小麦高温抗条锈性表达与蛋白质合成的关系

小麦高温抗条锈性是一种在相对高温下表达的非小种卖座经抗病性,以典型高温抗条锈品种小偃６号为试材,研究了高温抗条锈性表达与蛋白质合成的关系。小偃６号小麦叶片接种条锈菌（Ｐｕｃｉｎｉａ ｓｔｒｉｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）ＣＹ２９小种后,常温（１４～１６℃）培养,寄主呈亲和反应,显症后移入高温（２１～２２℃）下继续培养,诱导了高温抗锈性,表现不亲和反应。蛋白南体内合成试验发现接种苗移入高温下处理２４h后,接种叶中     

小偃6号高温抗条锈性表达的最佳条件

小偃6号是一个具有全生育期高温抗条锈性的小麦品种。为了明确小偃6号高温抗条锈性表达的最佳条件,在16、18、20、22、24 ℃下,观察了其对条锈病的反应型、产孢期和产孢量等症状特征以及组织病理学特征。结果表明,在接种条锈菌后进行18~24 ℃高温处理,均可诱导小偃6号的抗条锈性表达,反应型降低,产孢期缩短,产孢量减少。小偃6号接种条锈菌后在花斑期转入20~24 ℃处理24 h,与常温16 ℃处理相比,寄主均表现非亲和性反应。小偃6号小麦品种高温抗条锈性表达的最佳温度为20 ℃,最佳处理时间为24 h。     

小偃54和小偃81高温抗条锈性及其与几丁质酶基因表达的关系

为了探明小麦高温抗条锈性的遗传机理,以小麦条锈菌流行小种对小麦品种小偃54和小偃81进行了苗期接种鉴定,并采用RT-PCR方法从小偃54中克隆了几丁质酶基因Chi1编码区全长cDNA序列Chi1xy,利用半定量PCR技术比较分析了常温(14±1 ℃)和高温(21±1 ℃)处理下条锈菌侵染的小偃54几丁质酶基因Chi1xy的表达谱.结果表明,小偃54和小偃81均具有明显的高温抗条锈性.常温处理下,Chi1xy的表达没有明显变化,始终维持在较低水平.而高温处理下,Chi1xy的表达在处理后的前72 h变化不明显,96 h开始升高,并在144 h达到表达高峰,直到192 h仍维持较高的表达水平.两种温度处理下Chi1xy的表达谱差异显著,说明小偃54对条锈病的高温抗条锈性可能与几丁质酶基因Chi1xy的表达水平相关.这是首次发现几丁质酶和高温抗条锈性有关.     

小偃6号TaWRKY45基因在高温抗条锈病中的功能研究

小偃6号是一个具有全生育期高温抗条锈性的小麦品种。在小麦抗病研究中发现TaWRKY45转录因子参与了对多种病害的调控。为了研究TaWRKY45在小偃6号高温抗条锈过程中的功能,以小偃6号为试验材料,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术(Real-time quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR)研究TaWRKY45的表达模式,并利用病毒诱导的基因沉默(VIGS)技术,研究了TaWRKY45沉默后对小偃6号高温抗条锈病的影响。结果表明,TaWRKY45在小麦根、茎、叶中均有表达,根中的表达量最高。当小麦受到水杨酸(SA)、条锈菌、高温(20℃)胁迫时,TaWRKY45表达量均上调。对小麦TaWRKY45基因进行沉默处理后,沉默叶片(BSMV:TaWRKY45-as)的条锈菌菌落增长,坏死细胞数目减少。TaWRKY45正向参与了小偃6号的高温抗条锈病过程。     

小麦高温抗条锈性表达与苯丙氨酸解氨酶和多酚氧化酶活性的关系

测定了小麦高温抗条锈性表达过程中小麦叶内苯丙氨酸解氨酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化。结果表明，高温抗条锈性品种，在小麦高温抗条锈性表达过程中，接种寄主叶内PAL活性对高温非常敏感。在高温处理12h时PAL活性就很快增高，到24h就达到活性高峰，形成一个对高温敏感的特异峰，且该峰可以从高温处理12h持续到72h。小种专化抗锈性的PAL活性也较对照增高，但对温度处理没有明显的活性峰。多酚氧化酶在高温抗条锈性表达过程中变化与对照无明显变化。     

小麦品种高温抗条锈病特性及保产作用

为了明确小麦高温抗条锈性及保产作用,分析了27个陕西农家小麦品种和15个改良品种的抗病特性,以及小偃6号、兰天1号、小偃54、79196-16-1-2四个品种的防病保产效果。结果表明,在陕西关中地区,5月中旬前后是小麦品种高温抗条锈性表达的关键时期;小麦高温抗病性表达后,条锈病病情指数增长缓慢,严重度不再增加;接种区与喷药区比较,抗病品种千粒重、穗粒数和穗粒重差异不显著,具有明显的防病和保产特性。     

小麦品种对条锈病的高温成株抗性

本文对小麦高温成株抗条锈性表达的生育阶段、接种前后温度与高温成株抗条锈性的关系、高温成株抗条锈性的遗传机制、小种专化性、保产效果及应用前景进行了综述，并提出小麦高温成株抗条锈性对我国小麦抗条锈育种及条锈病防治的重要价值。     

小麦品种对条锈病的高温成株抗性

本文对小麦高温成株抗条锈性表达的生育阶段，接种前后温度与高温成株抗秀锈性的关系，高温成株抗条锈性的遗传机制、小种专化性，、保产效果及应用前景进行了综述，并提出了小麦高温成株抗条锈性以我国小麦抗条锈育种及条锈病防治的重要价值。     

小冰麦33温敏抗叶锈性基因分析

小冰麦33是一个高产、高蛋白、抗多种病害的小麦品种,并具有温敏抗叶锈性.为了明确小冰麦33所含有的温敏性抗叶锈基因,选用4个不同毒性基因组合的小麦叶锈菌生理小种在5℃/10℃(黑暗/光照)、15℃/20℃(黑暗/光照)和25℃/30℃(黑暗/光照)三个温度条件下对小冰麦33进行了温敏抗叶锈性基因推导.通过比较3个不同温度下小冰麦33与7个以Thatcher为遗传背景的小麦抗叶锈近等基因系(分别含有Lr11、Lr13、Lr14a、Lr18、Lr23、Lr34、Lr37温敏基因)对4个小麦叶锈菌生理小种的反应型模式,推导出该品种可能含有Lr18及其他新的温敏抗叶锈性基因.     

小冰麦33温敏抗叶锈性基因分析

小冰麦33是一个高产、高蛋白、抗多种病害的小麦品种,并具有温敏抗叶锈性。为了明确小冰麦33所含有的温敏性抗叶锈基因,选用4个不同毒性基因组合的小麦叶锈菌生理小种在5℃／10℃（黑暗／光照）、15℃／20℃（黑暗／光照）和25℃／30℃（黑暗／光照）三个温度条件下对小冰麦33进行了温敏抗叶锈性基因推导。通过比较3个不同温度下小冰麦33与7个以Thatcher为遗传背景的小麦抗叶锈近等基因系（分别含有Lr11、Lr13、Lr14a、Lr18、Lr23、Lr34、Lr37温敏基因）对4个小麦叶锈菌生理小种的反应型模式,推导出该品种可能含有Lr18及其他新的温敏抗叶锈性基因。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.