, and chlorophyll content were analyzed. The results indicated the RuBPcase activity of the three species seedlings increased at elevated CO₂ concentrations. The elevated CO₂ concentrations stimulated the net photosynthetic rates of three tree species exceptP. sylvestriformis grown under 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ concentration. The dark respiration rates ofP. koraiensis andP. sylvestriformis increased under concentration of 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂, out that ofF. mandshurica decreased under both concentrations 700 μL·L⁻¹ and 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. The seedlings ofF. mandshurica decreased in chlorophyll contents at elevated CO₂ concentrations. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30070158). Knowledge Innovation Item of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-406) and “Hundred Scientists” Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: Zhou Yu-mei (1973-) Ph. Doctor, Assistant Research fellow Institute of Applied Ecology. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Shenyang 110016. P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Dynamic changes of phenolic compound contents in leaf and bark of poplar during autumn temperature drop

We investigated seasonal dynamics of phenolics substance in leaf and bark of two cultivars of poplar, Populus alba×berolinensis and P. ×’Zhonglin Sanbei 1’, during autumn temperature drop for analyzing the roles of phenolic secondary metabolites in cold resistance. Results show that the contents of condensed tannin and flavonoid in poplar leaf and the flavonoid contents in bark of P. ×’Zhonglin Sanbei 1’ were increased with the decrease of autumn minimum temperature, showing a significantly negative correlation between the contents of soluble phenolic substance in the leaves and changeable temperature. In contrast, lignin content in the poplar leaves is decreased in the process of temperature drop, showing a significantly positive correlation. These results indicate that the variation in phenolic substance has a close correlation with its cold-resistance during the autumn temperature drop.     

10~11年生杨树品系抗杨干象水平及其与树干物理特性的关系

[目的]开展不同品系的杨树亲本来源、干部物理特性与抗性关系研究,为抗杨干象新品系的选育奠定一定基础.[方法]本研究连续2年研究了10个亲本51个不同杨树品系10~11年生杨树的被害株率、杨干象虫口密度与杨树木质部硬度、树皮硬度、树皮厚度、胸径等的关系.[结果]免疫品系、高抗虫品系、抗虫品系、感虫品系和高感虫品系木质部平均硬度分别为(47.38±1.71 ) HD、(46.07±1.17) HD、(44.64±1.61) HD、(41.84±1.66) HD、(40.73±2.04) HD;树皮平均硬度分别为(40±3.53) HD、(39.99±0.96) HD、(37.63±0.46) HD、(32.35±1.54) HD、(31.7±0.52) HD;平均胸径分别为(361.64±13.8) mm、(313.8±6.19) mm、(309.98±5.27) mm、(289.56±10.73) mm、(287.67±17.49) mm,亲本为美洲黑杨×青杨、马氏杨、美洲黑杨×马氏杨、小叶杨×胡杨的品系为抗虫品系;亲本欧洲黑杨×美洲黑杨、欧洲黑杨×小叶杨、美洲黑杨的多数品系为感虫品系.[结论]杨树木质部硬度与树皮硬度越大抗杨干象能力越强;胸径生长相对较快的品系抗性强;青杨、马氏杨、小叶杨为亲本抗虫性强,美洲黑杨、欧洲黑杨为亲本抗虫性差.在抗杨干象品系育种工作中应选择青杨、小青杨或甜杨做为亲本;避免以美洲黑杨或欧洲黑杨为亲本.     

Response of seedlings of different tree species to elevated C02 in Changbai Mountain

Eco-physiological responses of seedlings of eight species,Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Populus ussuriensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Traxinus mandshurica andAcer mono from broadleaved/Korean pine forest, to elevated CO₂ were studied by using open-top chambers under natural sunlight in Changbai Mountain, China in two growing seasons (1998–1999). Two concentrations of CO₂ were designed: elevated CO₂ (700 μmol·mol⁻¹) and ambient CO₂ (400 μmol·mol⁻¹). The study results showed that the height growth of the tree seedlings grown at elevated CO₂ increased by about 10%–40% compared to those grown at ambient CO₂. And the water using efficiency of seedlings also followed the same tendency. However, the responses of seedlings in transpiration and chlorophyll content to elevated CO₂ varied with tree species. The broad-leaf tree species were more sensitive to the elevated CO₂ than conifer tree species. All seedlings showed a photosynthetic acclimation to long-term elevated CO₂. Foundation item: The project was supported by National Key Basic Development of China (G1999043400) and the grant KZCX 406-4, KZCX1 SW-01 of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Biography: WANG Miao (1964-), maie, associate professor in Institute of applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Relationship between trophic component of different poplar strains and occurrence ofSaperda poplnea

An experimental area of poplar was established in Songyuan of Jilin Province in 1999 for testing the resistance of different poplar stains toSaperda poplnea. Incidence ofS. poplnea on ten poplar strains were investigated, and the main trophic component of branches of these poplar trees were measured and analyzed in April 2001. The results showed that there existed significant difference in population size ofS. poplnea on different poplar strains, and the branches of these poplar strains have significant difference in nutrient component and content of amino acids. The population size of this pest had a significantly positive correlation with dissolvable total sugar and water content but had no significant correlation with content of total nitrogen and protein nitrogen. Foundation Item: This paper is part of the subject of integrated control of longicorn of poplar for mainly focusing on pest resistance, which was supported by Jilin Provincial Forestry Department (96-010). Biography: Gao Chang-qi (1949-), Research Fellow, Doctorate Tutor, Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Science, Changehun 139931, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Effects of Ca^2＋concentrations on accumulations of mineral elements in the components of Pteroceltis tatarinowii

The bark ofPteroceltis tatarinowii is a raw material for manufacturing Xuan Paper. The effects of Ca²⁺ concentrations on the accumulation of mineral elements in the bark, leaf and root ofPteroceltis tatarinowii were studied under controlled conditions. The types of Hoagland nutrient solution with three Ca²⁺ concentrations levels (200, 400 and 600 μg·g⁻¹) and a control (without Ca²⁺ were designed to culturePteroceltis tatarinowii. After 6 months, contents of seven mineral elements including Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Na in the root, leaf and bark were analyzed. The results indicated that Ca accumulations content in the root, leaf and bark had positively relation with Ca²⁺ concentrations (200, 400, 600 μg·g⁻¹), and the order of the Ca content in the three components was root>leaf>bark. Ca content in the root treated with 600 μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations was 5.5 times as high as that of the control, and about 1.4 times as high as that of the root treated in 200 and 400 μg/g Ca²⁺ concentrations respectively. On the contrary, K and Mg contents in the root, leaf and bark were negatively related to Ca²⁺ concentrations, especially in the bark, and their accumulation trend followed the order of leaf>root>bark. K content in the bark treated with 600 μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations was 39.3% of that of the control, and was 79.0% and 91.8% of that of the bark treated with 200μg·g⁻¹ and 400μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations respectively; Mg content in the bark treated with 600μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations was 23.4% of that of the control, and was 27.1% and 35.4% of that of the bark treated with 200 and 400 μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations respectively. Compared with the control, the general tendency of Mn, Zn and Cu content decreased with increasing of Ca²⁺ concentrations and their contents were in the order: root>leaf>bark. Based on the results of this study, the experiment has been useful for providing academic bases in improving the bark quality ofPteroceltis tatarinowii on non-limestone soil. Foundation item: This paper is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970608). Biography: Fang Shengzun (1963), male, Professor in Stiiviculture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210027, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Exploitation of polyphenol-rich pine barks for potent antioxidant activity

The phenolic composition of pine bark from a variety of Pinus species was estimated by measuring Klason lignin, acid-soluble lignin, and a 1% NaOH extract. Polyphenol contents of hot water extracts from pine bark were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the vanillin-H₂SO₄ assay. Among the pine bark varieties investigated, Pinus radiata bark showed the highest polyphenol content and potent antioxidant activity. Pinus rigida bark was also a usable polyphenol-rich source, whereas Pinus densiflora bark had a low yield (5.1%) of hot water extract, although it showed potent antioxidant activity. Correlations between proanthocyanidin content in pine bark and antioxidant activity were observed. The results suggested that proanthocyanidin was the crucial contributor to potent antioxidant activity in pine bark. The publication of this article was made possible by an Emachu Research Fund. The authors are grateful for the fund.