川渝地区花生品种遗传多样性分析

将AFLP标记与表型性状相结合,分析了来自川渝地区的两个亚种四个类型的43份主要花生种质资源和推广品种的遗传多样性。结果表明,两种方法都能有效地检测到该生态区内花生种质间的遗传多样性,珍珠豆型内和龙生型内品种间距离较小,而普通型内和中间型内品种间距离较大;交替开花亚种的龙生型和普通型品系间距离最近,而珍珠豆型与其它三个类型间距离较远;主要推广品种间遗传多样性匮乏。聚类结果也基本一致,都能将珍珠豆型与其他三大类型区分开,而龙生型、普通型和中间型在聚类中都有交叉情况。但在较为细小的类群划分上,两种方法仍有较大差异。     

龙生型花生青枯病抗性遗传研究──Ⅰ．抗性遗传属性与配合力分析

本文分析了几个龙生型抗青枯病花生品种的抗性遗传属性和配合力效应．结果表明，龙生型抗源抗性呈部分显性，存在加性和非加性的遗传效应，抗性的显性程度高于珍珠豆型和多粒型抗源，而且存在明显的细胞质效应。     

中国花生种质主要生化品质分析

对我国１７ 个花生主产省的１０４１ 份花生品种资源的蛋白质、脂肪与脂肪酸的含量、品质间关系以及品质与纬度间联系等进行了探索。研究发现各省五类型花生蛋白质平均含量与纬度负相关，种质蛋白质含量变幅为１３６７％ ～３４８２％ ，珍珠豆型花生平均蛋白质含量居各类型花生之首，为２９２８％ 。全国各类型花生脂肪平均含量除龙生型花生外，亦与纬度弱负相关，品种资源中脂肪含量变幅为３９９６％ ～５８６４％ ，最高的是湖北省珍珠豆型的竹山红坪与山东省中间型７８０３，含油量均为５９８％ ；花生脂肪与蛋白质含量为负相关。     

花生几个品质性状与农艺性状的相关研究

不同类型（龙生型、普通型、珍株豆型）花生几个品质性状与农艺性状的相关研究表明：花生品质性状与农艺性状间的相关性各异。在龙生型、普遍型有可能同时获得高产高蛋白质的材料；在龙生型和珍珠豆型中有希望选育出高产高亚油比的材料。在普通型、珍珠豆型中存在获得高脂肪高油亚比材料的可能性。     

利用InDel标记解析中国花生地方品种的遗传多样性与群体结构

为揭示InDel标记对我国地方花生品种遗传多样性和遗传结构的解析能力,本研究利用13个多态性InDel 标记检测4个典型生物学类型的90份中国花生地方品种材料。共扩增出42的等位基因,平均3个;Nei’s多样性指数 变幅为0.011~0.705,平均0.443;Shannon’s信息指数变幅为0.034~1.497,平均0.758。龙生型、普通型、珍珠豆型与多 粒型花生的Nei’s遗传多样性指数分别为0.3198、0.4407、0.4435和0.4372,结果表明龙生型的遗传多样性明显小于其 它生物学类型。种质间的遗传相似系数范围为0.077 ~ 1.000,平均为0.636;且普通型与龙生型花生之间遗传相似系 数最高,为0.636。群体分析结果表明密枝亚种与疏枝亚种、不同植物学类型之间遗传分化较小,且普通型与珍珠豆 型遗传结构相似,龙生型与多粒型花生遗传结构不同。利用非加权平均法（UMPGA）聚类分析将90份花生材料划分 为两类（G1、G2）,其中G1包括全部的龙生型、61.90%的普通型以及20.00%的珍珠豆型。本研究结果表明InDel标记 能够有效地揭示栽培种花生的遗传变异,可为花生杂交亲本的选择以及优异基因的挖掘提供重要参考。     

不同类型花生根部性状的初步研究

对39份花生品种(其中12份普通型、12份珍珠豆型、13份龙生型和2份多粒型)进行根系性状研究。 结果表明,不同类型花生在主根长、根体积、根干重、侧根根瘤数等方面没有明显差异,但在侧根数、根基粗、主根根 瘤数、主侧根干重比等方面有显著差异或极显著差异,而在同一类型间除个别性状有差异外,其他性状在品种间差 异不显著。珍珠豆型花生的根干重小、根基粗小、主根根瘤数和侧根根瘤数少、一次侧根少且主侧根干重比小;普 通型花生主根长、侧根根瘤多、根体积小;龙生型花生根干重大、侧根根瘤数少、主根干重/侧根干重大、侧根数少; 多粒型花生根体积大、主根根瘤数多、侧根数多。利用根系性状对花生进行聚类分析,表明花生根系性状存在丰富 的多样性。虽然基于根系性状的聚类分析未能将39份花生分为两大类密枝亚种和疏枝亚种,也未能对亚种内类 型区分开来,但各亚组内花生品种基本上都是密枝亚种或疏枝亚种。     

不同地区花生品种的主要性状分析

在我国地方花生品种中，从南到北主茎高逐渐降低，百果重增加，出仁率变化不规则。南方珍珠豆型的生育期比北方的短，北方普通型的生育期比南方的短。四川地方花生品种中有少量抗锈病和根结线虫病的抗源。尚未发现抗轻斑驳病毒病的抗源。抗青枯病的抗源大多来自南方。河南地方品种的种子蛋白质含量最低，含油量最高。山东珍珠豆型和龙生型蛋白质含量比广东的略低，而普通型的含量比广东的高，油酸含量的变化与之类似，而含油量和亚油酸含量的变化与之相反。     

弱光胁迫对不同基因型花生生理特性的影响

试验在田间以多粒型,珍珠豆型,龙生型,普通型和中间型五大类花生的种质为材料,齐苗后用透光率50%遮荫网遮荫40d,研究弱光胁迫对不同基因型花生叶绿素含量、光合特性及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,弱光胁迫下,花生叶绿素含量升高,光合速率、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率和细胞内保护酶活性降低。其中龙生型花生的叶绿素含量、光合特性及活性氧代谢各项指标受影响最小,普通型受影响最大。     

山东省花生品种资源品质特性的研究 Ⅰ 脂肪含量及脂肪酸组分的分析

为了充分利用我省的花生品种资源,我们对山东省的350份花生品种的脂肪含量及脂肪酸的组分进行了分析,以便为花生脂肪的开发、利用及花生品质的改进提供一定的依据。 一、材料与方法 本试验是利用山东省的350份花生品种为材料。1986年春季按类型生育习性分批播种,普通型、龙生型于4月28日采用地膜覆盖栽培法,多粒型、珍珠豆型及中间型于5月4日采用一般栽培法播种,秋后则根据每个类型生育期长短分批适时收获。分析化验均选用饱满、大小一致的种子。     

花生感官品质研究

从山东省花生研究所搜集、保存的国内外花生种质资源中随机抽取265份，并对265份花生品种的感官品质米型、米色以及口味进行量化评分。结果表明，栽培花生五大类型间米色、米型、口味的表现差异大，多粒型花生的口味优均达到一级水平；普通型花生的米型较优，与另外四种类型花生品种的米型相比平均值最高；龙生型花生品种米色、米型和口味最差；中间型花生品种米色、米型和口味变异范围比较大，这与其系统来源有相当大关系。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.