转基因欧洲黑杨土壤微生物状况和酶活性分析

对转基因欧洲黑杨林地和邻近黑杨林地的土壤微生物状况和酶活性进行了分析。结果表明转基因林地中转基因植株与非转基因植株间根系周围土壤3大类微生物(细菌、放线菌和霉菌)数量和酶活性无显著差异,转基因林地与邻近林地土壤3大类微生物(细菌、放线菌和霉菌)数量和酶活性无显著差异,初步说明转基因欧洲黑杨对土壤生态系统尚未造成明显的影响。     

都江堰市灵岩山楠木林凋落物不同处理方式对土壤微生物的影响

为研究楠木林下凋落物不同处理方式对土壤微生物的影响,文章以都江堰市灵岩山楠木林为研究对象,通过去草去凋、留草留凋两种处理方式进行对比试验,采用微生物分离培养方式对楠木人工林土壤微生物群落进行实验分析。结果表明:在微生物3大类群中,细菌数量占优势,真菌数量次之,放线菌数量最少;林下草本及凋落物层去除后,会导致土壤微生物总数、细菌、真菌及放线菌等个体类群数量降低,从而对土壤微生物群落结构产生一定影响。     

欧洲黑杨转基因稳定性及对土壤微生物的影响

利用PCR分析技术 ,分析了田间试验已达 7a的转Bt基因欧洲黑杨的基因稳定性 ,并对其林地和非转基因林地的土壤微生物进行了类群数量分析。PCR分析表明Bt基因仍然存在于转基因植株中 ,转基因植株与对照杂交后代Bt基因分离呈 1∶1比例 ,符合孟德尔遗传分离规律 ,表明基因仍稳定存在。计数结果表明转基因林地中转基因植株与非转基因植株间根系土壤 3大类微生物 (细菌、放线菌和霉菌 )数量无显著差异 ,转基因林地与非转基因林地 (邻近杨树林地和健杨林地 )间的土壤 3大类微生物 (细菌、放线菌和霉菌 )数量无显著差异 ,说明转基因欧洲黑杨对土壤微生物系统尚没有明显的影响。     

厦门市坂头林场森林土壤微生物生态分布研究

以森林土壤微生物数量 ,土壤中细菌、放线菌、丝状真菌的优势种群为指标 ,对厦门市坂头林场针叶林、阔叶林土壤微生物的生态分布进行研究。结果表明 ,该林场内森林土壤微生物数量分布阔叶林大于针叶林 ,细菌数量为 10 5～ 10 7CFU·g-1样品 ,丝状真菌 10 4 ～ 10 7CFU·g-1样品 ,放线菌 10 3 ～ 10 5CFU·g-1样品 ,土壤芽孢杆菌数量 10 4 ～ 10 6CFU·g-1样品 。土壤全氮、全磷与微生物总数复相关系数为 0 83,可用微生物总数作为林地肥力的判断指标。细菌分布以腊状芽孢杆菌和巨大芽孢杆菌为主 ;放线菌中链霉菌属为优势种群 ,占总放线菌数 82 4%～ 90 9% ,还有少量的稀有放线菌 ,如小单孢菌属和诺卡氏菌属等 ,链霉菌的不同类群以及稀有放线菌的分布在不同林分中的分布比例有较大的不同 ;土壤丝状真菌属种多样 ,优势属种为青霉、木霉、镰孢霉属等 ;显示了该林场森林土壤微生物的多样性特征。     

不同浓度根系分泌物调控植物土壤微生物群落结构研究

土壤微生物群落分布受根系分泌物的影响较大,为研究其作用机理,采用根系分泌物溶液,对比分析不同浓度群落分布特点,同时对土壤酶活性及微生物量进行测定,并剖析其对微生物群落分布的作用,探究微生物商的反应机理。结果表明,不同浓度根系分泌物处理对土壤pH有较大影响,均显著低于对照组;土壤有机碳和全氮含量表现出一致规律,含量均高于对照组,而土壤全磷含量不受根系分泌物浓度的影响。不同浓度根系分泌物处理对土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量的影响也存在较大差异,根系分泌物浓度越高,细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和微生物总数越多,且均显著高于对照组。对于土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷,受根系分泌物浓度的影响显著,根系分泌物浓度越高,其含量也就越高,且均显著高于对照组。不同浓度根系分泌物处理对土壤微生物丰富度指数、Mcintosh指数的影响也存在较大差异,根系分泌物浓度越高,其微生物多样性指数也越高,且均显著高于对照组;而微生物优势度指数不受根系分泌物浓度的影响。综合来看,根系分泌物对单一碳源的利用能力存在显著差异,其群落分布特点差异显著。     

黄土高原几种乔灌木根区土壤微生物区系研究

采用化学分析、微生物平皿培养及放线菌形态鉴定法，研究了黄土高原安塞试区5种乔灌木根区0－20cm及20－40cm土层17个土样的土壤性质及微生物的数量与组成。结果表明：①黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡地人工林与无林裸地土壤中仍然生存着数量较多的细菌、放线菌及真菌，其中各类群的数量排序为：细菌＞放线菌＞真菌；②不同树种根区土壤中细菌、放线菌及真菌数量不同，土壤微生物的数量按灌木林＞乔木林排序；③在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡地人工林及无林裸地土壤的放线菌组成中，链霉菌属（Streptomyces)占绝对优势，其次为小单孢菌（Micromonospora)和诺卡氏菌（Nocardia)。灌木林根区放线菌数量与种类均多于乔木；④黄土高原“沙刺人工林－微生物－土壤”生态系统微生物数量大，种类较多，生物活性强，对土壤物质转化及肥力提高有明显作用，在恢复黄土高原植被时应作为先锋树种。     

微生物肥料对枸杞种植地土壤生态特征及理化性质的影响

在武威枸杞产地进行了4种微生物肥料的田间肥效试验,结果表明:细菌、放线菌数量增加明显,放线菌数量也有一定程度的提高;处理A2、A3、A4的全氮变化不明显,但土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量增加显著;土壤容重相对减小;提高碳氮比。施用微生物肥料,不仅改善了土壤结构,而且提高了农产品的品质、土壤的持水保肥能力。     

多环芳烃对樟树幼苗土壤微生物的影响

采用室内盆栽实验,定量研究了多环芳烃不同污染水平下樟树幼苗土壤微生物的数量特征.结果表明:多环芳烃改变了土壤中3大类微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)的数量及其组成;随着多环芳烃含量的增加,樟树幼苗土壤中细菌、真菌和微生物总数与对照相比均呈下降趋势,放线菌数量4月份的变化特征有所不同;不同多环芳烃含量的土壤中3大类微生物数量都表现为细菌>放线菌>真菌;随着时间的延长,细菌、真菌和微生物总数从10月到翌年4月逐渐增加,4月到7月递减;与对照相比,多环芳烃污染土壤放线菌数量峰值的出现具有时间滞后性.     

石油烃胁迫对土壤中微生物数量的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度的石油烃胁迫对连翘、大花水桠木、紫穗槐栽植土壤中微生物数量的影响。结果表明:在石油烃胁迫下,三种植物栽植土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量与对照相比均有显著变化。在生物修复过程中,土壤中的微生物数量呈现上升趋势。土壤中细菌数量的变化规律为:中等浓度石油污染土壤中最高,高浓度石油污染土壤中最低;种植连翘和大花水桠木的污染土壤中细菌数量高于紫穗槐;在种植120天时细菌数量最高。土壤中真菌的变化规律和细菌基本一致。     

8年生转基因库安托杨外源基因转移及对土壤微生物数量影响的检测

[目的]评价转基因库安托杨可能引起的生态风险。[方法]利用PCR扩增研究外源基因水平转移情况,利用稀释平板法研究土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量。[结果]电泳结果显示:林下杂草混合样品和土壤微生物DNA样品中均未出现目的基因片段。转基因株系和非转基因株系的非根际土壤中可培养的细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在杨树的不同生长期出现一定的变化,但是这种变化没有明显的规律。[结论]8年生转基因库安托杨未出现外源基因水平转移,也未对土壤微生物的数量产生显著影响。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。