低温胁迫过程中北海道黄杨叶肉细胞Ca2+的动态变化

用焦锑酸钙沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法,研究露天生长的北海道黄杨低温胁迫过程中叶肉细胞Ca2+的动态变化.结果表明:与夏季的叶肉细胞相比,从11月份到翌年1月期间,Ca2+沉淀颗粒起初主要分布在细胞间隙和液泡,细胞质中有少量的Ca2+沉淀颗粒,大多数叶绿体中的淀粉粒消失,嗜锇颗粒增加;随后逐渐变化为胞间隙和液泡中Ca2+沉淀颗粒减少,而细胞质基质的Ca2+沉淀颗粒显著增加.在此期间叶肉细胞的一些叶绿体膜泡化,出现解体现象;线粒体的数量增加;中央大液泡变成数个小液泡.低温胁迫过程中叶肉细胞Ca2+的浓度和分布的变化与细胞超微结构的变化存在一定的相关性.     

巴西橡胶树树皮单宁细胞结构和发育

利用光学和电子显微镜技术,对巴西橡胶树树皮中单宁细胞的形态结构和发育过程进行研究。结果表明：除伴胞外,次生韧皮部中几乎所有的薄壁细胞都含有单宁类物质,乳管周围的薄壁细胞中尤其易积累单宁,石细胞和周皮中的木栓层以及栓内层细胞中也有大量单宁积累。电镜下,单宁细胞中央大液泡中积累的单宁可分为絮状、不规则状、颗粒状和板块状4种类型。在单宁细胞发育过程中,单宁首先在细胞质中产生,中央大液泡形成后则成为积累单宁的主要场所并最终被单宁类物质充满。机械伤害、强割、外施乙烯利以及茉莉酸( JA )都能大幅提升单宁类物质的积累,可见橡胶树对这些因子都能做出防御性应答。     

杂种鹅掌楸花粉发育过程中细胞游离Ca2+的动态变化

利用钙离子荧光探针Fluo-3/AM低温装载技术,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察杂种鹅掌楸花粉发育不同阶段细胞内游离Ca2 的分布,以其相对荧光强度的强弱来衡量细胞内游离Ca2 水平的动态变化.研究发现在初生造孢细胞中Ca2 荧光较弱,次生造孢细胞和小孢子母细胞时期Ca2 荧光增强.早期四分体小孢子细胞质中Ca2 荧光强度较强,胼胝质壁无荧光;后期细胞质中的Ca2 荧光减弱,而胼胝质壁处Ca2 荧光增强.小孢子内Ca2 分布不均匀,细胞质中的Ca2 荧光较弱,细胞壁处Ca2 荧光较强,二细胞花粉时期,细胞呈现较强的Ca2 荧光.在花药壁组织内Ca2 分布也呈现规律性的变化:造孢组织时期,花药壁组织Ca2 荧光强度在不同壁层组织中分布均匀;小孢子母细胞时期,药壁中层细胞Ca2 荧光最强,绒毡层细胞次之;单核小孢子时期,绒毡层细胞呈解体状态,Ca2 荧光最强,并保持到二核花粉时期直至绒毡层完全消失,但此时花药纤维层发育形成,表现出较强的Ca2 荧光.花药组织中Ca2 分布动态显示出Ca2 由外而内流动的迹象,而且细胞内游离Ca2 分布特征与花粉发育过程的重要转变环节密切相关.     

NaCl胁迫对5个树种叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

通过对5个树种受不同浓度NaCl胁迫后叶肉细胞超微结构的研究,以揭示其耐盐性。结果表明(:1)0.3%盐胁迫下5个树种叶绿体数目均有所减少,细胞内出现降解物。黄连木、木栓榆、厚叶榆的叶肉厚度增加,榉树、醉翁榆叶肉厚度变薄。榉树发生质壁分离,膜系统紊乱;醉翁榆细胞核边缘模糊,细胞质中出现膜状结构;厚叶榆、木栓榆细胞壁变形;黄连木细胞质膜内陷,细胞核膜边缘模糊。(2)在各自致死盐浓度胁迫下,榉树和醉翁榆细胞物质严重降解,叶绿体明显减少,膜系统增加,细胞质壁分离,细胞核、线粒体降解;厚叶榆、木栓榆细胞内降解物增多,细胞核、蛋白体和线粒体均降解,叶绿体变形,液泡破裂。黄连木叶细胞质壁分离,线粒体、叶绿体解体,细胞中出现大量泡状结构和膜片层。     

马尾松主要器官树脂道的发生和发育

利用半薄切片、超薄切片方法研究马尾松主要器官中树脂道的结构、分布、发生和发育过程,以及树脂道发育过程中的超微结构变化.结果表明:马尾松树脂道是由一层上皮细胞围绕着伸长的胞间道而构成的,上皮细胞外又有1-2层鞘细胞.树脂道几乎分布于所有器官中,仅子叶中未观察到树脂道.树脂道以裂生方式形成,其发育过程可分为3个阶段:原始细胞阶段、形成阶段和成熟阶段.在原始细胞阶段,原始细胞中含较多的质体,质体中缺乏完整的膜结构,在质体外膜及内质网上可见到少量嗜锇滴.在形成阶段,上皮细胞内质体数量增多,质体外常见到内质网鞘包裹,各种细胞器的数量增加.在成熟阶段,上皮细胞内各细胞器的数量逐渐减少,但质体仍很多,嗜锇滴多.     

坡垒、青皮种子失水过程中活力与根尖细胞亚显微结构变化研究

坡垒(Hopea hainanensis Merr.et Chun.)、青皮(Valica astrotricha Han-ce)种子不能长期干藏,经作者试验研究,原因在于经过干藏种子含水率迅速下降,坡垒种胚及子叶颜色变暗,韧性降低变脆,无光泽。根尖细胞亚显微结构明显变化,当含水量从34.0％降至20.3％以下时细胞质空泡化,细胞核的结构正常,然后液泡膜破裂,核内结构变得模糊,直至质壁分离,核膜和核仁的界限不分明,染色体均质化,呈黑色一团,各种细胞内的物质已大量消失,剩下胞壁或仅含某些分解残物。青皮种子根尖细胞当水量下降至23.1％时许多细胞处于解体。作者认为:坡垒、青皮种子之所以因干燥而降低活力,除有人解释为蛋白质变性成为不可逆转的凝胶以外,而且在失水过程中,其细胞的亚显微结构受到不同程度的破坏。坡垒、青皮植物的种实在成熟后无休眠现象,仍需保持很高的含水量(40—50％),只能湿藏。     

杨树与栅锈菌互作的细胞学研究

利用生物电镜技术对落叶松-杨栅锈菌（M.larici-populina)与不同杨树无性系互作过程中的细胞学进行了研究。结果表明，在不同的非亲和性组合中，病菌侵染结构的受抑情况不同，主要表现为菌体内出现颗粒总而言之 物质和多聚核糖体。细胞紊乱程度增加，原生质解体；乳突，胼胝质的形成；吸器畸形及外包被物和管状复合物体的出现，寄主细胞对病原菌入侵的反应因品种而异，菌丝在寄主细胞间隙或沿寄主细胞壁延伸时，感病品种的叶肉细胞保持正常状态，抗病组合中，与菌丝接触部位的寄主细胞壁明显增厚，并产生乳突，细胞壁与质膜之间出现黑色沉积物；寄主细胞分泌电子致密度不同的物质包围吸器，同时细胞器与吸器相伴随，并向吸器周围聚集；叶绿体畸形，淀粉粒肿胀，最后消失；质膜内陷发生质壁分离，液泡膜上沉积大量的深色颗粒状物；细胞膜破裂，染色加深；细胞质紊乱，细胞器解体，细胞颗粒化或空泡化而坏死，中抗品种的细胞解体后，与受侵细胞相邻的寄主细胞仍很正常。高抗与近免疫品种的受侵细胞解体，坏死后，相邻拭 细胞也发生解体或坏死，而寄主细胞的坏死通常晚于吸器。     

杉木球果果鳞受顶枯拟盘多毛孢侵染后细胞结构变化的电镜观察

杉木球果受顶枯拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓａｐｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ（Ｈｕａｎｇ．）Ｈｕａｎｇ．）侵染后,罹病果鳞细胞的超显微结构依侵染程度不同表现一系列病理变化,主要表现在：叶绿体的基粒片层和膜结构遭到破坏;线粒体内嵴结构和膜结构遭到破坏;基质的许多细胞器解体消失。     

渗透胁迫下群众杨根细胞中的K+-累积效应

群众杨插条苗经ＰＥＧ渗透胁迫处理后，取根部样品，经过快速冷冻，冷冻干燥、乙醚真空渗透及塑料包埋后，用透射电镜Ｘ＝－射线能谱微区分析技术，对根表皮层、皮层衣中柱薄壁组织细胞的细胞壁、细胞质和液泡中的Ｋ＾＋含量与分布进行了测定。结果表明碳渗透胁迫下，在根各部位组织细胞的细胞壁，细胞质和液泡中，Ｋ＾＿１含量都有不同程度的增加，增加的Ｋ＾＋主要积累在液泡中，渗透胁迫所促进的Ｋ＾＋吸收可被蛋白质合成抑制剂环     

AFM技术观察慈竹纤维和薄壁细胞断面微纤丝聚集体特征

【目的】利用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究竹材纤维细胞和薄壁细胞纤维素微纤丝聚集体的分布规律,为竹纤维及竹材的加工利用提供理论支持。【方法】通过对脱木素处理的竹材进行树脂包埋及钻石刀修块抛光,制备出可以在AFM下进行表征的样品,利用AFM的Tapping模式对竹材纤维细胞和薄壁细胞中纤维素微纤丝聚集体进行观察。【结果】通过AFM对处理的样品进行定位扫描可以得到高度图和相图,一个维管束内不同位置纤维细胞的高度图和相图都显示出多层结构,且细胞壁层数及各壁层厚度因细胞在竹材中所处位置不同而改变;一个维管束内不同位置细胞壁的相图显示高亮度的物质分布密度不同,从细胞壁内侧到细胞壁外侧都呈不均匀分布,且各壁层相邻的位置处高亮度的物质比较密集;一个竹纤维细胞壁的相图中显示各层高亮度物质大小差异不大,而一个竹薄壁细胞壁中各层高亮度物质差异比较大。【结论】利用AFM的Tapping模式对竹材细胞壁进行观察,需要对样品进行适当处理,不仅操作相对同分辨率的手段简单,而且还可以进行定位观察,除了能够获得传统手段得到的细胞壁多壁层结构外,还能获得纤维素微纤丝聚集体的分布,是一种便捷、有效的手段;竹纤维细胞和竹薄壁细胞中纤维素微纤丝聚集体在其胞壁的横截面上都呈随机的无序排列;纤维素微纤丝聚集体在一个细胞壁各层内的分布密度不同,并且在壁层与壁层相邻的位置密度明显大于壁层内的密度,这一现象在薄壁细胞内表现得更明显;纤维素微纤丝聚集体的尺寸在一个纤维细胞各壁层内差异不大,但在薄壁细胞中差异较大。     

Tracheid differentiation in Pinus radiata

Summary Differentiating tracheids in Pinus radiata D. Don have been examined with the electron microscope. Despite the fact that one of the major differentiation processes is cellulose formation, little ultrastructural evidence has been found to indicate how this occurs. On the other hand, there is ample evidence of the incorporation of non-cellulosic material into both the expanding primary wall and the developing secondary wall. The only structure which could possibly be related to cellulose formation is a system of osmiophilic particles which have been found in the space between the plasmalemma and the developing wall, or attached to the most recently formed wall layer. The absence of microtubules during the main phase of secondary wall formation supports the view that these structures are not involved directly in the biosynthesis of cellulose.The author wishes to thank Mrs B. A. Hodgkiss for technical assistance.     

雷竹的小孢子发生和雄配子体形成

通过对雷竹 (Phyllostachys p raecox)小孢子发生和雄配子体形成的研究 ,结果表明 :雷竹幼小花药表皮下的一列孢原细胞发育为初生壁和初生造孢细胞层 ,后者向心分裂形成 8列左右次生造孢组织 ,并直接分化为一圈小孢子母细胞。减数分裂为连续型。四分体呈平面左右对称排列。花药壁由 4层细胞组成 ,即表皮层、2层中层和绒毡层。在整个发育过程中始终无药室内壁层的形成和分化 ,表皮层发育起到药室内壁的作用 ,中层在小孢子母细胞发育过程中一层退化 ,绒毡层为腺质绒毡层 ,二核 ,四分体时期呈现解体 ,贴边期被吸收殆尽。     

Initiation and development of resin ducts in the major organs of Pinus massoniana

The structure, distribution and patterns of resin ducts in processes of its initiation and development were studied with the methods of thin section and ultrathin section. This paper emphasized the ultrastructural changes during canal development by a ring of the live epithelial cells, and the epithelial cells were usually surrounded with one or two layered sheath cells, which were normal parenchyma cells in some primary resin ducts and became dead cells with thick walls in other primary and secondary resin ducts. The resin ducts were found to occur in almost all organs, except in cotyledon. The resin ducts were formed by schizogeny and their development can be divided into three stages (e.g., initial stage, formation stage and mature stage). At the initial stage, the initial cells had many plastids without integral membrane structures, which contain one or two starch grains in them, and there are a few black osmiophilic droplets on the endoplasmic reticulum and membranes. A small number of osmiophilic droplets were present in the plastids. At the formation stage, the number of plastids, mitochondria and Golgi bodies in epithelial cells increased. The plastids were commonly surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum sheath. The larger osmiophilic droplets in cytoplasm and the smaller osmiophilic droplets on the plastids envelope, mitochondrion envelope and Golgi vesicles obviously increased in number during canal developing. At the mature stage, the cytoplasm of epithelial cells became thin with small nucleus. The number of mitochondria and Golgi body decreased, but numerous plastids still existed. Osmiophilic droplets were abundant in epithelial cells as in previous status. Taken together, the structures of plastids in epithelial cells gradually became well developed and the synthesis of resin was remarkably enhanced during resin duct formation and plastids should be the main site for resin synthesis.     

Heterogeneity in formation of lignin—XI: An autoradiographic study of the heterogeneous formation and structure of pine lignin

Summary Selective labeling of p-hydroxyphenyl-, guaiacyl-and syringylpropane moieties in protolignin was achieved by administration of corresponding ³H-labeled monolignol glucosides to differentiating xylem of pine. The growing process of the protolignin macromolecule in the specific morphological region was visualized by application of high resolution microautoradiography to the selectively labeled wood tissue.p-Hydroxyphenyl lignin is formed mainly in the compound middle lamella and cell corner in an early stage of cell wall differentiation. There are two peaks of deposition of guaiacyl lignin in the compound middle lamella at an early stage and in the secondary wall at a late stage. The content of condensed guaiacyl units is higher in the middle lamella than in the secondary wall lignin. Syringyl lignin is formed mainly in the inner layer of the secondary wall in a late stage as a minor structural moiety. During the formation of the cell wall, protolignin grows under definite biological regulations to a heterogeneous macromolecule which consists of various structural moieties arranged in a regular manner. The origin of the heterogeneous structure was explained as a result of the biogenesis of protolignin in the cell wall.     

Modelling moisture-related mechanical properties of wood Part II: Computation of properties of a model of wood and comparison with experimental data

Starting with simple concepts of the molecular structure and models of the stiffness and swelling behaviour of lignin, hemi-cellulose and cellulose and building up through the various levels of organisation in the wood cell wall a model has been constructed that simultaneously predicts the variation with moisture content change of both the longitudinal Young's modulus and longitudinal shrinkage of wood. The model closely predicts both longitudinal shrinkage and Young's modulus as they vary with the moisture content of the wood. The model also takes into account structural variations in the form of changes in cell wall layer thicknesses and mean cellulose microfibril orientation.     

Development and structure of the terminal layer in bamboo culms

In bamboo, the inner lining of the culm wall towards the lacuna is designated as a terminal layer. It develops during culm elongation by separation of pith cells. Subsequently, these cells collapse thus forming a skin-like structure to be attached to a transition layer of the culm wall. The transition layer between the skin-like structure and the ground tissue consists of a few cell rows of mostly radially and axially shortened cells with often thickened walls. Both the skin-like structure and the transition layer exhibit structural differences between species. These characteristics of the inner culm wall have significance for culm seasoning and especially for the diffusion treatment with preservatives.     

Modelling the structure of the softwood cell wall for computation of mechanical properties

A means to quantitatively construct two layer models of the wood cell-wall utilising basic density and mean microfibril angle data is discussed. It is assumed that the lignin distribution is uniform in the secondary wall layers, that there is a fixed polysaccharide ratio throughout the wall and that variation in wall thickness arises only from variation in S2 layer thickness. It is shown that the relative thickness of those cell wall layers in which the cellulose is transversely oriented (M+P, S1 and S3) have a significant effect on longitudinal shrinkage and that variance between computed and measured shrinkage values is reduced when compared with earlier models if both basic density and mean microfibril angle are taken into account.     

雷竹大孢子发生与雌配子体发育

利用常规石蜡切片技术对雷竹大孢子发生与雌配子体发育的过程进行研究。结果表明:雷竹单子房,子房1室,内具1个倒生胚珠;双珠被,厚珠心;大孢子母细胞由1个雌性孢原细胞直接发育而成,大孢子四分体呈线型;蓼型胚囊,成熟胚囊包括1个卵细胞、2个助细胞、2个极核组成的中央细胞以及多个反足细胞,助细胞具明显丝状器。雌配子体发育多数正常,不是造成雷竹结实率低的主要原因。     

基因工程对林木生长表型与细胞壁组分及构造的影响研究

通过基因工程技术培养出木质素含量低、纤维素含量高和糖转化效率高以及优质的木材,对于将其定向应用于制浆造纸、生物炼制、木质建筑及装饰材料方面具有重要的研究意义。文章详细阐明了木质素和纤维素基因调控技术对转基因林木生长表型、细胞壁化学组分含量及其微区分布、组织细胞形态及细胞壁超微构造影响的研究进展,并对转基因林木今后的重点发展方向进行了展望,以期为我国定向培育优质速生人工林提供理论依据。     

Biological features of flowering and development of male gametophyte in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthurium andreanum</Emphasis>

The aim of this study is to follow each development stage of inflorescence in order to understand the biological feature of flowering and the development of male gametophyte in Anthurium andreanum ““Arizona““ and to try to find the optimum conditions for its pollination. The methods of dissection and paraffin section were adopted to examine the structural characteristics of anthurium‘s tiny floret and the development of the microspore. All the florets of the anthurium arrange on the rhachis helically subtended by a colorful bract. Each tiny floret has one gynoecium, four tepals and four stamina. The bract and the florets show different colors during the whole blooming period. The ovary is bicarpellary and has two locules, each of which has one anatropous ovule. The placenta is of a central placentation type. The stylar canal cells not only can produce the secretory mucilage but also can release their own cytoplasm caused by their self-disintegration before the pistil reaches its maturity. The wall of the anther is composed of four layers: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The tapetal cells and the middle layers‘ cells degenerated completely during meiosis of microsporocytes. The pollen grains were 2-celled at the time of anther dehiscence. Early morning, when the inflorescences stay at their fiRb development stage, is the optimum opportunity for pistil to get pollen grains. The pollen-collection should be done at the end of the seventh stage.