新疆陆地棉体细胞胚状体的发生和植株再生

以新疆陆地棉品种下胚轴为外植体，在含有４种激素（２，４－Ｄ、ＫＴ、ＮＡＡ、ＩＡＡ）不同组合的培养基上进行愈伤组织诱导，通过对体细胞胚胎发生的悬浮培养条件与植株再生各因子的比较研究，获得了陆地棉新陆中２号、新陆早１号两个优良栽培品种的体细胞胚胎的发生，体细胞胚经固体或液体培养，均可萌发，萌发的胚在成株培养基上形成了具有根、芽的完整再生植株。     

棉花优良品种中棉所27直接胚胎发生与植株再生

选用我国难培养基因型优良棉花品种中棉所27进行组织培养,研究了该品种体细胞胚胎发生与植株再生能力。该品种体细胞胚胎发生有2种情况:一是由外植体直接诱导获得胚性愈伤组织并形成不同发育时期的胚状体;二是先诱导获得非胚性愈伤组织,再经多次继代培养,获得胚胎发生。不同激素及其组合和浓度配比是影响中棉所27直接诱导获得胚性愈伤组织及体细胞胚胎发生的直接因素。另外,饥饿培养及继代周期对胚胎发生也有重要影响。0.1mg/LKT和0.1mg/LIAA组合、0.1mg/LKT和0.1mg/LZT组合、0.1mg/LZT单独使用,在饥饿条件下培养,均能直接高效诱导获得大量胚性愈伤组织,并有短期内形成不同发育时期的胚状体。胚状体在不含任何激素的MS B5培养基上培养有利于植株再生,并降低畸形苗形成率。另外,还发现不同培养基对中棉所27胚性愈伤组织增殖、体细胞胚形成和萌发的影响不同。     

新疆早熟棉3个主栽品种的体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生

以新疆主栽早熟棉品种新陆早13、新陆早26、新陆早33为试材，通过不同质量浓度的激素组合成功诱导并获得体细胞胚，进一步培养再生成苗。结果表明，3种培养基均能有效诱导愈伤组织，但以0.1 mg/L KT和0.1 mg/L 2,4 D配合为最佳；愈伤组织在MSB+30 g/L Glucose+2.5 g/L Phytagel+ 0.02 mg/L IAA+0.1 mg/L ZT或MSB+30 g/L Glucose+2.5 g/L Phytagel+0.15 g/L 活性炭培养基上易获得胚性愈伤组织；新陆早13号、新陆早26号、新陆早33号在MSB+30 g/L Glucose+2.5 g/L Phytagel+0.02 mg/L IAA+0.1 mg/L ZT培养基上分化率分别为32.5%、20.6%、57.5%；在MSB+30 g/L Glucose+2.5 g/L Phytagel+0.15 g/L 活性炭培养基上分别为26.2%、25%、55%；培养获得的胚性愈伤组织在MSB（去掉NH₄NO₃）+ 1.0 g/L Gln+ 0.5 g/L Asn的培养基上生长发育成再生植株。3个试验材料在8个月内都能成功获得再生苗。     

秦艽体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生的研究

以秦艽子叶与胚轴为外植体,诱导秦艽体细胞胚胎发生并建立植株再生体系。结果表明：不同外植体以及植物激素浓度和种类对体细胞胚胎发生均有一定影响,其中秦艽的子叶胚性愈伤组织的诱导率最佳激素组合为2,4-D1.0mg/L,6-BA0.5mg/L,其诱导率为61.3%,对胚轴胚性愈伤组织诱导最佳激素为2,4-D1.0mg/L,其诱导率为42.3%。将胚性愈伤组织转接至MS培养基,都可产生再生植株。     

新陆早33号高效遗传转化体系研究

[目的]以新疆北疆棉区主栽品种新陆早33号为材料,研究不同处理条件对转基因抗性胚性愈伤组织增殖、胚状体分化以及植株再生的影响,为新疆棉花遗传转化奠定基础.[方法]以新陆早33号下胚轴为外植体,利用农杆菌介导法转化抗草甘膦基因EPSPS,通过优化培养条件以提高抗性胚性愈伤组织获得完整再生植株的能力.[结果]在胚性愈伤组织增殖阶段,培养基中KN03浓度为3.8 g/L,继代周期为11 d有助于胚性愈伤组织快速增殖和保持良好生长状态;将凝固剂Phytagel浓度提高到4.0 g/L能明显促进胚状体分化;在子叶胚生根阶段以Phytagel为凝固剂同时加入1.0 g/L的活性炭有助于壮根、减少褐化和提高正常植株比例.[结论]通过对培养条件的优化,缩短了胚状体发生的周期,并获得了大量再生植株,建立了新陆早33号的高效遗传转化体系.     

新疆和黄河流域棉区棉花品种体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生比较研究

[目的]比较新疆和黄河流域两生态区棉花品种的体细胞再生能力,建立高效棉花体细胞再生体系.[方法]以新疆棉区的新陆中15号、新陆中18号、系9;黄河流域棉区的中棉所35号、中棉所44号及对照品种柯字312为研究对象,优化棉花体细胞胚胎发生的相关条件参数.[结果]在IBA+KT的激素组合下,6个棉花品种再生了5个.[结论]新疆棉区和黄河流域棉花品种的植株再生潜力没有明显差别,但新疆棉花品种体细胞胚胎发生所需的时间长.新陆中15号的愈伤组织分化率及胚胎萌发率都比较高,具备作为棉花优良遗传转化受体的基本特征,目前已经用于农杆菌介导的转基因试验,为新疆棉花组织培养及转基因育种工作提供了重要基础材料.     

中国沙棘体细胞胚胎间接发生与植株再生

以中国沙棘组培苗茎尖为外植体,在1/4 MS基本培养基上,对愈伤组织、胚性愈伤组织及体细胞胚胎进行诱导,探讨植物生长调节剂配比对中国沙棘愈伤组织、胚性愈伤组织的诱导和体细胞胚发生的影响。结果表明:在KT 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.3 mg/L的最佳组合中,暗培养20 d后,愈伤组织的诱导率达到90.10%;暗培养30 d后,胚性愈伤组织的诱导率达到77.67%;将胚性愈伤组织转移到新鲜诱导培养基上,光培养20 d,平均体细胞胚发生数达到15.48。为了得到完整的再生小植株,将胚状体转移到不含任何生长激素的体细胞胚发育及植株再生培养基上,分析了KT和白砂糖不同浓度的组合对小植株再生的影响。结果发现:WPM + KT 0.05 mg/L + 白砂糖 20 g/L + 琼脂粉 6.5 g/L + CH 0.5 g/L处理上的植株再生率达到60.30%。该研究建立起了完整的中国沙棘体细胞胚胎间接发生的再生体系。      

鲁棉6号体细胞胚胎发生过程及植株再生

以黄河流域棉花品种鲁棉6号为试验材料,以易再生的棉花品系YZ1为对照,通过不同质量浓度的激素组合成功诱导鲁棉6号产生体细胞胚并发育成苗。结果表明:所用的12种激素组合均能有效诱导出愈伤组织,其中以1.0 mg/L IBA或0.1 mg/L 2,4-D和0.2 mg/L KT组合的诱导效果最佳;愈伤组织继代时培养基中生长素质量浓度减半,KNO3质量浓度加倍;挑选黄绿色或灰绿色、质地疏松的颗粒状愈伤继代于0.01 mg/L 2,4-D和0.1 mg/L KT或0.1 mg/L IBA且KNO3用量加倍的培养基中,可在1~2个月内产生胚性愈伤组织,胚性愈伤组织再转到分化培养基上可产生体细胞胚;体细胞胚在1/2 MS培养基中进一步发育成再生小苗。利用该组织培养再生系统,鲁棉6号和YZ1都能在6~8个月内成功获得再生植株。组织学观察表明,IBA处理下鲁棉6号胚性愈伤组织细胞主要来源于棉花下胚轴初生形成层的细胞。     

通过体细胞胚发生快繁优良刺五加植株的技术

以刺五加合子胚及无菌实生幼苗为试验材料,研究通过直接和间接体细胞胚发生方式,快速获得大量再生植株的技术。结果表明:直接诱导体细胞胚的培养基为MS+2,4-D1.0 mg.L-1,以胚根或子叶为外植体诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基为MS+2,4-D0.5 mg.L-1+BA1.0 mg.L-1,下胚轴为外植体诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基为MS+2,4-D0.5 mg.L-1+BA2.0 mg.L-1。胚性愈伤组织经悬浮培养可发育成成熟体胚,快速获得刺五加幼苗。     

三个苜蓿品种植株高频再生体系的研究

以适宜于西北地区生长的‘甘农1号’杂花苜蓿、‘甘农3号’紫花苜蓿,‘新疆和田大叶’紫花苜蓿3个品种的不同部位外植体为供试材料,进行了植株体外再生的研究.结果表明,苜蓿基因型、外植体来源、外源激素种类及浓度、激素处理时间、培养基蔗糖浓度等因素均影响细胞的生长发育和植株再生.‘甘农1号’苜蓿下胚轴愈伤组织诱导率和体细胞胚形成率最高,可达97.2%和70.9%,‘新疆和田大叶’苜蓿下胚轴次之,‘甘农3号’出愈率和体细胞胚形成率均最低;苜蓿愈伤组织诱导以2.0mg/L 2,4-D单独处理或2.0mg/L 2,4-D+0.5mg/L KT组合处理为最佳,在此激素组合处理下,下胚轴愈伤组织诱导率最高可达97.2%,激素处理时间以20d为宜;体细胞胚的发育则以2mg/L 6-BA+0.5mg/L NAA的激素组合处理为宜,在此激素组合处理下,体细胞胚形成率最高可达70.9%.适宜的生根培养基为1/2MS+1.0mg/L IBA+1%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂.体细胞胚形成阶段培养基添加25~30g/L的蔗糖有利于愈伤组织分化.     

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in glandless upland cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis> L.)

Glandless upland cotton has an important economic value. Embryogenic calli and regenerated plants were obtained from the hypocotyl explants of glandless upland cotton seedlings, cultivar Jisheng1. The results indicated that somatic embryogenesis was significantly influenced by the types of auxin and cytokinin. 2, 4-D was advantageous to induce cotton callus, but embryogenic callus could not be obtained on the 2, 4-D medium. Embryogenic calli were also not obtained on the MSB sold medium with the combination of IBA and BA. However, embryogenic calli were induced when the hypocotyl explants were cultured on the IBA and KT medium. More than 31% of the hypocotyl segments produced embryogenic calli when the MSB medium was supplemented with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ IBA and 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ KT. Embryogenic calli with somatic embryos could be observed within three months. Somatic embryo germination and maturation occurred on the hormone-free MSB medium with 1.0 g·L⁻¹ Gln and 0.5 g·L⁻¹ Asn. A number of regenerated plants could be obtained in six months. In the present study, a simple and efficient system was established to induce a number of embryogenic calli and regenerate plantlets from hypocotyl explants.     

Effect of Different Hormone Combinations on Somatic Embryogenesis in Cotton Cultivar Xinluzao 33(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

[Objective] This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration for an upland cotton cultivar Xinluzao33 under the induction of different hormone combinations and thus to determine the optimal hormone combination. [Method] Calli of Xinluzao33(Gossypium hirsutum L.) were induced from seedling hypocotyl tissue by a range of DK and BK combinations. Embryogenic calli and embryos were induced on callus-inducing medium(CIM) without any hormones. Callus appearance and quality were compared to determine which medium was the optimal for callus induction. Embryogenesis ratio was calculated to determine which medium was the best for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. [Result] Callus induction rate was 100% in all the 12 hormone combinations.The calli were yellow or kelly, and their texture was loose or soft under low concentrations of DK combinations, green or white, variably compact under high concentrations of DK combinations. The calli induced by BK combinations were kelly or green, covering creamy white substance. The best medium for callus induction was DK6(0.05 mg/L 2, 4-D and 0.10 mg/L KT). Embryogenic calli were successfully induced from all the combinations. The efficiency of embryogenic callus induction,embryogenesis, and plantlet regeneration were significantly different among the 12 combinations. The result showed that the embryogenesis ratio was the highest in BK3 combination(0.50 mg/L IBA and 0.50 mg/L KT), 72.86% of embryogenic calli differentiated into somatic embryos after being cultured on CIM for 80 d, and80.93% of the somatic embryos finally regenerated into plants on SEM(somatic embryo induction medium). [Conclusion] These results indicate that hormone combination BK3(0.50 mg/LIBA and 0.50 mg/L KT) was the best medium for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from Xinluzao33.     

Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Two Recalcitrant Genotypes of Gossypium hirsutum L.

An improved protocol has been developed for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of recalcitrant cotton cultivars. High callus frequencies and embryogenic tissue were developed in MSB medium supplemented with gradient concentrations of KT and 2,4-D, their concentration decreasing from 0.1 to 0.01 mg L⁻¹. Somatic embryos were successfully incubated in 1/2 macronutrient MSB suspension supplemented with 0.5 g L⁻¹ glutamine and 0.5 g L⁻¹ asparagine. Decrease in macronutrient concentration of MSB significantly alleviated browning and was beneficial to suspension cells. Transformation of somatic embryos into plants was induced in MSB medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.5 g L⁻¹ glutamine, 0.5 g L⁻¹ asparagine, and 6.0 g L⁻¹ agar. The effect of sucrose as carbohydrate was better than that of glucose for plant germination. Using this protocol, regenerated plantlets from the CCRI521 and Zhongzhi86-6 reached to as much as 19.6 and 18.5% somatic embryos, respectively.     

黄山松成熟胚培养与植株再生技术研究

以黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis Hayata)成熟胚为试验材料,进行离体培养与植株再生条件的初步研究。结果表明,黄山松成熟胚外植体表面灭菌以75%的乙醇处理1 min,3%的次氯酸钠处理10 min为适宜;愈伤组织诱导培养基以MS + 1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 0.2 mg·L^-1 NAA为最佳;适宜的不定芽分化培养基为DCR + 1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA;不定芽伸长以DCR + 0.1 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA为适宜;生根培养基以1/2 DCR + 2.0 mg·L^-1 IBA + 0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA为适宜。建立的植株再生体系为黄山松种质资源的保存、遗传改良及优质种苗繁殖等研究提供了参考。     

烟草体细胞胚胎发生再生植株

以烤烟K326、红大、云85叶片诱导的愈伤组织为材料,在含不同激素配比的培养基上进行试验,研究其体细胞胚胎的发生能力.结果表明:不同品种之间体胚的发生能力存在较大差异,不同激素配比诱导体胚发生的频率也不同,K326、红大、云85体胚最高的发生频率分别为8.3%、47.4%和61.1%;最佳激素配比分别为2.0mg·L-1NAA+0.5mg·L-1BA、2.0mg·L-1NAA+0.2mg·L-1BA和2.0mg·L-1NAA+0.5mg·L-1BA.试验中观察到烟草体胚发育的各阶段,并最终再生成完整植株.     

番木瓜胚性愈伤组织的诱导及体胚发生

以番木瓜的幼胚、下胚轴、叶片和子叶作为外植体,研究不同的激素配比、附加物以及培养方式和条件对胚性愈伤组织和体胚的诱导效果.结果表明,幼胚是胚性愈伤组织和体胚发生的好材料.幼胚最佳诱导培养基为:改良MS+10 mg·L-12,4-D+5 mg·L-1NAA+2 mg·L-1KT+0.5 mg·L-1 BA;最适合的增殖培...     

黄精的组织培养与植株再生

研究离体条件下黄精不同外植体的愈伤组织诱导及其植株再生。结果表明,黄精的根茎、嫩茎及幼嫩的组培叶片在MS+6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1+2,4-D 1.0 mg.L-1和MS+6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1+NAA 1.0mg.L-1的培养基中均诱导产生愈伤组织,并在MS+6-BA2.0 mg.L-1+2,4-D2.0 mg.L-1和MS+6-BA2.0 mg.L-1+NAA2.0 mg.L-1的培养基上继代增殖良好。黄精愈伤组织在MS+6-BA3.0 mg.L-1+IAA1.0 mg.L-1的培养基上可诱导出不定芽,出芽率达66.33%,平均每块愈伤组织可分化出5.2个芽。试管苗在MS附加IAA0.5 mg.L-1培养基上诱导生根,生根率达86.67%。     

天台鹅耳枥的组织培养与快速繁殖

为了首次建立天台鹅耳枥的组织培养与植株再生体系,以其茎段、未萌发的新芽及萌发后的嫩芽、叶片等为外植体进行离体培养试验。结果表明,以新生的嫩芽为外植体,成功诱导不定芽的分化与增殖,最佳培养基配方为1/2 MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L^-1+PVP 0.2%。壮苗培养基配方为1/2MS+6-BA 0.5 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.05 mg·L^-1;最佳生根培养基配方为1/4 MS+IBA 1.0 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1。     

云南榅桲的薄层培养再生体系建立和多倍体诱导

旨在建立云南榅桲的薄层培养再生体系,并以此为基础进行云南榅桲的多倍体诱导。以云南榅桲茎段薄层为外植体,系统研究各种因素对茎段薄层再生不定芽的影响,以及不同质量浓度秋水仙素对云南榅桲茎段薄层不定芽再生率以及多倍体植株诱导的影响。结果表明,云南榅桲薄层再生不定芽的适宜培养基组合为MS+TDZ 1.5mg·L-1+IBA 0.4mg·L-1+蔗糖30mg·L-1+琼脂7g·L-1,暗培养7d,再生频率最高为35.41%,平均再生芽数2.15。薄层再生苗在生根培养基1/2 MS+NAA 0.3 mg·L-1+蔗糖20g·L-1+琼脂7g·L-1上已经生根。利用薄层再生结合秋水仙素处理诱导出云南榅桲多倍体,经流式细胞仪鉴定,确定获得的多倍体为四倍体植株。     

Adventitious shoot regeneration from the leaves of some pear varieties (Pyrus spp.) grown in vitro

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important temperate fruit crops. A complete protocol for adventitious shoot regeneration was developed from the leaves of four pear varieties grown in vitro: Abbe Fetel, Yali, Packham’s Triumph and Aikansui, and the Chinese rootstock variety Duli. Shoot explants were collected from the field and cultured in vitro in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). After four weeks, leaf explants of all 5 varieties grown in vitro were excised and cultured in MS media supplemented with 0.0 mg·L⁻¹, 0.2mg·L⁻¹, 0.5 mg·L⁻¹, 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA or with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹, 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 4.0 mg·L⁻¹ thidiazuron (TDZ). The cultures were maintained in darkness for 21 days for shoot induction in the shoot induction medium (IM), then transferred to the shoot expression medium (EM) in 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ without any auxins and kept in a growth room at (25±2)°C under a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod regime for 8 weeks. Finally, the shoots were transferred to the MS shoot elongation medium (SEM) supplemented with 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ BA, 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ IBA and 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ gibberellic acid (GA₃). A combination of TDZ and NAA had a significant effect on the number of shoot regenerations in all 5 tested varieties. The maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf obtained from Yali variety were 11.8 (P⩽0.001) and 22, followed by Aikansui with 6.6 (P⩽0.001) and 4.6, and Duli with 8 (P⩽0.001) and 12, all arising from the combination of 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ NAA with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ. For Packham’s Triumph and Abbe Fetel, the maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf were 5.6 (P⩽0.001), 4.8 and 8 (P⩽0.001), and 11, respectively, from the combination of NAA (1.0 mg·L⁻¹) and TDZ (2.0 mg·L⁻¹). Abbe Fetel was the only variety which produced significantly higher adventitious shoots from the two different combinations of 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.05), and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.01). Some of the most prominent problems associated with shoot proliferation and regeneration were also observed and discussed in this paper.