提高果品质量的技术措施在农业生产上的综合运用

1984年、1991年、1996年我国农产品出现周期性的"卖难"问题,先是连续性的"卖粮难",接着就是"卖水果难"等等.之所以出现"卖难"问题,究其主要原因是我国农产品的质量普遍较差.美国的1kg"舌果"苹果在我们的商店里能卖到20～30元,而我国自己生产的苹果在市场上最高也只能卖上5～6元/kg.因此,质量已成为我国农业发展面临的关键性问题,这已经引起我国政府高度重视.针对我国质量农业的发展需要,本文就提高果品质量的技术措施在农业生产上的综合运用作一论述.     

我国近十年选育的抗寒梨新品种

介绍了"寒红"、"寒香"、"寒酥"、"延香"等近10a来我国育成的抗寒优质梨新品种及其特性和适宜栽培区域,以便为我国今后抗寒梨育种工作亲本选配和寒冷地区梨产业发展品种选择提供参考。     

棘托竹荪的高产栽培

竹荪被人们称为"雪裙仙子"、"山珍之花"、"真菌之花"、"菌中皇后",在我国有悠久的食用历史,其与熊掌、鹿茸、燕窝等齐名被列为山珍,是一种珍贵的食药用菌。目前,我国人工栽培较普遍的品种有长裙竹荪、红托竹荪、短裙竹荪、棘托竹荪和的黄裙竹荪     

白灵菇栽培新技术

白灵菇,又称白灵侧耳、白阿魏菇,因其产自新疆,故又有"天山神菇"、"西天白灵菇"之美称.我国的野生白灵菇,主要生长在新疆荒漠戈壁里极少数的阿魏滩上,是寄生在药用植物"阿魏"的腐烂根茎上的一种真菌,故得名叫阿魏菇.因其野生环境十分恶劣,加之过度采摘和牲畜践踏,野生数量很少.白灵菇子实体洁白如雪,肉质细腻,口感脆滑,菌肉肥厚,富含多种营养成分.     

棘托竹荪的高产栽培

竹荪被人们称为"雪裙仙子"、"山珍之花"、"真菌之花"、"菌中皇后",在我国有悠久的食用历史,其与熊掌、鹿茸、燕窝等齐名被列为山珍,是一种珍贵的食药用菌。目前,我国人工栽培较普遍的品种有长裙竹荪、红托竹荪、短裙竹荪、棘托竹荪和的黄裙竹荪     

我国富士苹果无袋栽培建议

针对我国当前富士苹果套袋栽培所面临的农村劳动力缺乏、老龄化问题和生产成本上升、果实品质下降等实际问题,以天水"花牛"苹果无袋栽培为范例,分析了富士苹果套袋技术的应用背景与套袋栽培的优劣势、国内外苹果套袋栽培的发展现状与趋势,以及在我国实行无袋栽培的可行性;指出无袋栽培将是我国苹果产业技术发展的必然趋势,并提出无袋栽培技术建议。     

我国第三代水果的开发价值及发展建议

根据水果栽培历史和开发利用程度,人们习惯将水果分为第一代、第二代和第三代水果.第一代水果是指人工选育栽培的传统水果,主要种类有梨、桃、葡萄、苹果、柑橘等,目前栽培面积占我国水果面积的80%以上,栽培历史一般在几百年以上,有的在千年以上,果品开发利用程度较高,在我国的水果生产中发挥了重要作用;第二代水果是指近几十年来开发的人工栽培的野生水果,主要种类有猕猴桃、草莓、山楂、枣等,其栽培面积约占我国水果面积的10%左右,是近一二十年发展最为迅速的水果;第三代水果是指分布于荒山野岭,尚未被开发或未被广泛开发利用的野生水果,主要种类有山葡萄、沙棘、刺梨、酸枣、黑桃、黑莓、桑葚、野蔷薇等,分布广、品种多、适应性强、产量高、无公害,其果实被誉为"天然绿色食品"和"健康食品".     

我国辣椒新品种推广与良种繁育现状

辣椒是我国重要的蔬菜品种之一,目前我国栽培面积、总产量、消费量均居世界第一位.我国辣椒育种起步时间不长,杂种优势利用也是从20世纪70年代开始的,但经过"八五"、"九五"、"十五"国家攻关研究,辣椒育种发展迅速.     

“津优22号”温室大棚栽培技术要点

近几年随着我国农业产业结构的调整,蔬菜保护地种植面积发展迅猛.特别是在黄瓜种植上,保护地栽培几乎占到黄瓜总播种面积的一半,与露地播种面积持平,日光温室和塑料大棚栽培已成为我国黄瓜生产的主要栽培形式.栽培形式的变化导致黄瓜种植户对于保护地专用品种的需求也越来越强烈.1 "津优22"品种选育背景在对保护地黄瓜优良品种强烈需求的契机下,2004年天津科润黄瓜研究所利用黄瓜单倍体技术与常规育种技术相结合,选育了一个新组合,其父本"H064-1-2"是利用国内耐低温、丰产、抗病的刺溜型黄瓜和荷兰的耐弱光、高产的光滑温室型黄瓜杂交获得F1,然后通过黄瓜单倍体技术快速纯化获得高度纯合的DH系.该DH系具有丰产、抗病、耐低温弱光、甩瓜速度快、瓜条顺直、商品瓜率高等优异种性.母本"HM114"是通过黄瓜单倍体技术获得的抗病、雌花节率高、瓜条性状好的DH系.     

百香果优良品种及配套栽培技术

百香果有"果汁之王""摇钱树"等美称。目前,我国台湾、福建、广东、海南、广西、云南、四川等地均有栽培。作为食用栽培的大多为紫果西番莲、樟叶西番莲、黄果西番莲、大果西番莲、甜果西番莲和香蕉西番莲等6种;作为商品栽培的主要是紫果种,其次为黄果种和杂交种。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量