党参多糖对鸡IL-2活性和淋巴细胞增殖反应的促进作用

为了筛选有效增强鸡免疫功能的中药单体,采用体外鸡脾淋巴细胞增殖试验和体外诱导白细胞介素2(IL-2)产生试验观察了党参多糖对鸡免疫功能的影响.结果表明党参多糖可明显增强鸡脾淋巴细胞增殖反应和IL-2的产生.     

鸡球虫体外培养模型研究进展

鸡球虫病对养鸡业危害十分严重,由于抗球虫药物的使用甚至滥用,鸡球虫的抗药性日趋广泛而严峻。为了研究鸡球虫入侵机制以及快速高通量筛选抗球虫制剂的需要,鸡球虫的体外培养技术从20世纪70年代初至今已历经近50年,研究取得了一定的进展,逐步形成了一整套比较完备的体外培养技术体系。论文主要就鸡球虫的原代细胞培养模型、传代细胞培养模型和鸡胚培养模型在建立和应用方面进行详细阐述,为研究鸡球虫相关工作提供参考。     

球虫体外模型的建立及在生物学和生产中的应用

本研究建立了柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Ｅｉｎｅｒｉａ ｔｅｎｅｌｌａ）体外培养的鸡胚模型和细胞模型，建立了一株柔嫩艾美耳球虫鸡胚适应株和交替传代的原代鸡肾细胞培养适应株，采用细胞模型探索出Ｅ．ｔｅｎｅｌｌａ有４代裂殖生殖阶段，采用细胞模型培养Ｅ．ｎｅｃａｔｒｉｘ能发育至第３代裂殖阶段，完善了鸡胚筛选抗球虫剂的方法，测定出药物最小抑制浓度（ＭＩＣ）和最小毒性浓度（ＭＴＣ）并分析出与实际生产应用的关系。在熔剂的     

鸡球虫体外培养模型及应用研究进展

鸡球虫病是由艾美耳球虫寄生于鸡肠上皮细胞内所引起的一种寄生性原虫病，感染鸡体重减轻、营养不良、肠道损伤等，严重危害养鸡业的健康发展。球虫的生命周期包括从无性阶段到有性阶段的转换并局限于一个宿主。目前对球虫的研究主要包括在细胞生物学及其不同生命阶段的蛋白质表达和运输机制、宿主细胞入侵和宿主-寄生虫相互作用、新型药物靶标筛选等方面。鉴于研究问题的多样性，以及减少和取代动物试验的要求，建立高效的体外培养模型成为研究鸡球虫生物学特性、抗球虫疫苗和药物的基本条件。笔者重点阐述了鸡球虫体外培养模型及其在药物抗虫效果研究中的应用，包括鸡胚培养模型、二维培养模型(原代细胞培养模型、传代细胞系培养模型)及三维类器官培养模型。越来越多培养技术的突破为研究球虫生命周期阶段和干预策略开辟了新的途径，也为深入了解鸡球虫致病机制、抗球虫药物研发提供依据。     

中药大黄体外抗新城疫病毒活性试验

为了筛选出有效的防治新城疫的中草药,采用鸡胚接种试验,对大黄煎煮液的体外抗新城疫病毒活性进行了测定,结果表明,中药大黄在体外对新城疫病毒具有较好的抑制作用。     

鸡白喉型鸡痘的诊断与防制

西宁市某鸡场发生一种以喉头及气管前部被黄色干酪样物阻塞为主要特征的疫病，其症状及剖解病变极相似于传染性喉气管炎，1995-1997年年平均死亡率达21.24%。取自然病死鸡喉气管组织，用鸡胚、鸡胚成纤维细胞交替传代后，分离到1株病毒，经鉴定为鸡痘病毒；通过人工感染、疫苗筛选及现场应用，确诊为白喉型鸡痘。经用鸡痘疫苗控制了此病的流行。     

LncRNA PGCT8正向调控鸡原始生殖细胞形成

研究旨在对前期测序筛选到的关键LncPGCT8对鸡原始生殖细胞（PGCs）形成的影响进行深入探究。试验通过qRT-PCR和组织表达谱分析LncPGCT8在鸡PGCs和生殖嵴中的表达量。在体内外过表达/干扰LncPGCT8，通过qRT-PCR、流式细胞术、间接免疫荧光和免疫组织化学染色检测体内外PGC形成效率。结果显示：LncPGCT8在鸡PGCs和性腺中均显著高表达（P<0.05），过表达LncPGCT8组PGCs形成效率显著高于对照组（P<0.05），干扰LncPGCT8则会显著降低PGCs形成数量（P<0.05）。结果表明LncPGCT8在体内/外均促进鸡PGCs形成，为提高体外诱导PGCs效率奠定理论基础。     

不同时期鸡胚胎体外培养的比较研究

试验采用代用蛋壳体外培养方法进行了不同时期鸡胚胎换蛋壳培养的研究。结果显示：体外受精卵体外培养发育率为10％。X期胚胎体外培养的孵化率为1．2％；孵化1日龄的胚胎体外培养的孵化率为7．9％；直接去1／4壳的鸡胚孵化率为3．7％；鸡胚胎换蛋壳以后，添加6～8札的稀蛋白对换壳鸡胚发育比较适宜。     

怎样鉴别优劣蛋鸡

在养鸡生产中，要想提高蛋鸡的产蛋率，降低饲料成本，增加养鸡的经济效益，最实用、最有效的措施就是在鸡的育雏期和育成期阶段淘汰发育不良的鸡，并对成年鸡进行产蛋能力的鉴定，从而筛选出低产鸡和停产鸡，并合理地淘汰它们。     

副鸡嗜血杆菌的初步分离与鉴定

从某鸡场发病鸡中分离出一株细菌，经过病原的分离培养、生化鉴定试验、动物回归试验等实验室方法，初步鉴定为副鸡嗜血杆菌。通过药敏试验筛选敏感药物，对该病的防治起到了积极的效果。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.