高O_2与高CO_2气调包装对鲜切火龙果品质的影响

在高氧高二氧化碳(70%O2+30%CO2、50%O2+50%CO2)气调并结合CPP膜包装条件下,测定5℃贮藏15 d时,包装盒中CO2/O2浓度的变化、鲜切火龙果外在品质和营养成分的变化,探讨鲜切火龙果贮藏期间的品质变化规律。结果表明,高氧高二氧化碳气调包装能够避免无氧酵解,但在贮藏0~12 d,能促进鲜切火龙果的呼吸作用;而在整个贮藏期,高氧高二氧化碳气调能够明显地维持鲜切火龙果的硬度,减缓其甜菜红色素的降解;在贮藏的0~6 d,高氧高二氧化碳处理抑制可溶性总糖、总酚的消耗和加速总Vc分解,但对可溶性蛋白没有显著影响。因此,高氧高二氧化碳气调包装有利于鲜切火龙果营养品质的维持。结果可为鲜切火龙果商业化贮藏提供参考。     

贮藏温度对神秘果果实采后品质、生理代谢及病害的影响

神秘果是一种具有发展前景的热带优稀水果。为研究贮藏温度对神秘果果实采后品质、生理代谢及采后病害的影响,试验采用低温（4 ℃）和常温（25 ℃）贮藏,测定了神秘果果实在贮藏过程中的可溶性固形物、维生素C及可滴定酸等品质指标的变化,同时进行了呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率测定以及采后病害鉴定。结果表明：神秘果采后贮藏期间可溶性固形物含量升高,维生素C含量和可滴定酸含量下降,且低温贮藏条件较常温条件变化缓慢;常温贮藏条件下神秘果呼吸强度和乙烯释放速率极高,而低温能明显抑制果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放;低温贮藏还可以显著延缓神秘果的果色转变,保持92.33％的好果率;神秘果采后主要病害为炭疽病（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides（Penz.）Sacc.）和蒂腐病（Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.）。总之,低温贮藏能显著延长神秘果的贮藏期,并显著降低其采后病害的发生。     

不同贮藏方式对木薯鲜薯品质的影响

研究了广西主要栽培木薯品种华南205鲜薯在常温、亚硫酸钠处理和沙藏3种处理方式下贮藏指标呼吸强度、失重率、淀粉含量和还原糖的变化。结果表明：沙藏效果最好，可显著降低鲜薯的呼吸作用，抑制其失重，减缓了淀粉的减少及还原糖的增加。呼吸强度与失重率相关系数为0.601，呈极显著正相关关系；含粉率与还原糖含量相关系数为-0.909，呈极显著负相关关系，在鲜薯贮藏中还原糖的增加是由于淀粉的降低。     

储藏过程中不同涂膜处理方式对槟榔鲜果品质的影响

为探究不同涂膜处理对槟榔鲜果储藏过程中品质的影响，以无菌蒸馏水(CK)、壳聚糖(T₁)、壳聚糖-茶多酚-百里香酚(T₂)3组涂膜剂分别对槟榔鲜果进行表面涂膜处理后装于PE带孔包装袋中，测定13℃、65%相对湿度下贮藏40 d鲜果的品质变化规律。结果表明，T₁和T₂涂膜处理有效延缓和抑制了鲜果腐烂软化、果仁褐变、黄化、失水皱缩，货架期可从常温5 d延长至处理后35 d。相较于CK组，T₁处理有效抑制了鲜果黄化，但T₂处理综合保鲜效果最佳，除可增强鲜果初期抗氧化能力外，还可显著抑制失重率和腐烂率上升，第35天时腐烂率仅为8%。同时，T₂处理的鲜果色泽更加稳定，果仁褐变不明显。另外，呼吸强度、硬度、纤维素和木质素含量等指标的变化情况表明，储藏25 d后，T₂涂膜处理可稳定维持储藏期内鲜果生理代谢能力，保鲜效果显著优于CK组，因此T₂涂膜处理可作为一种绿色安全、经济、有效的槟榔鲜果保鲜方法。     

不同微波强度对鲜切西兰花品质的影响

以鲜切西兰花为试材,采用40%P0(320 W)、60%P0(480 W)2种火力分别处理鲜切西兰花1、4、6 s,在室温条件下(18~20℃)贮藏7 d,研究不同微波处理对鲜切西兰花感官品质、失重率、呼吸强度、可滴定酸含量(TA)、维生素C含量(Vc)、叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:微波处理可明显提高鲜切西兰花的感官品质,降低鲜切西兰花贮藏期间的呼吸强度和失重率,减缓可滴定酸、抗坏血酸含量的下降。其中,480 W微波处理4 s、320 W微波处理6 s保鲜效果最明显,常温下能延长鲜切西兰花的货架期2 d。     

贮藏时间和温度对甘蓝型油菜种子活力及脂肪酸含量的影响

研究了甘蓝型油菜种子在低温和常温干燥条件下,密闭贮藏过程中种子脂肪酸组成分含量、含油量及发芽能力的变化。结果表明:随着贮藏年限增加,甘蓝型油菜种子油酸、二十碳烯酸、芥酸的含量逐渐增加,亚麻酸、亚油酸含量则逐渐下降,棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量变化不明显;在冷藏1～5年里脂肪酸成分含量变化较快,之后变化缓慢;低芥酸材料在贮藏过程中芥酸含量增加速率高于高芥酸材料。随着贮藏时间延长,种子含油量逐渐下降,含油量高的材料下降更快;种子发芽率和发芽势均下降,后者下降幅度大;在同样冷藏条件下,套帐自交的种子比开放授粉种子的发芽率和发芽势下降均快且幅度大,而常温贮藏的开放授粉种子发芽能力下降速度明显比冷藏的快,6年后发芽率几近于零。     

贮藏时间和温度对甘蓝型油菜种子脂肪酸及活力的影响

研究了甘蓝型油菜种子在低温和常温干燥条件下,密闭贮藏过程中种子脂肪酸组成分含量、含油量及发芽能力的变化。结果表明：随着贮藏年限增加,甘蓝型油菜种子油酸、二十碳烯酸、芥酸的含量逐渐增加,亚麻酸、亚油酸含量则逐渐下降,棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量变化不明显;在冷藏1~5年里脂肪酸成分含量变化较快,之后变化缓慢;低芥酸材料在贮藏过程中芥酸含量增加速率高于高芥酸材料。随着贮藏时间延长,种子含油量逐渐下降,含油量高的材料下降更快;种子发芽率和发芽势均下降,后者下降幅度大;在同样冷藏条件下,套帐自交的种子比开放授粉种子的发芽率和发芽势下降均快且幅度大,而常温贮藏的开放授粉种发芽能力下降速度明显比冷藏的快,6年后发芽率几近于零。     

复载纳他霉素的壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白可食性涂膜对芒果低温保鲜效果的研究

为探究不同纳他霉素添加量（0.05、0.1、0.2 g/kg）对壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白可食性复合涂膜保鲜芒果（N₁、N₂、N₃）效果的影响,以壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白复合涂膜处理为阳性对照（CZ）,以清水处理为空白对照（CK）,研究芒果在低温（13℃）贮藏30 d过程中转黄率、病情指数、果肉色泽特征、生理生化、品质变化及抗氧化能力。结果表明：CK组贮藏期仅为24 d,涂膜处理可至少将芒果贮藏期延长6 d;纳他霉素涂膜组推迟了芒果呼吸高峰的出现,N₃组的呼吸峰值最低;与CK组相比,N₃组在24 d的转黄率和病情指数分别降低了45.83%和44.17%;N₃组显著抑制了自由水分、果实质量和硬度的下降,保持了可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和维生素C等营养物质含量;同时,涂膜组的POD和SOD含量均显著低于CK组,果肉总色差和相对电导率上升得到了抑制,说明复合涂膜处理有效延缓了芒果衰老进程,保持了更好的果实新鲜度。综上,添加纳他霉素的壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白可食性复合涂膜可显著提升对芒果的保鲜效果,添加量为0.2 g/kg的纳他霉素复合涂膜效果更佳。纳他霉素复合涂膜在水果保鲜的应用中具有良好的前景。     

不同贮藏方式对菜用大豆外观和品质的影响

以2个菜用大豆品种为材料,设置去荚室温贮藏、连荚室温贮藏、去荚低温贮藏和连荚低温贮藏4种贮藏方式,测定了不同处理时间下菜用大豆的外观性状、叶绿素、维生素C和可溶性糖含量。结果表明:第7天时外观品质以连荚低温贮藏为优,与采收时相比变化不大;随着贮藏时间延长,2个品种的叶绿素含量呈单峰曲线变化,在第3天达到最大值,且去荚低温贮藏时含量最高;维生素C含量总体逐渐递减,低温条件下含量降低相对较慢,其中以去荚低温为优;可溶性糖含量前5 d逐渐减少,之后部分处理有所增加。因此,菜用大豆在-4℃下连荚储藏3～5 d内,外观和品质保持最佳状态。     

利用转录组测序对不同贮藏温度处理玉米种子的苗期差异表达基因分析

利用常温与低温贮藏3个月的玉米杂交种种子进行标准发芽试验,取发芽7 d玉米幼苗进行转录组测序分析,通过GO、KOG、KEGG数据库分析处理差异表达基因的功能和参与的调控路径。以常温贮藏处理为参考,对转录组测序数据进行比较,低温贮藏处理共获得35个差异表达基因,其中上调基因28个、下调基因7个。在GO功能注释分析中,有26个差异基因被注释,可为分为18个功能分类。KOG功能注释分析发现,这些差异表达基因共获得19个功能注释,涉及到8个功能类别。KEGG通路分析发现,共有23个差异表达基因注释到13个代谢通路中,其中,谷胱甘肽代谢、抗坏血酸和肌醇代谢、甘油磷脂代谢等通路显著富集。低温贮藏处理玉米种子活力指数显著高于常温贮藏处理。通过两个处理转录组分析,RNA-seq数据揭示,谷胱甘肽、抗坏血酸和肌醇、甘油磷脂等中涉及的基因优先表达于低温贮藏处理中,表明LTS可以促进谷胱甘肽代谢,从而提高植物抗氧化性,同时可以提高玉米抗逆性。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.