优良食味粳稻南粳5718的选育及主要特征特性

南粳5718是江苏省农业科学院粮食作物研究所和江苏神农大丰种业科技有限公司以优良食味抗病粳稻中间品系宁7022为母本,与盐都地区农科所选育的优质高产粳稻中间品系盐粳608杂交,经数代外观与食味品质筛选和条纹叶枯病抗性与半糯基因的分子标记辅助选择,于2015年育成的食味品质优、丰产性好的中熟中粳稻新品种。全生育期148 d左右,株高102.6 cm,分蘖力中等,成穗率高。有效穗21.2万/667 m~2,穗型较大,每穗总粒数131.5粒,结实率88.9%,千粒重28.8 g。中感白叶枯病、稻瘟病和条纹叶枯病,抗纹枯病。具有食味品质优、茎秆粗壮、产量潜力高、后期熟相好、综合抗性好等优点,特别适宜稻虾共作等综合种养模式。2019年通过江苏省审定,适宜江苏省淮北地区种植。     

优良食味中熟中粳稻新品种南粳2728的选育与应用

南粳2728系江苏省农业科学院粮食作物研究所和江苏大丰华丰种业股份有限公司以南粳5055为父本,与武粳15杂交,经数代条纹叶枯病抗性基因、稻瘟病抗性基因与半糯性基因的分子标记辅助选择,及外观与食味品质筛选培育而成的又一个优良食味粳稻新品种。其突出优点是稻米品质优良,直链淀粉含量10%左右。2018年通过江苏省品种审定委员会审定,适宜在江苏省淮北地区种植。本文介绍了其选育经过、特征特性及栽培技术要点。     

优质食味粳稻香软米新品种云粳37号选育及功能基因优势等位基因型分析

云粳37号是以具有香味且表现高产稳产的粳稻品种云粳26号作母本,以持有低直链淀粉含量调控基因Wxy37且稻米食味品质优异、耐寒性和抗病性强的粳稻软米品种银光作父本杂交育成,具有食味品质优异、高产、稳产、耐寒、抗病等优良性状。通过对云粳37号及双亲全基因组重测序和功能基因优势等位基因型分析发现,云粳37号遗传了双亲的多个优势等位基因,如香味基因Badh2、抗稻瘟病基因Pi35、调控低直链淀粉含量基因Wxy37、耐冷基因CTB4a、抗旱基因OsPP15和抗白叶枯病基因Xa26等,是目前云南省影响较大的粳稻品种。     

江苏淮北地区17个优质粳稻品种适应性筛选试验

为促进优质食味粳稻品种在江苏淮北地区的推广应用,于2019年引进17个优质食味粳稻品种,以徐稻9号为对照,从生育期、抗逆性、丰产性、品质等方面进行综合评价。结果表明,供试的17个品种均能在安全齐穗期内齐穗(该地区安全齐穗期为9月15日前),生育期均处于安全期范围内。比对照增产的品种有7个,其中瑞华1903产量最高,达10888.5 kg/hm^2;圣稻022生育期最短,仅131 d;南粳518株高最矮,为95.7 cm。品质测定结果显示,武运粳1706整精米率和直连淀粉含量最高,分别达75.0%和16.2%;南粳5718、南粳518、南粳2728直链淀粉含量在10.0%左右,为优良食味粳稻品种。通过产量水平、农艺性状、生育期和品质等综合分析认为,供试品种中南粳518、南粳2728丰产性较好、株高较矮,且均为优良食味品种,生产中不仅产量潜力高、米质较优,同时早熟能有效规避低温危害和缓解淮北地区稻麦茬口季节紧张矛盾,适合淮北中熟中粳稻区人工栽插、机插和直播条件下大面积推广应用。     

全国优良食味粳稻品评获奖品种展示——宁5055

品种来源：宁5055是江苏省农科院粮食作物研究所以日本优质粳稻关东194为父本，与江苏优质高产粳稻武粳13杂交，经数代外观与食味品质筛选和条纹叶枯病抗性及半糯性分子标记辅助选择培育而成的优质粳稻。     

聚合Stv-bi和Wx-mq基因改良武育粳3号条纹叶枯病抗性和食味品质

以日本优质粳稻关东194为条纹叶枯病抗性基因Stv-bⁱ和低直链淀粉含量基因Wx-mq的供体, 采用回交育种的策略, 改良武育粳3号的抗性和食味品质。在连续回交和自交的过程中, 利用与Stv-bⁱ和Wx-mq基因相关的分子标记进行跟踪检测, 并结合条纹叶枯病的田间抗性鉴定以及农艺性状的系统选择, 在BC₃F₄世代中筛选到10个具有Stv-bⁱStv-bⁱWx-mqWx-mq纯合基因型的改良系。性状分析表明, 这些品系保留了受体亲本武育粳3号农艺性状, 条纹叶枯病抗性得到明显改良, 同时,食味、外观品质也大幅提升。综合分析, 最终筛选出K01和K04两个优异品系。     

优良食味水稻新品种南粳46

南粳46是江苏省农科院粮食作物研究所选择培育的优质粳稻新品种，2008年1月通过江苏省农作物品种委员会审定。 该品种株高110cm左右，穗长15cm左右，总粒数140～150粒／穗，结实率90％以上，千粒重25-26g。抗条纹叶枯病，中抗白叶枯病，感穗颈瘟和纹枯病。全生育期165d左右，属中熟晚粳类型，     

聚合Stv-b~i和Wx-mq基因改良武育粳3号条纹叶枯病抗性和食味品质

以日本优质粳稻关东194为条纹叶枯病抗性基因Stv-bi和低直链淀粉含量基因Wx-mq的供体,采用回交育种的策略,改良武育粳3号的抗性和食味品质。在连续回交和自交的过程中,利用与Stv-bi和Wx-mq基因相关的分子标记进行跟踪检测,并结合条纹叶枯病的田间抗性鉴定以及农艺性状的系统选择,在BC3F4世代中筛选到10个具有Stv-bi Stv-bi WxmqWx-mq纯合基因型的改良系。性状分析表明,这些品系保留了受体亲本武育粳3号农艺性状,条纹叶枯病抗性得到明显改良,同时,食味、外观品质也大幅提升。综合分析,最终筛选出K01和K04两个优异品系。     

粳(糯)稻品种(系)比较试验

在兴化市大邹镇、邗江区公道镇开展粳稻新品种展示,以进一步筛选出适合里下河地区推广栽培的优质、高产、综合性状佳的粳(糯)稻新品种(系)。结果表明:7个粳(糯)稻新品种(系)中,武育粳35号产量最高,达600.5 kg/667 m2,扬育粳3号、镇糯20号分别排第二、第三,产量分别为585.3 kg/667 m2、578.5 kg/667 m2;每穗粒数最高的品种是扬育粳3号,达123.1粒/穗,镇糯20号与武育粳35号的穗粒数也较高,分别为122.0粒/穗与121.8粒/穗;扬粳糯2号的结实率最高,比排名第二的南粳3908高2.9个百分点;千粒重表现最突出的品种是扬粳103,达31.3 g,武育粳35号与南粳3908次之,分别为30.2 g与29.6 g。综合比较,武育粳35号、扬育粳3号、镇糯20号综合性状较好,产量较高,建议进一步扩大试验示范。     

利用分子标记辅助选择培育优良食味、低谷蛋白香粳稻新品系

【目的】选育低谷蛋白新品种是功能性水稻育种的一个重要方向。为满足肾脏病患者对人体健康和稻米品质的需求,迫切需要在育种中加强对功能性和食味品质的协同改良。【方法】以具有低直链淀粉含量基因Wx^mp和香味基因fgr的优良食味粳稻品种南粳46与含低谷蛋白基因Lgc1的日本粳稻品种LGC-1杂交、回交,利用与目标基因共分离的分子标记进行跟踪检测并结合田间选择,在BC₂F₆获得5个新品系。以亲本南粳46和LGC-1为对照,对新品系的农艺、产量、品质性状进行分析。【结果】与LGC-1相比,新品系的谷蛋白含量和可吸收蛋白含量相当,食味品质得到显著提升,且综合性状优良,表现出较高的产量潜力,适宜在江苏不同稻区进行种植。【结论】分子标记辅助选择作为一种快速、准确、有效的方法,与常规育种技术紧密结合,能够显著提高优质、高产、低谷蛋白水稻品种的选育效率。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。