牛蛙膨化颗粒饵料生产技术

牛蛙营养价值高、味道鲜美,国际市场上的身价高昂。利用挤压膨化技术生产的牛蛙颗粒饵料为圆柱状颗粒,直径３ｍｍ～８ｍｍ,长４ｍｍ～１０ｍｍ,表面光滑,色泽均匀。１牛蛙颗粒饵料的特殊性１．１牛蛙饵料营养全面,蛋白质含量高,达３０％～４０％以上;１．２饵料具有漂浮性、耐水性、低溶性（一般在３ｈ以上）;１．３饵料原料经挤压过程中的高温、高压处理,淀粉糊化,蛋白质组织化,并钝化原料中存在的毒素、抗营养因子如胰蛋白酶抑制素、棉酚等,利于牛蛙消化吸收,一般来说可提高消化率１０％～３５％;１．４饵料原料经高温、高…     

冬伐形式对桑树的花叶病抗性及春叶产量和叶质影响的研究

对７２ 个桑树杂交组合进行两种冬伐处理,研究冬伐形式对桑树的花叶病抗性、春叶产量和叶质的影响。结果表明：不同冬伐处理对桑树的花叶病抗性、春叶产量和叶质均有极显著的影响。采用冬留长枝的冬伐形式,可使花叶病的株发病率降低５５１７ ％ ,病情指数降低７３９９ ％ ,病害对产量的综合损失率降低８６４５ ％ ;桑树的总枝条长度、单位条长叶片数、单叶重分别增加３２９６％ 、１２３３ ％ 和２３７７ ％ ,从而使春叶产量大幅提高,平均增产１３５９３ ％ ;春叶的干物含量、可溶性糖含量、总糖含量显著提高,桑叶养蚕可使全茧量、茧层量、产卵数、良卵数分别提高３８８ ％ 、４１６ ％ 、６０ ％ 和６０％ 。     

旱农区草田轮作研究报告

历时８年，应用“等价产量”和“蛋白质产量”的概念，对旱农区紫花苜蓿、红豆草和百脉根介入粮田轮作的产出效益分析研究表明，豆科牧草对后作物有明显增产效果。三种牧草对后作的蛋白质产量增产幅度分别为１４８％—３０３％、１７０％—２５７％、１５５％—３２８％，等价产量增产幅度依次为１７％—２９５％、７３％—２３２％、１１９％—３２８％。豆科牧草轮作年限以３—５年为宜。     

若尔盖高原草地由沼生至陆生营养动态

由于环境生态由沼生至陆生的转变,草地的土壤和植物的营养物质含量也随之变化,５～１０月营养物质含量累计总量（或月平均值）：植物群落的陆生披碱草群落的粗蛋白质（６４６１％）、粗灰分（４３２９％）、磷（１５２％）的含量最大;沼生木里苔草群落的粗纤维（２２５２％）的含量最大;湿中生线叶嵩草群落钙（８８％）的含量最大。土壤中,湿中生腐殖质沼泽土全Ｎ（７５４％）、有机质（２５８９８％）、磷（灰化）（０８６％）、（湿化）（０８２％）的含量最大;陆生草甸土的灰分（５３８５９％）含量最大;沼生泥炭沼泽土钙（灰化４１１％）、（湿化６１４％）的含量最大。     

对虾幼体微胶囊饲料的基础营养含量

为研制对虾幼体微胶囊饲料,先后以斑节对虾幼体和中国对虾幼体做试验，分别以蛋白质4水平、脂肪3水平和淀粉3水平组成两个试验。为利用脂肪在饲料中的悬浮力，又做了斑节对虾幼体对脂肪最大容量的试验。总结分析三个试验结果认为，蛋白质是对虾幼体的主要营养物质。淀粉含量对对虾幼体也有促进生长和提高成活率作用。蛋白质和淀粉对对虾幼体的成活率有协同作用，但蛋白质对成活率的影响大于淀粉，若要提高对虾幼体成活率关键是提高蛋白含量。对虾幼体的生长和成活率随脂肪含量提高而略有提高，但不显著，这为调节幼体饲料的脂肪含量提供了依据。     

农区待开发的昆虫饲料

1．蚯蚓：蚯蚓的饲料主要为米糠、麦茨、牛（猪）粪、树叶、杂草和土杂肥等。其蛋白质含量高达66％。在粒饲料中添加5％～8％的蚯蚓纷，可使畜禽及鱼类的生长速度提高15％以上。2．蚕蛹：蚕闻的蛋白质含量约在70％以上，超过鱼粉，经处理后用来喂养禽类、牛蛙、青蛙、虾蟹等效果很好。3‘黄杨虫：其幼虫、蛹及成虫蛋白质含量分别为sl％、57％和61％，既是喂畜禽优良的精饲料，又是喂养蝎、蛇和蜈蚣的上等佳品。4‘白蚁：用杂木、稻草等培育白蚁，通常经过1周便可以作为饲料。白蚁富含蛋白质和微量元素，畜禽食后不仅生长快，还可以提高机体…     

东北马鹿乌兰坝品种鹿茸化学成分分析报告

经对东北马鹿乌兰坝品种三杈带血茸上、中、下３段的３种化学成分分析，结果表明，鹿茸上段氨基酸含量较高为５８００％，牛黄酸含量００６％，钙、磷分别为２３９％和４８０％，钙磷比为０５０∶１；中段氨基酸含量４９８０％，牛黄酸含量００４％。钙、磷分别为１０５９％和５６０％，钙磷比例为１８９∶１；下段氨基酸含量４２６０％，牛黄酸含量００２％，钙、磷分别为１３１２％和６３０％，钙磷比为２０８∶１。上、中、下３段平均值为：氨基酸５０１３％，牛黄酸００４％，钙、磷分别为８０７％和５５７％，钙磷比１５６∶１。东北马鹿乌兰坝品种鹿茸所测的３种生化指标明显优于东北马鹿的，比清原品系马鹿茸的稍好，但次于东·天马鹿茸的。     

甜菜碱促进猪生长的机理

９６ 头“杜长大”生长猪按饲养试验要求分成 ４ 组（每组 ３ 个重复）,分别饲 以添加 ０、１ ０００、１ ５００、２ ０００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ甜菜碱的基础日粮,试验期 ６２ ｄ。结果表明,１ ０００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 剂量组试验猪生长性能最佳,日增重较对照组提高了 １３２０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, 料重比降低了 ７９３％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）。该组猪血清 Ｇ Ｈ、 Ｉ Ｇ Ｆ Ｉ、 Ｔ３ 、 Ｔ４ 水平分别升高了 １０１７６％ （ Ｐ＜ ００１）, ４４７５％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, ２６５３％ （ Ｐ＜ ００１） 和 １６８３％ （ Ｐ＜ ００５）; 血清游离丝氨酸含量提高了 １４２８％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００５）; 血清总蛋白上升了 ２１６９％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, 血清尿素氮含量降低 了 ４７６７％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）; 背最 长肌 和 肝脏 中 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ 含量 及 背最 长肌 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ／ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 比 率分 别升 高了１２６０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００５）, １７８０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００２） 和 １９７９％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００２）; 肝脏 和腺 垂体 ｃ Ａ Ｍ Ｐ 含 量提 高了４７５３％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１） 和 ６５２１％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）。研究结果提示,甜菜碱似作用     

肉仔鸡日粮中以青霉素菌丝蛋白代替部分豆饼的试验

青霉素菌丝蛋白含有４０６％的粗蛋白，与豆饼蛋白含量相似。用其按５％和８％等比例替代肉仔鸡日粮中的豆饼试验表明，不但未出现毒性反应，而且分别比对照组成活率提高３８０％和４３５％，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；增重提高７８６％和９３３％，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；料肉比下降５８８％和３６１％，差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；每１００只入舍仔鸡利润提高４６４７％和５１８４％，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

山羊人工授精效果观测

山羊人工授精与自然交配比较,受胎率、产羔率分别提高１０８和１５８４个百分点;后代公母羔初生、２月龄、６月龄、周岁体重分别提高４０２０％、３０９２％、２７４０％、３０５１％和２２３３％、１３３７％、１４８７％、１６３１％;一胎的羔羊和周岁羊的经济效益分别提高１５８４％和４３０９％。     

柞蚕胚胎发育期蛋白质的2D-PAGE图谱分析

采用SDS-PAGE和2D-PAGE技术分析柞蚕胚胎期不同发育阶段的蛋白质组成和含量变化,为从蛋白质水平探讨柞蚕胚胎发育过程中的基因顺序表达模式积累基础信息。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示:在柞蚕胚胎的发育过程中共分离到相对明显的32条蛋白带,包括分子质量约70、60、30 kD的高丰度蛋白条带,随着胚胎的发育,这些蛋白质含量逐渐减少,而40、15 kD左右的蛋白质含量逐渐增加,到孵化成蚁蚕(324 h)时,分子质量约70、60 kD的蛋白条带基本消失。进一步分析柞蚕胚胎发育不同时期蛋白质的2D-PAGE图谱:蛋白点数量随胚胎发育逐渐增多,胚胎发育12 h检测到370个蛋白点,胚胎发育300 h的蛋白点达到422个;胚胎发育132 h及276 h的蛋白点与胚胎发育早期36 h蛋白点的匹配率分别为52.4%和28.4%。此外,孵化蚁蚕总蛋白2D-PAGE图谱与胚胎期相比存在较大差异。研究结果提示,柞蚕胚胎发育前期,从胚胎形成期到附肢发生期(12～60 h),蛋白质种类相对较少,且变化不大;胚胎发育的气管形成期(228～276 h)开始,蛋白质种类变化剧烈,偏酸性蛋白质增加,蛋白点的匹配率下降。     

SO2对家蚕血淋巴中谷胱甘肽含量及相关酶活性的影响

通过分析在SO2胁迫下家蚕5龄幼虫血淋巴中谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及相关酶活性的变化,探讨SO2对家蚕的毒理作用机制。当对家蚕5龄幼虫每天以40 mg/m3SO2熏气刺激6 h,蚕体血淋巴中的GSH含量显著降低,雄蚕GSH的平均含量为49.8μmol/L,雌蚕为41.0μmol/L,分别为对照的73.80%和55.76%,而谷胱甘肽硫-转移酶(GST)活性显著升高,雄蚕GST的平均活性为31.86 U/L,雌蚕为31.80 U/L,分别高于对照46.15%和27.30%。与此同时,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活性在蚕体中也有不同程度的升高,其中在雄蚕体内的变化极为显著;谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)和谷胱甘肽合成酶系的活性在蚕体内均无显著变化。以上结果表明:SO2刺激可对家蚕血淋巴中的GSH含量及其相关酶的活性产生影响,且雌、雄蚕对SO2的敏感性不同;GSH含量的减少及其相关酶活性的上升,说明SO2对蚕体的毒害作用与其降低蚕体抗氧化物质水平、削弱抗氧化防御系统有关。     

不同家蝇幼虫制品对黄羽肉仔鸡营养物质可利用率、肠道菌群和血清生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨不同家蝇幼虫制品对黄羽肉仔鸡营养物质可利用率、肠道菌群和血清生化指标的影响。选取 １日龄的黄羽肉仔鸡 ２５２只,随机分成 ７组,每组 ３个重复,每个重复 １２只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,其余 ６组饲喂分别用 ０．２％、０．５％的家蝇幼虫肽,０．２％、０．５％的家蝇幼虫酶解物,０．２％、０．５％的脱脂家蝇幼虫粉等量替代基础饲粮中鱼粉的试验饲粮。结果表明：１）添加家蝇幼虫肽有提高干物质、粗蛋白质和能量的可利用率的趋势（Ｐ＞０．０５）,且随着添加剂量的增加而提高;添加 ０．５％的家蝇幼虫肽可显著提高粗脂肪、钙、磷和粗灰分的可利用率（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２）添加家蝇幼虫肽可显著提高试验第２周和第４周肠道乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,显著降低大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量（Ｐ＜０．０５）。３）添加家蝇幼虫肽可显著降低试验第 ２周血清谷丙转氨酶活性（Ｐ＜０．０５）和显著提高血清总蛋白含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且以０．５％的家蝇幼虫肽组效果最优。在饲粮中添加不同家蝇幼虫制品均能显著降低黄羽肉仔鸡血清尿素氮含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此得出,家蝇幼虫肽具有改善黄羽肉仔鸡肠道菌群、提高营养物质可利用率的作用,且以 ０．５％的添加量效果较好。     

放牧绵羊主要寄生虫病药物防治技术试验与示范效果观察

为评价伊维菌素注射剂的驱虫效果与对放牧绵羊线虫病及外寄生虫病的防治示范效果,选择1.5岁感染线虫和部分外寄生虫的绵羊150只,设伊维菌素注射剂0.1,0.2和0.3mg/kg体重剂量组和伊维菌素片剂对照组,进行驱虫效果评价;在冬季应用伊维菌素注射剂按0.2mg/kg体重剂量对放牧绵羊进行规模防治技术示范,检查防治效果和考核防治效益。结果:药效试验中伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg对绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为93.3%,99.3%,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0%和96.1%;0.3mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵及原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率均为100.0%;0.1mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为76.7%,88.6%,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为66.7%和86.1%。防治示范群绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率为93.3%,虫卵减少率为96.8%;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0%和96.2%。同期检查未防治对照组虫卵EPG和幼虫数略有增加。技术示范群比未示范群每只成年羊平均多增重5.47kg、幼年羊成活率平均提高2.1个百分点。结果表明该防治技术对放牧绵羊主要寄生虫病高效安全,效益显著。     

家蚕有色茧主要色素物质在幼虫体内的代谢变化

为探讨有色茧色素物质在蚕体内的代谢机制,检测了有色茧主要色素物质的含量及其在家蚕5龄幼虫不同时期中肠、血液、丝腺组织中的消长变化,分析色素物质从中肠进入血液再转运到丝腺的时序差异。有色茧中,黄茧的色素以类胡萝卜素化合物为主,绿茧的色素以黄酮类化合物为主。黄酮类化合物、类胡萝卜素化合物在家蚕5龄幼虫中肠、血液、中部丝腺、后部丝腺中的含量均呈现龄初低、龄末高的趋势,其中,黄酮类化合物在熟蚕组织中的含量是中肠>血液>中部丝腺>后部丝腺;类胡萝卜素化合物在熟蚕组织中的含量是中部丝腺>后部丝腺>中肠>血液。2种色素物质含量变幅最大的是后部丝腺组织,结黄茧蚕和结绿茧蚕的黄酮类化合物分别增加406.55%、202.50%,类胡萝卜素化合物分别增加211.80%、250.84%。黄酮类化合物在5龄幼虫丝腺组织的绝对含量是结绿茧蚕大于结黄茧蚕,类胡萝卜素化合物在5龄幼虫丝腺组织的绝对含量是结黄茧蚕显著大于结绿茧蚕,与在不同颜色蚕茧中检测到的2种色素物质含量一致。研究结果提示:黄酮类化合物在5龄幼虫中肠组织中积累较多,类胡萝卜素化合物在丝腺组织中积累较多;丝腺组织中2种色素物质的含量与茧色密切相关;来自桑叶中的2种色素物质经中肠消化吸收后,再通过血液进入丝腺组织并产生累积效应。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌YJ-2000菌株对家蚕主要生物学特性影响的研究

苏云金芽孢杆菌YJ 2 0 0 0菌株对多种鳞翅目害虫具明显杀虫活性而对家蚕蚁蚕表现低毒性。以对家蚕蚁蚕表现高毒性的苏云金芽孢杆菌CRY1Ab和YJ 1999菌株为对照 ,研究了苏云金芽孢杆菌YJ 2 0 0 0菌株对家蚕的生物学安全性。YJ 2 0 0 0菌株除导致 1龄幼虫历期延长 11 1%、取食量减少 0～ 6 0 0 %及体重降低 5 2 3%～ 6 2 5 %外 ,对 2龄及其以后各龄幼虫的存活率、发育历期、取食量、眠蚕体重、化蛹率、蛹期、全茧量、蛹重、茧层量、羽化率和产卵量等均无显著影响。相比之下 ,CRY1Ab和YJ 1999菌株则不同 ,高浓度会导致全部蚁蚕死亡 ,呈现高急性毒性 ;低浓度虽不能使幼虫全部死亡 ,但对幸存幼虫的取食、生长发育、结茧和产卵等大多呈现明显的不良影响。综合分析认为 :YJ 2 0 0 0菌株对家蚕不仅低毒 ,而且对其生长发育、结茧和生殖力等均无明显的不良影响。     

The effects of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) when compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, survival and migration

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of birdsfoot trefoil and chicory on parasitic nematode development, survival and migration when compared with perennial ryegrass. In experiment one, sheep faeces, containing 10,385 Cooperia curticei eggs were added to 25 cm diameter pots containing birdsfoot trefoil, chicory or ryegrass, and the pots maintained under optimal conditions for nematode parasite development. Replicate pots of each forage type were destructively sampled on day 8, 16, 20, 28 and 37 to collect the nematode larvae. When forages were compared on a dry matter basis, by day 16 there were 31% and 19% fewer larvae on birdsfoot trefoil and chicory than on ryegrass, respectively (P<0.01). In the second experiment, replicate 1m(2) field plots of birdsfoot trefoil, chicory and ryegrass were sub-sampled on day 14, 21, 35 and 49 for larval counts following the application of sheep faeces containing 585,000 Teladorsagia circumcincta eggs to each plot on day 0. Results showed there were a minimum of 58% and 63% fewer infective stage parasitic larvae on birdsfoot trefoil and chicory, respectively, compared with ryegrass on day 14 and 35 when forages were compared on a forage dry matter, plot area sampled and leaf area basis (P<0.01). Overall, these results indicate that the number of infective stage larvae on birdsfoot trefoil and chicory pasture was reduced by the effect of their sward structure on the development/survival/migration of ovine parasitic nematodes. These effects may be one of the ways in which these forages may affect parasitic infections in grazing livestock.     

黑水虻幼虫粉对育肥猪盲肠食糜主要微生物数量和代谢产物的影响

旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例的黑水虻幼虫粉对育肥猪盲肠食糜主要微生物数量和代谢产物的影响。本试验选取72头130日龄、健康且初始体重相近（（76.0±0.56）kg）的杜×长×大三元杂交猪,随机分为3个处理组,每组8个重复,每个重复3头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂含有4%（4%组）和8%（8%组）的黑水虻幼虫粉,通过调整日粮配方,3组日粮的蛋白含量和代谢能一致。于正式试验的第42天,每个重复选取1头体重接近平均体重的猪进行屠宰,取盲肠食糜用于相关指标的测定。结果表明：1）与对照组相比,日粮添加4%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加了盲肠食糜Bifidobacterium、Lactobacillus、Prevotella、Clostridium cluster IV和Roseburia的数量（P<0.05）,而降低了Escherichia coli的数量（P<0.05）;日粮添加8%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加了Prevotella和Bifidobacterium的数量（P<0.05）。2）与对照组相比,日粮添加4%和8%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加了盲肠食糜中乳酸、总短链脂肪酸和乙酸的浓度（P<0.05）,同时,日粮添加8%黑水虻幼虫粉还降低了戊酸的浓度（P<0.05）;对于氮代谢产物而言,与对照组相比,日粮添加4%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著降低了盲肠食糜中总生物胺、尸胺、腐胺、精胺、对甲酚和苯酚的浓度（P<0.05）,而日粮添加8%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著降低了尸胺和苯酚的浓度（P<0.05）。综上所述,本试验条件下,在日粮中添加4%的黑水虻幼虫粉可增加育肥猪盲肠食糜中部分有益微生物的数量和有益代谢物的浓度,降低潜在致病菌的数量和氮代谢化合物的浓度,表明一定比例的黑水虻幼虫粉可作为优质的蛋白质饲料原料应用于养猪生产中。     

Development and survival of free-living stages of equine strongyles under laboratory conditions

In a series of laboratory studies the optimum conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of strongyle parasites occurring in horses in tropical north Queensland were determined. No differences in behaviour were noted between the strongyle species. Development to the infective stage occurred only between 10 and 35 degrees C. The rate was affected by temperature, taking 15-24 days and 3 days, respectively, at the lowest and highest temperatures for the developing stages to reach the infective third stage. Yields of infective larvae were very low outside the range 20-33 degrees C, and were highest at 28 degrees C. Survival of infective larvae was good between 20 and 33 degrees C, and large numbers were recovered after 3 months in faeces incubated at 20-28 degrees C. At 33 and 37 degrees C larval survival was affected by the moisture content of the faeces, with infective larvae surviving better in dry than in moist faeces; even a residual moisture level of 40% significantly reduced the number of larvae recovered from faeces incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 month. Moisture also affected larval development, especially at the higher temperatures of 25-39 degrees C. When faecal moisture content fell to less than or equal to 20% by 3 days, larvae which had not yet reached the infective stage were still pre-infective at 7 days, while all larvae in faeces with adequate moisture had reached the infective third stage. It was not possible to determine the critical faecal moisture level below which larval development ceased, however, 28 degrees C (range 25-33 degrees C) was found to be the optimum temperature. Larval development was very rapid and yields of infective larvae highest at this temperature.     

Factors affecting the survival and migration of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of cattle in central queensland

Faecal pats containing parasitic nematode eggs were deposited monthly on worm-free pasture, from mid-1975 to early in 1979, near Rockhampton in central Queensland. Pasture samples were collected monthly from beside these pats and the number of infective larvae on the samples was counted.

Cooperia spp. were the most numerous larvae on pasture all year round and Haemonchus placei were commonly present in low numbers. Small numbers of Oesophagostonum radiatum larvae were found, mostly during summer.

Dung beetle activity and rainfall influenced larval populations on pasture, but temperature did not. Beetles were not active in winter, and pats deposited in spring, summer and autumn when beetles were active yielded only 42, 44 and 26%, respectively, as many larvae per 1000 eggs deposited as winter pats. Pats in which beetle activity was minimal (feeding only), moderate and intense (complete destruction), yielded 43, 10 and 6%, respectively, as many larvae per 1000 eggs as intact pats.

Larval densities on pasture were highest after the first saturating rains during the spring-summer period and most of these larvae migrated from unattacked pats deposited in winter. Beetle numbers and activity increased with the summer rains and so few larvae were available to migrate onto pasture during late summer and autumn when the highest falls of rain were recorded. The regression of larval recovery on rainfall was positive and statistically significant when data collected soon after these very heavy rainfall periods were omitted from the analysis.

In 1977, drought-breaking rains increased the normal larval density on pasture 10-fold because larvae in pats deposited in the last 4 months of the drought migrated onto pasture immediately after the rains.

This work suggests that in summer rainfall areas where dung beetles are active, helminth control may be achieved by reducing the worm egg output from cattle during the winter.