硬头黄竹花的形态与结构研究

[目的]研究硬头黄竹花(Bambusarigidd)的基本形态结构及胚胎发育规律,为其胚胎学积累原始资料,为育种工作打下基础。[方法]通过解剖与形态观察的方法,对硬头黄竹生殖器官、抱子发生及雌雄配子体的发育过程进行解剖观察。[结果]硬头黄竹小穗为假小穗,簇生,基部具潜伏芽,平均长度为3.75 cm,有3~7朵小花。小花内外稈各1片,浆片3枚,雌蕊1枚,雄蕊6枚。雌蕊为三分枝羽毛状柱头。子房长卵圆形,具明显纵向三棱。子房单室,侧膜胎座、倒生胚珠。正常发育的花粉粒为二细胞花粉,花药壁造抱细胞时期为四层药壁,花药成熟时只剩两层药壁。绒毡层为分泌型,花药成熟时,绒毡层完全退化。花药易见发育异常现象,形成不同的败育类型。[结论]硬头黄竹小穗基本结构发育正常,但花药发育后期会大量出现异常现象,这是导致硬头黄竹结实率低的主要原因。     

Pollen development and multi-nucleate microspores of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus bolleana</Emphasis> Lauche

Populus bolleana is a variety of P. alba, commonly used in poplar breeding programs in China. Developmental biology that involves staminate flowers, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis ofP. bolleana is essential for Populus improvement in cross breeding for better characteristics in sexual reproduction. Flower morphology and pollen development were described and illustrated using anatomical, sectioning and stain-clearing techniques. The results show that microsporocytes undergo a regular meiotic process, but some multi-nucleate microspores occur at the microspore stage. It takes five days for microsporocytes to develop to mature pollen by forcing flower branches under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, an important relationship was found between stages of meiosis and anther colors. Microspore tetrads formed when the anther color turned yellow, whereas, when the pollen matured, the anther was red and the tapetum degenerated completely. When mature pollen grains are formed, flower buds develop into male catkins. In the end, filament elongated and pollen grains were released from dehisced anthers.     

黄金梨小孢子败育的解剖学观察

利用石蜡切片法观察了黄金梨花药发育和花粉发育过程中细胞形态变化特点。结果表明，开花时黄金梨花药干瘪，花粉粒极少，每个花药中只有30粒左右花粉，表现出雄性不育的空囊花药；导致花粉败育的主要原因可能是绒毡层细胞在花粉母细胞时期出现畸形，提早解体，致使绝大多数小孢子母细胞不能正常发育；从3月20日开始，绒毡层细胞逐渐解体，花药开始出现空腔，随着时间推移，空腔逐渐加大，到4月1日基本变成空囊花药。花粉粒中没有细胞核，花粉粒细胞壁开始破裂。     

Haploid breeding ofpopulus

After 14 year’s growth observation on the plant growth, it was found that obvious segregation appeared among the haploid pollen plants obtained from anther culture ofPopulus Xiaohei T.S. Hwany ex C. Wang et Tung in vitro. By vegetative propagation, 19 clones were selected and field contrast test was carried out. Statistical analysis result showed a significant difference in volume production. They are superior clones which could be selected from among the pollen plants for utilization. A haploid breeding procedure is suggested in the paper. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

麻竹花粉发育过程观察及其分期

以麻竹为材料,采用醋酸洋红、碘-碘化钾压片以及石蜡切片的观察方法对麻竹花粉发育全过程进行了研究,初步将这一过程划分为8个时期,即小孢子母细胞形成期、小孢子母细胞减数分裂期、小孢子早期、小孢子中期、小孢子晚期、二胞花粉早期、二胞花粉晚期和成熟花粉期,并描述了各个时期的基本特征。麻竹花粉发育过程基本正常,小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型,四分体主要为左右对称型,也有四面体形的,成熟的花粉为3-细胞型,具单一萌发孔。     

棉团铁线莲小孢子发生和雄配子体的形成

采用石蜡切片技术,观察棉团铁线莲小孢子发生和雄配子体的形成过程。结果表明:棉团铁线莲每个花药横切面呈蝶形,具4个花粉囊;小孢子在四分体中的排列以四面体型为主;成熟花粉粒近球形,属2-细胞型,具有3条萌发沟;花粉囊壁由4层细胞构成,即表皮(1层)、药室内壁(1层)、中层(数层)、绒毡层(1层);绒毡层发育属分泌型。     

Floral biology and breeding behavior in the bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

Floral biology and breeding behavior were studied in the bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus Nees. The inflorescence in this species is a large branching panicle. Fertile florets are intermixed with smaller sterile ones. There are six stamens. The ovary is stipitate and turbinate. The style is long and the stigma is bifid and plumose. Dendrocalamus strictus is typically dichogamous and protogynous. The gynoecium matures 3-4 days before the androecium, effectively preventing self pollination. Flower bloom, which took place over a period of 2 to 3 h, was dependent on air temperature and only occurred between 0600 and 1300 h. Dendrocalamus strictus is anemophilous. Flowers in the male phase were visited by insects. These insects completely neglected the flowers at the female phase. The insects fed on the pollen and were not pollen vectors. When wind was excluded by enclosing the inflorescences in bags there was no seed set, indicating that cross pollination by wind is necessary for fertilization and that parthenocarpy and apomixis are not occurring in this species. Pollen fertility was about 98% as indicated by staining fresh pollen at the time of anther dehiscence and pollen release with Alexander's stain (Alexander 1969). When placed on a modified Brewbaker-Kwak medium containing 1% glucose, the pollen grains germinated well, and the pollen tubes grew to 15-20 times the diameter of mature pollen grains. Although profound protogyny has its disadvantages in times of sporadic flowering, it can be useful in breeding programs because it eliminates the need for emasculation.     

The effect of low temperature adversity on male flowers and pollen inLarix olgensis

The electric conductivity of pollen life-force and male flowers ofLarix olgemis on condition of low temperature adversity has been respectively measured by means of fluorescent dying method and conductivity method in 1992 and 1994. The results indicate that: (1) If the same clonal pollen is treated at equal time at different low temperatures, there are significant differences in pollen life-force, the pollen life-force is the largest between O°C and -3°C, in higher or lower temperature range, the pollen life-force will decrease. The measurement of electric conductivity of male flowers proves that the low temperature of below -3°C is the main reason that the cell membrane is damaged and the pollen life-force decreases. (2) The same clonal pollen life-force at the same low temperature will gradually decrease with the increasing of frozen time. Its main reason is that suffocation and losing body fluid result in the damage of cell membrane, the measurement of electric conductivity of male flowers can prove that. (3) If pollen is treated with the same low temperature, the humidity will be the main factor of affecting pollen life-force. (4) There are significant differences inLarix olgensis’s resistance against low temperature in its different growth stage, the male flower’s resistance of near pollen spreading period is low. (5) The resistance is different within clones. (6) The resistance against low temperature ofLarix can be increased by means of chemical treatment.     

雷竹的小孢子发生和雄配子体形成

通过对雷竹 (Phyllostachys p raecox)小孢子发生和雄配子体形成的研究 ,结果表明 :雷竹幼小花药表皮下的一列孢原细胞发育为初生壁和初生造孢细胞层 ,后者向心分裂形成 8列左右次生造孢组织 ,并直接分化为一圈小孢子母细胞。减数分裂为连续型。四分体呈平面左右对称排列。花药壁由 4层细胞组成 ,即表皮层、2层中层和绒毡层。在整个发育过程中始终无药室内壁层的形成和分化 ,表皮层发育起到药室内壁的作用 ,中层在小孢子母细胞发育过程中一层退化 ,绒毡层为腺质绒毡层 ,二核 ,四分体时期呈现解体 ,贴边期被吸收殆尽。     

Phenology,pollination and breeding system of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegle marmelos</Emphasis> (Linn.) correa (Rutaceae) from India

Studies on reproductive biology are difficult but useful in species like Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa which is of considerable socio-economic importance and possess morphogenetic variation and qualities of wider adaptability to different soils. Cytology, phenology, pollination, breeding system and natural regeneration of wild and cultivated trees from India revealed the existence of diploid (2n = 18) and tetraploid trees (2n = 36) in Pachmarhi hills and only diploid trees in Punjab plains and Shiwalik hills. The diploid and tetraploid trees showed normal meiosis and high pollen fertility. Phenological events which included leaf fall, leaf emergence, floral bud break, flowering and fruiting are nearly the same in wild and cultivated trees. Natural pollen transfer in the species was highly efficient. Levels of fruit set following open pollination was quite high and is reduced considerably following hand pollination probably due to some injury caused to stigma during experiments. Inspite of synchronous nature of anther dehiscence and stigmatic receptivity, selfing in a flower was avoided due to herkogamy. Some selfing, however, occurred through geitonogamous mode as bagging of panicles yielded 12.21 ± 0.99 to 14.12 ± 0.91% fruit set. High pollen ovule ratio (9,250–10,600) indicated toward the obligate outbreeding nature. The species suited to insect and wind mode of pollination. High amount of air borne pollen grains deposited on glycerine smeared glass microscopic slides suggested towards the wind mode of pollination. Though flowers are dull coloured a variety of insects visited the flowers due to sweet fragrance and stamen/pollen as food reward. Among insect pollinators, honey bee (Apis dorsata) was the major and legitimate pollinator while the rest were either minor pollinators or mere visitors. Inspite of high fruit/seed set, natural regeneration through seeds was poor as fallen fruits were destroyed by fungal pathogens and white ants. The species also propagated vegetatively through coppices and root suckers. It lacks agamospermy as bagging of emasculated flowers yielded no fruit. It is inferred that ‘bael’ which lacks agamospermy reproduced successfully through gamospermy (xenogamy and geitonogamy) and vegetative mode (coppices and root suckers). We also concluded that tetraploid trees growing in the Pachmarhi hills with large sized fruits possessed better potentialities in horticulture if planted through root suckers or coppices.     

华北落叶松传粉生物学的研究

本文研究了华北落叶松雌雄球花在树冠上的分布和树冠周围花粉密度变化规律、传粉机制、胚珠接收花粉量及结实状况等。雌球花主要分布在树冠中上部2－4龄枝上，雄球花分布范围较广，且常与雌球花混生；树冠周围花粉密度与雄球花的分布密切相关，中部最大，依次向上下两端减少。依据雌球花形态特征的变化，可将传粉期为5个阶段，整个期间无传粉滴出现，由球被顶端大裂片的珠被毛接收花粉。最佳传粉期约为2天。胚珠平均接收4粒花粉，虽然胚珠接收的花粉数与饱满种子的产量有一定的关系，但并不是造成空粒的主要原因。此外，讨论了不同授粉方式对种子产量的重要意义。     

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii were investigated by stain-squashing and anatomical techniques. It took approximately 16 days for the pollen to develop from pollen mother cells to mature pollen in the greenhouse. Meiosis of pollen mother cells was regularly applied and completed by a process of simultaneous cytokinesis. Pollen development was considerably asynchronous. The meiotic division was initiated at the bulgy middle position of the flower bud and proceeded towards the tip and base of the bud. The number and size of the nucleoli varied during pollen development and at most eight nucleoli formed in each daughter nucleus at the meiotic telophase, suggesting a paleopolyploid origin of the genus Populus. An association between floral morphology and pollen development was found and the ratio of width to length of flower buds or catkins presented an S-shaped curve related to pollen development as a function of time. The investigation on the pollen development and floral morphology of P. pseudo-simonii is important for further cross breeding programs of the section Tacamahaca.     

华山矾大小孢子的发育和雌雄配子体的形成

研究了华山矾大、小孢子发育和花粉壁的形成以及大孢子的发生和雌配子体的发育过程。华山矾的花药四室。绒毡层腺质型 ,发育后期出现双核至多核。小孢子四分体四面体型 ,胞质分裂连续型。成熟花粉具 2细胞。子房 2室 ,中轴胎座。胚珠倒生 ,单珠被 ,薄珠心 ,胚囊发育为蓼型。该研究为山矾科的胚胎学提供了新资料。     

水竹开花的生物学特性研究

水竹,刚竹属散生竹种,为长江流域及其以南最常见的野生竹种之一,也是黄河和长江流域广为栽培的一个竹种。自2003年以来,中国四川雅安地区的水竹出现开花现象,到目前已成大范围开花枯死的趋势。对水竹的开花生物学特性进行了研究。结果显示,水竹开花在每个季节均有发生,但主要集中在12月至次年的5月份,开花以后整个植株枯死。水竹为穗状花序,每个佛焰苞(花序)有5～7个假小穗,每个假小穗有4～6朵小花;水竹花丝长约1.8cm,花药黄绿色,柱头三裂。水竹花药非常丰富,但雌蕊发育不良,因此,至今未发现水竹结实。对开花和未开花竹林环境因子进行调查和分析后发现,竹林内光照时数、气温以及湿度对开花有比较显著的影响。同时,开花和未开花水竹根、茎、叶的冷冻切片显示,开花水竹根、茎、叶的细胞结构和发育状况均差于未开花竹。由此看来,内部生理变化和外部环境影响是导致水竹开花的最终原因。     

杨树花粉染色体加倍有效处理时期的研究

以毛新杨（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｔｏｍｅｎｔｏｓａ×Ｐ．ｂｏｌｅａｎａ）为材料,在掌握小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程的基础上,对花粉染色体加倍中减数分裂的有效处理时期以及作用持续时间进行了研究,结果表明：（１）经秋水仙溶液处理所获得的花粉中均有一定比例的形态较大的花粉,最高可达８８％。这种大花粉经花粉染色体检查为２ｎ＝３８,且均能正常萌发。（２）一般只要是在水培４０ｈ左右,花药由淡绿色转为绿黄色以后且未变红前,也就是由细线末期到终变期之前处理,均能取得较好的加倍效果。（３）在有效处理时期内,处理次数与花粉得率也有一定的相关性,考虑２ｎ花粉比率及花粉量得率,处理次数以３～５次,每次间隔５～７ｈ为宜。     

Cytological study of a male-sterile Cryptomeria japonica that does not release microspores from tetrads

To determine the mechanism of male-sterility Cryptomeria japonica tree Shindai3, the process of microspore development was observed under light and fluorescence microscopy. Microspore development in the Shindai3 was normal until the tetrad stage, but separation of the microspores from the tetrads was not observed even after callose had been degraded. In contrast to the microspore stage in a male-fertile tree, amorphous substances were observed around tetrads in the Shindai3, and the amount of the amorphous substance increased from the middle of November to the middle of December. The substances are hypothesized to prevent the separation of individual microspores from tetrads by inducing adhesion between microspore cells within the tetrad or enclosing the tetrads. The form of the tetrads in the Shindai3 was maintained until just before the pollen dispersal season, but they ultimately degenerated. The results of this study indicate that the mechanism causing male sterility in Shindai3 differs from that previously reported for other male-sterile trees of C. japonica.     

油杉花粉个体发育与传粉过程

应用常规压片法和整体染色透明法对油杉小孢子的发生和雄配子体的发育过程进行观察,研究其传粉生物学特征.结果表明:油杉小孢子母细胞在1月26日-2月5日进行减数分裂,在减数分裂过程中胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式多为左右对称型;小孢子经过连续4次有丝分裂后,于2月底形成5-细胞型的成熟花粉粒,成熟花粉由两个原叶细胞、一个不育细胞、一个精原细胞和一个管细胞组成,其中两个原叶细胞在花粉成熟时已退化;经TCC法检验,花粉生活力为92.6%;3月1日-8日为油杉传粉期,3日-5日为传粉高峰;在传粉期间,胚珠珠孔端无传粉滴产生,珠孔端耳状结构边缘粘附有花粉.虽然花粉母细胞发育表现出不同步现象,产生少数具3个或4个气囊的异形花粉,但从小孢子的发生及雄配子体发育的整个过程看,未见败育或其他异常现象,能形成大量正常的成熟花粉,因此,花粉个体发育不是影响油杉结籽率低的主要因素,而造成油杉球果结籽率低的主要原因可能在于其传粉过程.     

Selective autolysis of protoplasmic components during development of secondary-phloem sieve-tube elements in Populus deltoides

Observing changes in plasma components during the development of sieve-tube elements (SE) in secondary-phloem is very important in the study of their physiological function. We investigated the development of SE in the secondary-phloem of Populus deltoides with the aid of an electron microscope. The developmental process of SE in secondary-phloem can be divided into three stages: immature, mature and degenerated, based on the changes of plasma components and cell structures. The immature stage is the development period before the vacuole membrane was ruptured. The radial extension of cells, cell wall incrassation and generation of plastid sieve elements and P-protein occurred during this period. The mature stage started when the vacuole membrane was ruptured. Selective autolysis of protoplasmic components formed mature SEs, with the characteristics that the organelles, such as dissociative ribosome, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei were disassembled quickly. Two distinctive ways of nuclear degeneration occur. One is an early degenerated nuclear membrane, with dispersed karyoplasms, joined by P-protein. The other is early agglomerated chromatin and subsequently degenerate karyotin with two clear layer structures in the nuclear membrane. One sign in the degenerated stage is the disassembled plasma membrane. During this stage, plastid membranes become disorganized, the starch grains are dispersed in the chamber of SE and the mitochondria dissembled. The callose appears synchronously in sieve plates and P-protein disaggregates. Opened sieve plates are then formed because of callose autolysis, after the protoplasm disappears completely. Finally, the physiological function of SE is lost. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(3): 1–7 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

山鸡椒雌花花芽分化形态特征及碳氮营养变化

目的]了解和掌握山鸡椒雌花花芽分化的形态特征及碳氮营养规律,为山鸡椒人工栽培及杂交育种提供参考依据。[方法]采用石蜡切片法观察山鸡椒雌花花芽分化的组织解剖结构,采用生理试剂盒-分光光度法测定雌花不同分化时期的可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白、碳氮比等碳氮营养指标。[结果]表明:(1)山鸡椒雌花花芽分化经过未分化期—花序原基分化期—苞片原基分化期—花原基分化期—花器官分化期5个时期。(2)叶片可溶性糖含量随着花芽分化的发展呈不断升高的趋势,最高可达65.07 mg·g~(-1)。叶片淀粉含量随着分化时期的推进呈先升后降的趋势,其最高值出现在苞片原基分化期,达到81.30 mg·g~(-1),最低值出现在花器官分化期,为52.19 mg·g~(-1)。(3)叶片可溶性蛋白含量在花芽前3个分化期呈持续下降趋势,从61.32 mg·g~(-1)下降到52.48 mg·g~(-1),之后基本保持稳定。叶片中的碳氮比在花芽前3个分化期呈持续上升趋势,从1.49上升至2.61,之后基本维持在较高水平。[结论]山鸡椒雌花花芽分化的内部形态特征与雄花基本一致,雌花花芽分化分为5个时期。山鸡椒雌花花芽分化过程中,叶片中可溶性糖不断升高,而可溶性蛋白下降明显,碳氮比升高且保持在较高水平。