基于Logistic-Markov方法的土地利用结构变化多因素驱动预测模型研究与应用

[目的]探索土地利用结构变化的驱动规律及其预测方法,为在社会经济快速发展背景下抑制建设用地扩张、优化城乡土地利用等提供决策参考。[方法]利用主成分分析,Logistic,Markov等方法研究土地利用结构变化的驱动力,分析土地利用结构状态转移矩阵与驱动因素的数量关系,构建基于多因素驱动的土地利用结构变化预测模型。[结果]以地处"长三角"经济区的江苏省泰兴市为例,测算了城镇发展、经济发展和管理政策等土地利用结构变化驱动力,其中城镇工矿用地扩张的驱动力增加了25.85%,耕地减少的驱动力则降低了22.21%,并预测分析了2010—2020年的土地利用结构变化特征,预测精度相对提高了0.52%。[结论]多因素驱动的土地利用结构变化预测方法,能够科学地诠释土地利用结构变化及其驱动力的作用机理,可以提高预测精度,为分析区域土地利用变化规律提供一种新方法。     

开都-孔雀河流域土地利用转型及其功能变化特征

[目的]探讨开都—孔雀河流域(以下简称"开孔河流域")土地利用功能转型特征及生态环境效应,揭示土地利用转型对区域生态环境造成的影响,为该区生态环境保护和可持续发展提供科学参考。[方法]基于1990,2000,2010和2015年开孔河流域土地利用遥感解译数据,根据"生产—生态—生活"用地(以下简称"三生用地")的主导功能分类,通过土地利用转移矩阵、区域生态环境质量指数和土地利用转型的生态贡献率等方法定量分析开孔河流域土地利用转型、时空格局特征以及生态环境效应。[结果](1)1990—2015年,开孔河流域的土地利用转型表现为生产用地、生活用地的快速增加,生态用地的迅速减少。(2)1990—2000年开孔河流域生态环境质量指数从0.465 4下降为0.453 9,2010—2015年上升到0.455 9。生态环境质量保持相对平衡,并呈现先下降后上升的发展趋势;(3)1990—2015年,开孔河流域上游生态环境质量较高但存在恶化趋势,中游地区生态环境质量持续得到改善,流域下游主要为低质量区和较低质量区。[结论]农业生产用地、城乡生活用地面积增加与草地退化和水域生态用地被占用是造成流域生态环境退化的主要原因,中游地区生态环境质量持续得到改善的原因是大量其他生态用地转型为林地生态用地。     

廊坊市土地利用与区域经济空间耦合关系

[目的]为了更好地探究土地利用与区域经济发展之间的相互作用关系,协调区域发展。[方法]运用空间分析和统计分析功能,以乡级行政单位为单元,分析2010年河北省廊坊市经济指标与土地利用结构双变量之间的空间关系。[结果]主要经济指标空间自相关系数在0.39~0.72;土地利用结构与经济指标之间具有复杂的空间自相关性,具体表现为:农民人均纯收入与农用地比率呈负相关,与建设用地和水域呈正相关;人均企业营业收入与园地、林地呈负相关,与建设用地和水域呈正相关;地均现价农林牧渔产值与林地、交通用地、其他土地呈负相关,与建设用地呈正相关;粮食产量与园地、林地、交通用地、水域呈负相关,与建设用地呈正相关。[结论]以自然禀赋相似区域为研究区,能更好体现土地利用与经济发展之间的关系。廊坊市土地利用与经济指标间都具有显著的空间自相关性,并且北部地区经济发展明显优于南部地区,且明显受到京津地区的影响;调控建设用地结构对平衡廊坊市经济发展差异具有重要作用。     

基于IE-GC-VAR方法的河流城市土地利用变化及其驱动因素分析——以江西省德兴市为例

[目的]对快速城市化的河流城市——江西省德兴市的土地利用结构变化及其影响因素进行研究,为河流城市土地利用结构的调整和我国正在经历快速城市化的河流城市发展提供科学依据。[方法]基于德兴市2000—2014年遥感影像的土地利用数据,应用信息熵模型和灰色关联方法分析其土地利用结构信息熵变化与各相关因素之间的关联度,并以此为基础进一步运用向量自回归模型,以脉冲响应函数和方差分解解释了德兴市土地利用结构信息熵变化与主要因素的动态相关性。[结果](1)2000—2014年德兴市耕地、林地、草地、水域、其他用地类型面积下降,建设用地面积上升;土地利用结构朝无序方向发展,土地利用类型的均衡性增强,但单一类型的优势度降低。(2)基于VAR模型的脉冲响应函数和方差分解分析还表明,长期人口总数、城市化和粮食总产量对德兴市土地利用结构信息熵变化基本呈现正向效应,且随着时间滞后期数的递增,冲击效应逐步减弱,最终趋向稳定状态;其中人口总数和城市化水平对德兴市土地利用结构信息熵变化有促进作用,但粮食总产量对其方差贡献度却随时间推移作用减弱。[结论]2000—2014年德兴市土地利用程度不高,土地利用结构朝无序方向发展;人口总数、粮食总产量和城市化水平是影响其土地利用结构信息熵的主要因素。     

基于高分影像的神木县大柳塔镇土地利用动态监测

[目的]研究陕西省榆林市神木县大柳塔镇近年来的土地利用变化情况,为该区域土地资源的合理开发和利用提供可靠依据。[方法]基于2010,2015年的2期高分辨率遥感影像,通过图像解译提取该地区的土地利用信息,生成土地利用转移矩阵,对2期数据进行统计分析与评价。[结果]2010—2015年,耕地、居民地及工矿交通用地、水域及水利设施用地、草地等用地面积增加,林地、沙地、裸地等用地面积减少。[结论]研究区的土地利用程度较高,结构趋于合理。     

内蒙古中部城市土地利用绩效及其障碍因素

[目的]评价内蒙古中部城市土地利用绩效,并分析其障碍因子,为提高该地区土地利用效率,合理调配和利用土地资源提供科学依据。[方法]结合中国西北部地区自然环境特点,从土地利用结构、土地利用程度和土地利用效益3个方面构建内蒙古中部呼包鄂3个城市土地利用绩效评价体系;运用TOPSIS方法和障碍度模型测算2004—2013年呼包鄂城市的土地利用综合、单项绩效水平和影响呼包鄂土地利用绩效障碍因子。[结果]2004—2013年内蒙古中部城市呼包鄂的土地利用综合绩效总体呈上升趋势,但土地利用绩效具有明显的差异性,呼和浩特市上升较快,包头市较平稳,颚尔多斯市较慢;土地利用结构和土地利用社会效益是主要的障碍因子。[结论]内蒙古中部城市土地利用综合绩效与目标区域的资源禀赋及政策实施密不可分,应加大土地的资本投入,加强城市公共设施建设和土地利用的社会效益,完善和优化土地利用结构以及提高土地利用深度和广度;同时,内蒙古中部城市之间有着密切的经贸和社会联系,其土地利用应从一体化角度去完善,形成产业聚集,促进整体的土地资源优化。     

烟台市土地利用结构与能源消费碳排放关联测度

[目的]分析山东省烟台市各区县土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放的关联测度及其变化规律,为合理利用土地资源与低碳城市的建设提供科学建议。[方法]基于烟台市1986—2012年各区县的土地利用结构和能源消耗数据,采用碳排放量计算模型,测算出其能源消耗碳排放总量、碳排放强度和人均碳排放量,并运用灰色关联分析法,测度烟台市各区县土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放的关联度。[结果]1 1986—2012年烟台市能源消费碳排放总量由3.05×106 t上升到1.494×107 t,增加了3.9倍;2 2012年烟台市各区县土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放量、碳排放强度之间关联度最高的土地利用类型为园地,与人均碳排放量关联度最高的用地为交通运输用地;3烟台市各区县土地利用结构与能源消耗关联度较高的分别是园地(0.812 8)、城镇村及工矿用地(0.812 0)、水域及水利设施用地(0.805 9);4 1986—2012年烟台市各区县土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放关联度较大的地区依次是长岛县(0.980 4)、芝罘区(0.962 4)和莱山区(0.948 0)。[结论]烟台市土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放存在着密切的关联性,土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放的关联度在空间上存在着差异性。     

2009-2018年海口市土地利用转型特征及其影响因素

[目的]定量识别海口市土地利用转型空间分布特征与影响,为海口市国土空间规划提供科学参考.[方法]采用土地利用类型转移矩阵、土地功能重心迁移与小波相干模型等方法,研究了 2009-2018年海口市土地利用转型时空特征及其影响因素.[结果]①2009-2018年来,海口市城镇生活用地面积增长,农业生产用地面积减少.其中农业...     

资源型城市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响——以安徽省淮南市为例

[目的]以安徽省淮南市为例,探讨资源型城市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响,为该市生态、经济、生态环境保护以及今后进行城市开发建设和农业发展提供科学参考。[方法]基于土地利用变化和生态系统服务价值评估的相关理论和方法,运用GIS软件,分析淮南市2000和2010年土地利用变化,并计算淮南市生态系统服务价值,研究土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。[结果]2000—2010年淮南市土地利用变化较大,主要土地类型以耕地、居民地及工矿用地和水域为主。土地利用结构发生变化,出现耕地、林地减少,水域、居民地及工矿用地、草地增加的现象。研究区生态系统服务价值总量呈减少的趋势,从2000年的11.72亿元减少到2010年的11.33亿元,减幅达3.33%。单位面积生态系统服务价值的分布变化也与研究区土地利用变化紧密相关,居民地及工矿用地的增加是造成生态系统服务价值减少的最主要原因。生态系统服务价值对生态价值系数的敏感性指数均小于1,说明研究区内的生态系统服务价值缺乏弹性,研究结果是可信的。[结论]淮南市应高度重视土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响,优化调整土地利用结构,注重增加生态用地,稳步提升区域生态系统服务价值。     

干旱区内陆河流域不同规模城镇水资源利用效率评价——以石羊河流域为例

[目的]对石羊河流域不同规模城镇用水效率的时空差异表现进行评价,探讨城镇人口规模与城镇用水效率之间的关系。[方法]采用数据包络分析(DEA)模型和Malmquist全要素生产力指数模型。[结果](1)流域用水综合效率呈"V"型波动增长曲线,其中纯技术效率在逐步提高,规模效率水平呈下降态势;Malmquist指数分析结果也验证流域用水效率水平在不断提升,这是技术进步和技术效率共同提高的结果。(2)流域城镇人口规模与城镇用水效率二者成正相关关系。在保障规模较大城镇水资源有效供给的同时,更要注重以产业结构的优化升级来带动用水效率提高。[结论](1)古浪、永昌县应增加要素投入,而凉州、民勤、金川县应在维持现有投资规模的同时,在用水总量控制的前提下促进经济结构调整和用水结构优化联动机制的形成。(2)先进用水技术和高效水资源管理是未来继续提高石羊河流域水资源利用效率的有效办法。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.