奶牛隐孢子虫Nested PCR—RFLP方法的建立及初步应用

为快速检测并准确鉴别奶牛隐孢子虫种,以隐孢子虫18S rRNA基因的特殊区域为基础,设计内、外引物,并根据软件分析确定相应的内切酶EcoT141,采用Nested PCR-RFLP方法进行虫种种型鉴别分析。在Nested PCR两次PCR反应中,以微小隐孢子虫（Cryptos poridium parvum,C．p）和安氏隐孢子虫（Cryptosporidium andersoni,C．an）卵囊提取的DNA为模板,均能扩增出长约800bp和500bp的明亮条带,且特异性强,其他虫种不能扩增出条带,该方法最低可检测到5个卵囊／g粪便;对于由内引物扩增出的500bp的条带,C.an的PCR产物能被内切酶EcoT141酶切,酶切后的片段分别为416bp和92bp,C.p的PCR产物不能被此酶酶切。用所建立的Nested PCR-RFLP法对上海奶牛389头和进口奶牛200头的共计589份粪样进行检测,Nested PCR的结果表明上海奶牛和进口奶牛的隐孢子虫阳性率分别为19．02％和3．5％,RFLP的结果表明上海奶牛感染的主要是Cp和C．an,进口奶牛感染的主要是C．p。研究结果表明,本研究建立的检测奶牛粪便中的隐孢子虫的NestedPCR-RFLP法,可用于奶牛隐孢子虫流行病学调查并有效鉴别奶牛隐孢子虫种。     

应用巢式PCR检测隐孢子虫

应用巢式聚合酶链反应(Nested PCR)建立了一种检测隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium)的方法。试验中隐孢子虫卵囊纯化采用庶糖密度梯度离心法,以液氮-热水浴反复冻融及酚-氯仿抽提冷乙醇沉淀法制备模板DNA,根据隐孢子虫18S rRNA序列高度保守区设计2对引物,建立Nested PCR诊断方法。该方法特异性强,可检出牛源微小隐孢子虫(C.parvum)、羊源微小隐孢子虫(C.parvum)、牛源安氏隐孢子虫(C.andersoni)、鸡源贝氏隐孢子虫(C.baileyi)及猪源隐孢子虫(C.suis);敏感性高,该方法最低核酸DNA检测量达到10fg。初步应用结果表明,所建立的Nested PCR方法适合于隐孢子虫病的诊断和分子流行病学调查。     

Real-time qPCR检测安氏隐孢子虫卵囊方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank公布的安氏隐孢子虫SSU rRNA基因序列设计1对引物和TaqMan探针,建立了基于TaqMan探针检测安氏隐孢子虫的实时荧光定量PCR方法,并对奶牛粪便进行了检测.结果显示,设计的探针对检测安氏隐孢子虫具有很高的特异性;粒DNA和卵囊的检测阈值分别达到5个拷贝和10个卵囊,奶牛粪便阳性率为21.15%(11/52).建立的安氏隐孢子虫TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法简便、快速,特异性强,敏感度高,可用于安氏隐孢子虫的快速定量检测.     

利用套式PCR法检测内蒙古部分地区奶牛隐孢子虫感染情况及其虫种鉴定

为了调查内蒙古部分地区规模化牛场奶牛隐孢子虫的感染情况及其虫种类型,试验在4个牛场采集了295份奶牛的粪样,从粪便样品中直接提取DNA进行套式PCR法检测,之后将其目的片段克隆至p GM-T载体上进行测序和同源性分析以鉴定虫种。结果表明:可通过套式PCR法从阳性粪便的DNA抽提物中扩增出目的条带,大小分别为800 bp和505 bp;对测得的序列和NCBI上已发表的安氏隐孢子虫(C.andersoni)18S rRNA基因序列进行BLAST比对分析,相似度为100%;采集样品的阳性率为14.9%(44/295)。说明套式PCR法可用于检测奶牛粪便样品中的隐孢子虫,且在一定程度上能够很好地反映出奶牛隐孢子虫的感染情况,并能有效鉴别其虫种。     

猪源隐孢子虫Hsp70基因的测定与种系发育关系分析

从河南两个地区猪的粪便中分离纯化了猪源隐孢子虫卵囊。参考隐孢子虫Hsp70基因属特异性引物,用PCR分别扩增了卵囊基因组DNA大小均为1 948 bp的片段,PCR产物经电泳鉴定后用试剂盒回收纯化,纯化后PCR产物直接测序。将测得的序列和推测出的氨基酸序列分别用ClustalX软件与已报道的相应序列比对,用DNASTAR中的MegAlign分析其同源性,并用PAUP绘制系统发育进化树。序列分析结果显示河南猪源隐孢子虫两个分离株Hsp70 DNA序列的同源性为99.9%,与其他隐孢子虫相应序列同源性介于81.9%~99.8%之间,其中与猪隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium suis,AF221533)同源性最高分别为99.8%,97.9%;与安氏隐孢子虫(C.andersoni,AY954592)同源性最低。两个分离株推导Hsp70氨基酸序列的同源性为100%,同其他隐孢子虫相关序列的同源性在92.8%~99.8%之间。本研究为隐孢子虫诊断及流行病学研究打下了良好基础。     

河南郑州地区奶牛源安氏隐孢子虫虫种鉴定及多位点序列分型研究

为了解河南省郑州地区奶牛隐孢子虫及安氏隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium andersoni,C.andersoni)的亚型分布情况,本研究共采集3个奶牛场共973份奶牛新鲜粪便样品,采用显微镜检测方法进行隐孢子虫检测,对形态学鉴定的8份C.andersoni阳性样品分别基于SSU rRNA、Actin、HSP70和COWP基因位点进行虫种鉴定,基于CM-MS1、CM-MS2、CM-MS3和CM-MS16基因位点进行多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing,MLST)分析。结果显示,隐孢子虫总感染率为2.77%(27/973),而且以断奶前犊牛感染率最高7.10%(12/169)。8份样品在不同基因位点均成功鉴定为C.andersoni分离株,并形成4个MLST亚型,其中A4、A4、A4、A1为优势亚型,A6、A4、A2、A1为新亚型,且不同亚型的卵囊大小具有显著差异。研究表明,河南省郑州地区奶牛隐孢子虫总体感染水平较低,但是对奶牛养殖业和牛奶产量仍然有较大影响,此外,C.andersoni存在多个MLST亚型,表明具有遗传多样性。     

伊犁河谷新疆褐牛隐孢子虫感染情况调查

为了解伊犁河谷区域新疆褐牛隐孢子虫病流行情况,从该地区的伊宁市和察布查尔锡伯自治县的4个养殖场采集356份粪便样品,提取基因组DNA,以隐孢子虫小亚基核糖体DNA(SSU rDNA)为靶基因,进行套式PCR扩增,并对阳性样品进行序列分析。结果显示:伊宁市和察布查尔锡伯自治县各有1个养殖场的新疆褐牛发现隐孢子虫感染,总的感染率为3.37%,其中伊宁市褐牛的感染率为4.10%,察布查尔锡伯自治县褐牛的感染率为2.48%;序列比对结果显示,存在2种隐孢子虫感染,分别为安氏隐孢子虫(C.andersoni)和瑞氏隐孢子虫(C.ryanae),其中C.andersoni是优势种(91.67%);成年牛的感染率最高(5.59%),而断奶前犊牛未发现隐孢子虫感染;冬季感染率(5.68%)显著高于春季(1.11%)(P<0.05)。本研究首次对伊犁河谷区域新疆褐牛感染的隐孢子虫进行了分子鉴定,发现褐牛的隐孢子虫感染率显著低于我国其他品种牛的感染率。该研究结果为深入了解新疆褐牛隐孢子虫的流行情况,制定有效的防控措施提供了数据支持。     

套式PCR检测奶牛粪便中隐孢子虫

为了检测样品中的微量隐孢子虫，从含有不同数量隐孢子虫卵囊的奶牛粪便中，直接提取DNA用作初始PCR（Initial-PCR）模板，以稀释的初始PCR的产物为模板进行套式PCR（Nested-PCR），用两对人工合成寡核苷酸分别作为两PCR的引物，扩增大小分别为540pb、258pb的特异片段。PCR产物经电泳鉴定，可从阳性粪便标本DNA抽提物中扩增出目的片段，而阴性对照不能扩增目的片段；初始PCR、套式PCR的敏感小生最低可分别检测到含卵囊100、5个／g粪便。初步应用结果表明某奶牛场的奶牛自然感染率为16.4％。试验表明套式PCR的敏感性比普通PCR约高100倍，能用于奶牛隐孢子虫感染情况的调查。     

应用PCR检测隐孢子虫卵囊的研究

隐孢子虫病是一种重要的人畜共患原虫病。为了在临床样品中更准确、快速地检测隐孢子虫卵囊，从初步纯化的含有不同数量隐孢子虫卵囊的样品中和含有不同数量隐孢子虫卵囊的奶牛粪便中，直接提取DNA或用DNA纯化试剂盒对提取的奶牛粪便中卵囊DNA进行纯化之后用作PCR模板，用1对人工合成寡核苷酸作为PCR引物，扩增片段大小为452bp。优化了Mg^2 浓度、引物浓度和dNTP浓度，并进行了特异性检验。建立的PCR具有隐孢子虫属特异性，不仅扩增出新鲜样品DNA提取物中的目的片段，而且扩增出放置6年之久的DNA提取物中的目的片段。样品经过初步纯化之后，最低检测值100个卵囊／ml；从含有隐孢子虫卵囊的奶牛粪便中提取DNA，尔后经过DNA纯化试剂盒纯化，PCR最低检测值为10^5个卵囊/g粪便。     

柯坪县规模化养殖场双峰驼隐孢子虫感染情况调查与种类鉴定

[目的]掌握新疆维吾尔自治区阿克苏地区柯坪县规模化养殖场双峰驼隐孢子虫的感染情况和种类分布情况。[方法]从柯坪县4个乡(镇)6个规模化双峰驼养殖场共收集516份粪便样本,全部提取DNA样本,基于隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium)SSU rDNA序列进行PCR检测,序列比对分析后进行隐孢子虫种类鉴定;采用χ²检验法比较不同规模化养殖场双峰驼隐孢子虫的感染率差异;将被鉴定为微小隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum,C. parvum)阳性的DNA样本,基于gp60基因序列进行PCR检测,序列比对分析后进行微小隐孢子虫亚型鉴定。[结果]516份双峰驼粪便DNA样本中检测出34份隐孢子虫阳性,总体感染率为6.59%(34/516),以阿恰勒镇养殖场2的双峰驼隐孢子虫感染率最高,为9.57%(9/94);不同养殖场双峰驼隐孢子虫的感染率统计学差异显著(χ²=5.497,P<0.05)。基于SSU rDNA序列,34条隐孢子虫序列经比对分析,鉴定出3种隐孢子虫,分别为安氏隐孢子虫(n=29)、隐孢子虫大鼠基因型Ⅳ(n=1)...     

安氏隐孢子虫PCR诊断试剂盒的初步应用

运用首次研制的安氏隐孢子虫PCR诊断试剂盒对广东省4个奶牛场和河南省1个奶牛场共234份样品,进行了安氏隐孢子虫感染的实际检测,并与常规检测方法饱和蔗糖漂浮法、改良抗酸染色法进行了比较。本试剂盒的检出率比常规检测方法提高了2%～13%,显示该试剂盒具有特异、敏感等优点,对开展隐孢子虫病的鉴别诊断和分子流行病学调查具有重要的应用价值。     

Cryptosporidium andersoni from a Danish cattle herd: identification and preliminary characterisation

In November 1997, Cryptosporidium andersoni, for the first time, was isolated from a Danish heifer. The isolate was characterised morphologically, molecularly, and furthermore inoculated into mice and one calf. Data on the distribution of cryptosporidia in the herd of origin were obtained at two separate visits in December 1997 and April 1998. C. andersoni was detected in 27 (19.0%) of 142 cattle examined at the first visit, whereas C. parvum was found in six (4.2%). At the following visit 42 (28.0%) of 150 cattle excreted C. andersoni, while 25 (16.7%) were positive for C. parvum. Oocysts of the Danish C. andersoni isolate were ovoid, 7.3(6.5-8.0) x 5.7(5.0-7.0) microm(2) (n=25), with smooth, colourless, single layer oocyst wall and distinct oocyst residuum. The length to width ratio was 1.27 (1.14-1.40, n=25). The identification was verified by sequencing of a 246bp fragment of the rDNA, which was identical to Cryptosporidium muris, the calf genotype (AF093496). The Danish C. andersoni isolate was not transmissible to mice, whereas oocysts were detected in the faeces of one experimentally infected calf from 25 days post-infection (DPI) and shed intermittently at low numbers until 165 DPI, the day of euthanasia. No macroscopic or microscopic changes that could be attributed to infection with C. andersoni were seen in the gastro-intestinal tract of the experimentally infected calf following necropsy and histological examination. This is to our knowledge the first report of C. andersoni in Scandinavia.     

A simplified protocol for molecular identification of Eimeria species in field samples

This study aimed to find a fast, sensitive and efficient protocol for molecular identification of chicken Eimeria spp. in field samples. Various methods for each of the three steps of the protocol were evaluated: oocyst wall rupturing methods, DNA extraction methods, and identification of species-specific DNA sequences by PCR. We then compared and evaluated five complete protocols. Three series of oocyst suspensions of known number of oocysts from Eimeria mitis, Eimeria praecox, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella were prepared and ground using glass beads or mini-pestle. DNA was extracted from ruptured oocysts using commercial systems (GeneReleaser, Qiagen Stoolkit and Prepman) or phenol-chloroform DNA extraction, followed by identification of species-specific ITS-1 sequences by optimised single species PCR assays. The Stoolkit and Prepman protocols showed insufficient repeatability, and the former was also expensive and relatively time-consuming. In contrast, both the GeneReleaser protocol and phenol-chloroform protocols were robust and sensitive, detecting less than 0.4 oocysts of each species per PCR. Finally, we evaluated our new protocol on 68 coccidia positive field samples. Our data suggests that rupturing the oocysts by mini-pestle grinding, preparing the DNA with GeneReleaser, followed by optimised single species PCR assays, makes a robust and sensitive procedure for identifying chicken Eimeria species in field samples. Importantly, it also provides minimal hands-on-time in the pre-PCR process, lower contamination risk and no handling of toxic chemicals.     

PCR方法检测奶牛粪便中鼠隐孢子虫

从含有鼠隐孢子虫卵囊的奶牛粪便中,直接提取 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 用作 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 模板,用 １ 对人工合成的寡核苷酸作为 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 引物,扩增大小为 ５４０ ｂｐ 的特异片段。 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 产物经电泳鉴定,表明可从含隐孢子卵囊的奶牛粪便标本 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 抽提物中扩增出目的片段,而其他几种寄生虫及阴性对照均不能扩增出特异片段。本方法的敏感性最低可检测到含卵囊 ４００ 个／ｍ Ｌ 的样本,具有敏感性高、特异性强的特点。     

Utility of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene in a nested PCR approach for detection infection in cattle

A preliminary molecular epidemiological study was carried out to investigate the utility of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene in the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach using COWP gene primers was adopted for this purpose. Fecal samples were spiked with each of 1, 10, and 100 oocysts of C. parvum, four samples for each number, and the DNA was extracted from each sample using a glassbead method. The presence of oocysts was determined using the nested PCR with COWP gene primers, and the limit of detection of oocysts by the PCR was determined. The limit of detection was 100 oocysts spiked in 1 ml of fecal material (50% sold material) (four positives/four samples tested). Seventy-five percent of DNA extracted samples spiked with 1 and 10 oocysts was positive by the PCR (three positives/four samples tested). Based on this, small sample size using the COWP gene primers with a nested PCR analysis could reliably identify infected animals rather conveniently and accurately.     

Sensitive and specific detection of Cryptosporidium species in PCR-negative samples by loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification and confirmation of generated LAMP products by sequencing

Three LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification) assays were applied to detect Cryptosporidium species DNA in a total number of 270 fecal samples originating from cattle, sheep and horses in South Africa. DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of fecal material. Results of LAMP detection were compared to those obtained by nested PCR targeting the Cryptosporidium 18 small subunit rRNA (18S) gene. All samples were negative by nested PCR, while up to one-third of samples were positive by LAMP assays. The SAM-1 LAMP assay, shown to detect C. parvum, C. hominis and C. meleagridis, amplified Cryptosporidium DNA in 36 of 107 cattle (33.64%), in 26 of 85 sheep (30.5%) and in 17 of 78 horses (21.79%). The HSP LAMP specific to C. muris and C. andersoni, amplified Cryptosporidium DNA in one cow (0.9%), five sheep (5.8%) and seven horses (8.9%). The gp60 LAMP assay, shown to detect C. parvum produced no amplified Cryptosporidium DNA, likely due to low sample DNA concentrations. The specificity of LAMP assays was confirmed by sequencing of the LAMP products generated in positive samples. Sequence products from the three LAMP assays showed high identity to the target gene sequences confirming the specificity of LAMP. In this study, the LAMP procedure was clearly superior to nested PCR in the detection of Cryptosporidium species DNA. Use of LAMP is proposed as an efficient and effective tool for epidemiologic survey studies including screening of healthy animals in which Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding is characteristically low and likely below the detection limit of PCR in conventional sample concentrates.     

合肥野生动物园灵长类动物隐孢子虫感染情况调查

[目的]调查合肥野生动物园灵长类动物隐孢子虫的感染情况。[方法]采用饱和蔗糖水漂浮法对环尾狐猴、赤猴和狒狒等6种灵长类动物粪便进行卵囊浓集,采用抗酸染色法对其卵囊染色后进行形态学观察。在形态学观察基础上,对上述疑似粪样中的卵囊进行DNA提取,并采用PCR技术扩增隐孢子虫卵囊壁蛋白基因(COWP),以1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定PCR扩增产物,并对该园内灵长类动物感染隐孢子虫情况作统计分析。[结果]经形态学鉴定,初步判定从该动物园灵长类动物粪便中获得的卵囊大小为4.66μm×5.18μm,与报道的隐孢子虫形态特征相一致;利用PCR技术扩增得到的目的基因大小为377bp,与预期结果相一致。数据统计表明:合肥野生动物园灵长类动物隐孢子虫感染率为16.67%。[结论]合肥野生动物园灵长类动物存在隐孢子虫感染情况,具有感染人畜的潜在风险。