辽宁省大球盖菇栽培技术

大球盖菇是近年引进辽宁省栽培的适宜粗放栽培管理的优秀菇种,具有适应性强,在自然条件下,可春、夏、秋3季室外栽培;冬季可在暖棚像平菇一样,进行床式栽培.栽培过程中不需要添加麸皮等营养料,栽培料可以是木屑、稻壳、木片、短树枝、野草等,接种后发茵迅速,污染少,播种后45～55d可以出菇;栽培成本大大低于目前普遍栽培的平菇,经济效益高出平菇;初次栽培食用茵的人易于栽培成功.适宜林下、玉米地等室外栽培和冬季暖棚栽培.该文简要介绍了大球盖菇的形态特征、菌种生产、栽培技术和注意事项.     

东北地区大球盖菇优良菌株筛选试验

以引进的4个大球盖菇菌株为对象,观察在母种培养基、原种培养基以及栽培种培养基上菌株的菌丝生长状况,在栽培料上进行了产量试验。结果筛选出2个适宜东北地区栽培的大球盖菇优良菌株,其菌丝生长均匀、浓密,生长势强,生长速度快,产量高,子实体丛生,菌盖酒红色,菌柄粗壮。     

橡胶林下大球盖菇栽培技术研究

以大球盖菇"云茸"栽培菌种为试验材料进行橡胶林下栽培技术研究,分别探索不同配方、覆土、覆盖等处理对大球盖菇产量和生物学效率的影响.结果表明:不同配方和不同覆盖处理的大球盖菇产量和生物学效率差异显著,不同覆土处理差异不显著;最适宜培养料配方为50％玉米芯+20％甘蔗渣+20％木屑+10％谷壳,产量和生物学效率最高,分别为...     

红绒盖牛肝菌发酵培养基筛选及液体培养条件

在摇瓶液体培养条件下,研究了14种不同成分培养基对红绒盖牛肝菌菌丝体生长的影响及液体培养条件,结果表明,红绒盖牛肝菌最适发酵培养基为:蔗糖2%、玉米粉2%、黄豆粉1.5%、酵母膏0.5%、MgSO40.05%、KH2PO40.1%。培养基中添加有机硅类消泡剂对红绒盖牛肝菌菌丝体生长没有影响;液体发酵的适宜初始pH为5～6;液体培养周期为10 d,菌丝体生物量可达5.7 g/L。     

稀土在松菇栽培中的增产作用

发展食用菌生产,特别是发展食用菌中的新优特品种,具有很好的市场前景和经济效益.松菇(Stropharia rugoso-annulata variant)是大球盖菇的一个变种,大球盖菇是联合国粮农组织向发展中国家推荐栽培的优质食用菌之一.大球盖菇栽培前需对培养料进行发酵处理,松菇则可以用稻草或麦草等农作物秸秆进行生料栽培,不需先行堆制发酵,是一种很有发展前景的优质菇种,我们已对其进行过初步研究[1～4].     

主要环境因子对大球盖菇的影响

试验利用玉米秸秆、玉米芯、稻壳农业基料,在成龄李树下种植大球盖菇,研究环境因子对大球盖菇品质和产量的影响。结果表明：温度与菌柄长度具有极显著正相关性,降雨量与菌盖直径、菌柄直径有极显著正相关性,菌盖直径与菌柄直径具有极显著正相关性。说明环境因子并不是影响大球盖菇产量的主要因素,却是影响大球盖菇外观品质的重要因子。     

咖啡与草腐型食用菌复合高效周年栽培模式研究

在小粒咖啡种植园进行的咖啡园+大球盖菇和咖啡园+姬松茸两种复合栽培试验的结果表明:利用咖啡副产品混合其它原料生料栽培的大球盖菇和发酵料栽培的姬松茸生物学效率分别达36.5%和35.8%;鲜菇产量分别为5.84 kg/m2和5.78 kg/m2,姬松茸经济效益高于大球盖菇;两种复合栽培模式能实现咖啡园与草腐型食用菌复合周年栽培,栽培1个周期后,平均效益比咖啡纯作增加5¹0倍,达到7 742元/667 m2,最高可达14 242元/667 m2;养菇的营养基料为咖啡园持续提供良好的田面覆盖和优质的有机肥料,增进土壤肥力,具有较好的经济、生态和社会效益。     

不同氮源对竹屑发酵及大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响研究

为探究竹屑发酵栽培大球盖菇的最佳氮源,通过以纯竹屑作对照,设置尿素、麦麸、玉米粉和菜籽饼4种不同氮源添加试验。分析了竹屑添加不同氮源的发酵温度、发酵后的理化性质及对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,在研究范围内大球盖菇菌丝生长与全氮、水解氮、可溶性糖、持水孔隙度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);与pH、碳氮比和气水比呈显著负相关(P<0.05);与EC、有机碳、磷、钾、容重和通气孔隙度呈弱相关(P>0.05)。竹屑添加4%的菜籽饼,在发酵过程中有最长的有效高温(>50℃,14 d),发酵后物料的持水性、全氮、水解性氮和可溶性糖含量显著高于其他处理,C/N为44.02,接种大球盖菇后菌丝长势最佳,日生长速度最快达3.24 mm·d^-1,可作大球盖菇栽培基质使用。     

试述赤松茸产业化生产

大球盖菇(Stropharia rugoso-annulata),又名赤松茸,是国际菇类交易市场上的十大菇类之一。文章对大球盖菇栽培的重要参数进行了详细说明:培养菌丝期要求温度21~27℃,草料相对湿度为70%~75%,二氧化碳浓度不小于2%,每小时可进行0~1次通风,此阶段无须光照。出菇期要求温度约10~16℃,相对湿度要高一些,尽量保持在95%~98%之间,二氧化碳浓度不能高于0.15%,可根据二氧化碳的浓度适当通风,每小时约4~8次,光照100~500lx。子实生长期要求温度保持在16~21℃之间,相对湿度略有下降,为85%~95%,此时期的二氧化碳浓度、通风次数及光照可与出菇期相同。     

大球盖菇生料栽培模式研究

对大球盖菇生料栽培进行层架式栽培、畦式栽培、地坑式栽培 3种栽培模式对比试验。结果表明 ,地坑式栽培明显优于层架式栽培和畦式栽培 ,地坑式栽培的生物学效率达 5 8 4 %、出菇产量 14 6kg/m2 、净收入 2 2 8元/m2 、投入产出比 1∶4 4 ,其生物学效率分别比层架式栽培和畦式栽培高出 12 2 %和 2 6 1% ,净收入分别比层架式栽培和畦式栽培提高了 33 3%和 12 3 5 %     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。