土壤溶质锋运移的解析解

为了推求土壤溶质锋运移与时间的关系 ,假设土壤溶质运移发生在溶质输入内边界至溶质锋之间 ,应用拉普拉斯变换方法求解输入内边界到溶质锋边界的对流—弥散方程 ( CDE)。溶质锋浓度解与半无限精确解的比较表明 ,在内边界至溶质锋边界内具有良好的一致性。溶质锋运移解的一个重要应用是估计实验室和田间条件的溶质运移参数。这个新的参数估计方法要求土壤中溶质锋随时间运移数据。如果应用有色示踪剂 ,溶质锋运移可以目测 ;如果应用其他示踪剂 ,可以通过 TDR或其它仪器测量示踪剂通量或体积浓度 ,确定溶质锋的深度。这个新的方法简单易行、节省时间 ,而且能够应用到实验和田间条件。     

多孔介质溶质运移边界层理论初探

研究了溶质运移边界层条件和边界层运动方程。采用一个小的运移通量脉冲定义边界层应满足的特征值。应用加Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换方法求解边界层问题的浓度解，并推导出边界层运动方程。边界层问题浓度解与精确解比较表明在计算浓度方面误差很小。边界层运动方程的一个重要应用是估算溶质运移参数。这个估算参数的新方法是应用边界层随时间运动的观测信息。这个方法简单，节省时间，并能充分利用边界层运动观测资料。     

土壤溶质迁移的指数函数模型

边界层方法是描述土壤溶质迁移的简单方法,通过边界层距离与时间的关系可以估计溶质迁移参数。基于边界层方法,研究了土壤溶质迁移的数学模拟及相应参数估计问题。假定土壤溶质浓度剖面为指数函数,得到了描述溶质浓度分布的指数函数模型。各参数对边界层距离的影响分析表明,应选取较小的孔隙水流速度、短历时推求土壤溶质迁移参数;对不同模型预测土壤溶质分布进行比较,结果表明,在短距离处指数型解与精确解的误差比其它都要小。误差分析表明了指数函数模型的有效性和实用性。     

考虑尺度效应的土壤溶质运移动力学特征分析

[目的]为了了解土壤环境中弥散尺度效应、动力学吸附等作用对溶质运移过程的影响。[方法]应用Laplace变换方法和复变函数理论推得溶质运移动力学模型的解析解。利用De Hoog数值反演方法,验证解析解的正确性,利用解析解分析溶质在土壤中的运移特征。[结果]解析解的计算结果与反演函数Fourier级数项数2 N较大(N=500)时的De Hoog数值计算结果吻合很好;土壤溶质浓度随尺度效应的增强、吸附作用及生物降解作用的减弱而增大;分子扩散、一阶动力学吸附以及吸附相溶质降解作用对溶质运移变化影响较小。[结论]所推求解析解是正确的;土壤溶质运移的弥散尺度效应,溶质在液相和吸附相间的线性分配作用及溶质在液相中的降解作用是影响土壤溶质运移过程的主要因素。     

利用溶质锋信息估计溶质迁移参数方法分析

获取土壤溶质迁移参数是利用数学模型预测土壤溶质迁移过程的前提。本文根据对流弥散方程（Convective-dispersive equation，CDE）的一级近似解，建立了土壤溶质迁移过程中溶质锋随时间变化的函数关系，并以时域反射仪（Time domain reflectometry，TDR）为手段、Cl-为对象，通过与土壤溶质穿透曲线（Breakthrough curve，BTC）拟合法相比较，研究了利用该函数关系确定溶质迁移参数的可行性。研究结果表明，两种方法估计的R比较接近，而溶质锋信息法估计的水动力弥散系数D小于穿透曲线拟合法。TDR探测的溶质锋滞后于理论溶质锋，是导致利用溶质锋信息估计水动力弥散系数D偏小的原因之一。将溶质锋信息法估计的迁移参数代入CDE计算的土壤溶质穿透曲线与实测土壤溶质穿透曲线比较发现，风沙土中计算的穿透曲线整体滞后于实测穿透曲线，但两者的穿透过程基本一致，蝼土中计算的初始、完全穿透时间与试验穿透曲线一致，但穿透过程有所差异，说明溶质锋信息法估计的迁移参数具有一定的可应用性，在估计水动力弥散系数的精度方面有待提高。     

塿土水分入渗、再分布过程反应性溶质(NH_4~ )运移特征研究

利用土柱切割法研究（土娄）土水分入渗、再分布过程反应性溶质（NH4 ）运移特征。在水分入渗初期,土壤剖面溶质分布曲线为斜线,随入渗时间延长,土壤剖面溶质分布曲线上部逐渐出现垂直于横坐标的垂直线段。与水分入渗、再分布相比,溶质（NH4 ）入渗、再分布明显滞后;水分入渗深度增加,水溶质入渗距离比增加,溶质入渗滞后程度增大。入渗液浓度增大,溶质入渗滞后程度及溶质入渗阻滞因子减小,相应的土壤吸持溶质的反应速率常数增大,表观活化自由能减小。不同再分布时间的土壤剖面溶质分布曲线具有交点（溶质再分布等浓度点）,且该交点随入渗液浓度增大而加深。水分再分布过程中,溶质再分布等浓度点的土壤溶质吸持量基本不变,而其上部的土壤吸持量减小,下部的土壤吸持量增大。     

非反应性物质在土壤中的迁移及其参数确定

采用一维对流－水动力弥散方程研究了非反应性化学物质在土壤中的迁移行为。通过实验研究了土壤团聚体大小和孔隙水流速对非反应物质在土壤中迁移的影响。结果表明,对流－水动力弥散方程能较好地预报氚（＾３Ｈ２Ｏ）的穿透英线和迁移行为,随着团聚体由小变大,＾３Ｈ２Ｏ在其土柱中的穿透曲线的溶质出流提前,而淋洗结果推迟,峰值变小,最佳拟合Ｄ值由小变大。流速增加,Ｄ值增大,扩散现象加剧,Ｄ和流速呈正比。这为进一步研究     

A semi‐analytical model for solute transport in layered dual‐porosity media

The vulnerability of groundwater from chemical leaching through soil is a concern at some locations. Because measurements are laborious, time‐consuming, and expensive, simulation models are frequently used to assess leaching risks. But the significance of simulated solute movement through a layered soil is questionable if vertical homogeneity of physical soil properties has been assumed. In the present study, a semi‐analytical model for solute leaching in soils is presented. The model is relatively simple, but it does account for soil layers having different physical properties. The model includes the mobile‐immobile model (MIM) to describe one‐dimensional (1‐D) nonequilibrium, transient solute transport under steady‐state flow conditions. The MIM is rewritten as a second‐order differential equation and solved by a numerical scheme. Differing from fully analytical or fully numerical solutions, the new approach solves the differential equation numerically with respect to time and analytically with respect to distance. Numerical experiments for a single layered soil profile show that the semi‐analytical solution (SA‐MIM) is numerically stable for a wide range of parameter values. The accuracy of SA‐MIM predictions is comparable to that of analytical solutions. Numerical experiments for a multilayered profile indicate that the model correctly predicts effluent curves from finite layered soil profiles under steady‐state flow conditions. The SA‐MIM simulations with typical parameter values suggest that neglecting vertical heterogeneity of flow paths in a layered soil can lead to inaccurate prediction of soil‐solute leaching. The quality of predictions is generally improved if parameter estimates for the different soil layers are considered. However, the mobile‐immobile‐parameter estimates obtained in a number of previous studies may not be transferable to a field situation that is characterized by a slow and steady flow of water. Further field experiments to determine mobile‐immobile parameters under such conditions are desirable.     

考虑尺度效应的瞬时输入溶质运移模型及解析解

为探索土壤环境中尺度效应对溶质运移的影响,建立了瞬时输入条件下考虑尺度效应的溶质运移模型。通过Laplace变换和复变函数理论得到了模型的解析解,并利用解析解分析了弥散尺度效应对溶质运移过程的影响。结果表明：随着土壤弥散尺度效应的增强,土壤中溶质浓度分布范围越广,浓度峰运移的距离越大,但浓度峰值越小;随着入口弥散系数（D0）的增加,溶质运移的范围更大,溶质浓度峰值越小,但浓度峰运移的距离几乎没有变化;随着入口孔隙水流速度（v0）的增加,溶质浓度峰运移的距离越大,溶质的运移锋面越远,而溶质浓度峰值及溶质浓度分布范围几乎没有变化。用一维8 m 长土柱中的溶质运移试验资料对所推解析解进行验证,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,决定系数可达0.95以上。结果表明所推得的解析解可用来模拟预测较大尺度上溶质运移过程,为土壤环境治理等实际工程提供理论依据。     

(土娄)土水分入渗、再分布过程反应性溶质(NH4+)运移特征研究

利用土柱切割法研究Lou土水分入渗、再分布过程反应性溶质（NH4^ )运移特征。在水分入渗初期，土壤剖面溶质分布曲线为斜线，随入渗时间延长，土壤剖面溶质分布曲线上部逐渐出现垂直于横坐标的垂直线段。与水分入渗、再分布相比，溶质（NH4^ )入渗、再分布明显滞后；水分入渗深度增加，水溶质入渗距离比增加，溶质入渗滞后程度增大。入渗液浓度增大，溶质入渗滞后程度及溶质入渗阻滞因子减小，相应的土壤吸持溶质的反应速率常数增大，表观活化自由能减小。不同再分布时间的土壤剖面溶质分布曲线具有交点（溶质再分布等浓度点），且该交点随入渗液浓度增大而加深。水分再分布过程中，溶质再分布等浓度点的土壤溶质吸持量基本不变，而其上部的土壤吸持量减小，下部的土壤吸持量增大。     

石砾参数对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究进展

土壤水流和溶质运移一直是土壤学研究的热点,溶质运移理论主要应用于地下水污染、污染物运移、土壤重金属污染研究等方面。溶质主要通过优先流和基质流进行运移,影响溶质运移因素很多,主要包括土壤结构、质地、水力传导率、体积质量、初始含水量、根系、石砾等。石砾作为土壤质地中的一个分级单位,与溶质运移关系较为复杂。本文综合介绍了石砾基本内涵以及石砾对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究进展;系统阐述了石砾内部参数(石砾覆盖度、含量、粒径、空间异质性等)和外部参数(根石结构、干湿冻融、耕作等),指出目前研究主要量化土壤表面及土壤表层石砾参数对水文效应、土壤侵蚀、入渗以及径流的影响,然而石砾参数对溶质运移影响研究不够系统,石砾参数与溶质运移关系研究尚处于初步阶段,对土壤深层石砾研究缺乏;归纳了石砾参数研究技术手段及模型;探讨了目前石砾参数对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究存在的问题以及今后研究趋势。     

土壤水流通量对饱水带溶质运移参数的影响

The transport processes of solutes in two soil columns filled with undistrubed soil material collected from an unsaturated sandy aquifer formation in Belgium subjected to a variable upper boundary condition were identified from breakthrough curves measured by means of time domain reflectometry(TDR),Solute breakthrough was measured with 3 TDR probes inserted into each soil column at three different depths at a 10 minutes time interval.In addition,soil water content and pressure head were measured at 3 different depths.Analyteical solute transport models were used to estimate the solute disperison coefficient and average pore-water velocity from the observed breakthrough curves,the results showed that the analytical solutions were suitable in fitting the observed solute transport,The dispersion coefficient was found to be a function of the soil depth and average proe-water velocity,imposed by the soil water flux.the mobile moistrue content on the other hand was not correlated with the average pore-water velocity and the dispersion coefficient.     

Simulation of water flow and solute transport in free-drainage lysimeters and field soils with heterogeneous structures

Lysimeters are valuable for studying the fate and transport of chemicals in soil. Large‐scale field lysimeters are used to assess pesticide behaviour and radionuclide transport, and are assumed to represent natural field conditions better than laboratory columns. Field lysimeters are usually characterized by a free‐draining lower boundary. As a result, the hydraulic gradient is disrupted, and leachate cannot be collected until the bottom of the lysimeter becomes saturated. We compared heterogeneously structured, free‐drainage lysimeters and field soils with respect to water flow and solute transport. Numerical simulations were carried out in a two‐dimensional heterogeneous sandy soil under unsaturated water flow conditions with the CHAIN_2D code. Three different soil structures (isotropic, horizontal, and vertical) were generated, and Miller–Miller similitude was used to scale the hydraulic properties of the soil. The results showed that ponding occurs at the bottom of the lysimeter for the three soil structures and that it occurred faster and was more pronounced with the vertical structure (preferential flow effect). Breakthrough curves of a conservative solute (bromide) showed that solutes are moving faster in the field than in the lysimeters. Fewer differences between lysimeters and field soils were found with the horizontal soil structure than with the isotropic and vertical structures.     

不饱和土壤中可溶性甲醇迁移过程模拟

A combined model of solute transport and water flow was developed to simulate the migration of methanol, a soluble organic chemical, in unsaturated soil zone. The solute transport equation considered convective-dispersive transport in the liquid phase as well as diffusion in the gas phase. The effect of rainfall and evapotranspiration on transport was considered at the boundary conditions of the governing equations. Data on the characteristics of a loam soil and the climatic conditions in southern California were also introduced to compare the results with those from a study in the USA in which the profiles of methanol distribution and water content in the soil zone at different times had been depicted. This comparison showed that there was good agreement between the two studies. The results showed that methanol contamination reached a depth of about 250 cm after 8 760 h. In contrast, if rainfall and evapotranspiration were not considered, the depth was only about 140 cm. The model therefore confirmed that rainfall strongly affected solute transport.     

Laboratory method for determining immobile soil water content and mass exchange coefficient

Preferential flow in soil can enhance the leaching of agricultural chemicals. In a number of studies it has been shown that the mobile‐immobile solute transport model (MIM) is a useful tool to characterize preferential flow. In the present study, a new laboratory method for determining the MIM parameters θ_m and θ_im (mobile and immobile water content), as well as α (mass transfer coefficient), is developed. The computations are uncomplicated and the method requires only simple equipment. It is applied to short, undisturbed soil columns. Measured values ranged from 0.11 to 0.27 for θ_im θ^—1 and from 0.015 h^—1 to 0.034 h^—1 for α for an Iowan soil (Nicollet silt loam). For two sandy Eutric Gleysols from Germany, low values for θ_im θ^—1 from 0.04 to 0.07 and from 0.001 h^—1 to 0.008 h^—1 for α were determined. Although the new method is a flow‐interruption technique, values for the Nicollet silt loam compare well with those from conventional leaching experiments. Values for the Eutric Gleysols agree with the observation that these soils were poorly structured. Because the new method does not assume negligible dispersion, it is applicable to a wider range of soils and boundary conditions than comparable approaches. We conclude that the new method provides parameter values that are suited to describe non‐equilibrium solute transport.     

应用Markov链理论定量描述区域冲积土壤质地层次的垂向变化特征

冲积土壤剖面质地层次的垂向变化是一个十分复杂的问题,长期以来都是定性描述而无法定量化,但土壤剖面的质地层次组合特点对土壤水分转化和溶质运移等具有重要影响,对其定量地描述和研究是进一步准确定量区域农田水转化和溶质运移的基础。马尔可夫链理论是用来描述随时间（空间）变化的一个离散状态序列的状态转移特性的,本文就其引入来研究冲积土壤剖面质地层次的垂向变化规律。研究结果表明,区域冲积土壤剖面质地层次的垂向变     

Column Holdup Formula of Soil Solute Transport

The shortcomings of the present two formulae for describing column holdup are analyzed and deductions are made to find a new formula. The column holdup, Hw, described by the new formula is dimensional,and related to soil solute transport kinesis and column physical properties. Compared with the other two column holdups, Hw is feasible to describe dimensional column holdup during solute transport process. The relationships between Hw and retardation factor, R, in different solute transport boundary conditions are established.     

地下水浅埋条件下包气带水和溶质运移数值模拟研究述评

地下水浅埋条件下包气带水和溶质运移规律是解决土壤盐渍化、地下水污染等环境与生态问题的基本理论基础,基于多孔介质水和溶质运移基本方程的数值模型是研究包气带物质运移的重要手段。通过深入分析土壤水和地下水之间的相互关系,强调在地下水埋深小于其极限埋深的情况下应把地下水作用耦合到包气带水和溶质运移模型中。该文概括总结了现有研究把地下水作用与土壤水模型相耦合的方法,并分析了各种方法的优缺点。在回顾现有土壤水分运动参数和溶质运移参数确定方法的基础上,归纳了包气带水和溶质运移模型从“点”尺度向“田块”尺度扩展的途径,随机方法仍将是今后的研究热点,并有望应用于实践。     

CaSO4改良苏打碱土的离子吸附交换过程分析与数值模拟

分析CaSO4改良苏打碱土的机理可以为其替代品(脱硫石膏、粉煤灰和磷石膏等)的田间应用提供理论依据。本文通过土柱试验构建了综合考虑离子吸附交换以及土壤水力传导度动态变化的多离子溶质运移方程,并利用UNSATCHEM软件进行了数值模拟。结果表明:CaSO4改良碱化土壤是一个伴随着离子吸附交换反应的复杂过程,同时受到土壤理化特性动态变化的影响,利用UNSATCHEM多离子溶质运移模型能够准确地模拟土壤溶液中Ca2 和Na 的迁移转化、土壤胶体Na 和土壤溶液中Ca2 的吸附交换过程,且其精度较高。同时,CaSO4改良苏打碱土并不是一个短期过程,要想使其彻底改良,一是需要不断淋洗,二是通过分次施加CaSO4,使碱化土壤在长期的一段时间内都保持一定的Ca2 源,以增加CaSO4的持续改良效果。     

Combined tensiometer–solution sampling probe

Variables needed to characterize solute transport in soils are soil water pressure (SWP) and solute concentration, which are typically obtained from tensiometers and suction solution samplers, respectively. In this paper we describe a combined tension–solution sampling probe that measures SWP, and allows extraction of soil solution during or between SWP measurements. A separate porous ceramic cup and ring to be used for the tensiometer and suction solution sampler were built into a single unit. Laboratory soil column experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the combined tension–solution probe, and the data obtained were compared with those from using separate tensiometer and suction solution samplers. Differences in tensiometric measurements were attributed to differences in size between the tensiometers. An apparent increase in pore water solution concentration as soil water potential is decreased could be explained by anion exclusion.