长白落叶松人工林生物量的结构与分布

采用径级标准木和样方收获法,对24a生长白落叶松人工林的生物量和生产力进行了研究。结果表明:24a生长白落叶松人工林分生物量为120.55t/hm2,年平均净生产力为8.47 t/(hm2.a),生态系统的生物量分配格局为乔木层>枯枝落叶层>下木层>草本层,其中乔木层生物量为102.17t/hm2,净生产力为8.09t/(hm2.a),其生物量分配格局为树干>树根>树皮>树枝>树叶;在林分产量结构方面,8 m以下树干生物量占其总量的81.80%,树枝和树叶的生物量主要分布在10～14 m,分别占树枝和树叶总生物量的71.11%和73.05%,地下根系生物量分配格局为粗根(直径大于5 cm)>根头>中根(0.5～5 cm)>细根(<0.5cm),粗根生物量占根总生物量的53.98%。     

洞庭湖区短轮伐期杨树人工林生物量调查

为实现杨树人工林的分类经营,提高杨树人工林的经济效益,采用标准木法对洞庭湖区杨树人工林中不同径阶林木生物量进行了测定。结果表明:7年生杨树人工林的径阶集中分布在14~20 cm。不同径阶杨树单株不同器官生物量均遵循树干树枝树根(含桩)树皮树叶的分配规律;随着径阶的增长,树干在单株、林分内所占的比例均呈增长趋势;小于5 cm的主干、树枝和根的生物量与地上部分的胸径和树高均成幂函数关系,相关系数分别为0.839 4、0.940 5和0.994 7。     

10年生灰木莲人工林生长规律和生物生产力

以广西南宁市10年生灰木莲人工林为研究对象,研究其生长过程和生物生产力特征。结果表明:110年生灰木莲人工林平均胸径(去皮)、树高、单株材积分别达到13.4 cm、12.9 m、0.0909 m3;灰木莲树高和胸径生长均以前6 a最快,随后随林龄的增长而下降;材积生长在10年生时仍未达到峰值。210年生灰木莲人工林林分生物量为104.73 t·hm-2,其中乔木层、林下植被层和凋落物层生物量依次为93.54、0.24、10.95 t·hm-2,分别占89.31%、0.23%、10.46%。林分乔木层年净生产力为11.80 t·hm-2·a-1,不同器官净生产力大小顺序为树干、树叶、树根、树枝、树皮。     

桂西北西南桦人工林生长规律和生物生产力

以广西天峨县林朵林场12年生西南桦人工林为研究对象,研究其生长过程和生物生产力特征。结果表明:西南桦在桂西北具有较强的生长适应性,12年生平均胸径(去皮)、平均树高和平均蓄积量分别达到15.6 cm,16.8 m,170.10 m3/hm2;西南桦树高和胸径生长均以前5 a最快,随后随林龄的增长而下降;材积生长在8年生时达到峰值,之后开始下降但仍然保持较高的年生长量。12年生西南桦人工林林分生物量为130.86 t/hm2,其中乔木层、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层生物量依次为122.38,2.35,1.87和4.26 t/hm2,分别占93.52%,1.80%,1.43%和3.26%。林分乔木层年净生产力为10.20 t/(hm2·a),不同器官净生产力大小次序为树干、树叶、树枝、树根、树皮。     

不同林龄闽楠人工林生物量结构特征

采用标准木法(乔木层)和样方收获法(灌木层、草本层、枯落物层)获取不同林龄(12 a、25 a、38 a)闽楠人工林的生物量,并分析了其组成、分配及变化趋势。结果表明:(1)林分的总生物量随林龄的增大而增加,12 a、25 a、38 a闽楠人工林生物量分别为52.52 t/hm2、210.45 t/hm2、347.44 t/hm2;(2)乔木层在整个生态系统的生物量中有绝对优势,分配率达95.09%~97.19%,按林龄从小到大分别为49.94 t/hm2、205.22 t/hm2、337.67 t/hm2,其次为枯落物层,占2.36%~4.08%,灌草层所占的比例最小,仅为0.23%~0.46%;(2)乔木层各器官以干所占比例最高,占53.06%~62.63%,并且随着林龄的增大而增加;根系在乔木层的分配比例相对稳定,占15.97%~17.78%;枝、叶分别占乔木层的10.47%~15.33%、7.08%~8.75%,均随林龄的增大而降低;(4)12a、25a、38a闽楠人工林的年平均净生产力分别为:6.73 t/hm2·a、17.35 t/hm2·a、24.60 t/hm2·a。     

赤峰地区杨树人工林碳储量研究

以赤峰市杨树人工林为研究对象,对不同立地、不同林龄、不同林种杨树生物量、碳储量进行研究,结果表明:杨树人工林生物量随着树龄、胸径、树高的增长而增加,各个器官的生物量也不相同,干的生物量最大,叶的生物量最小,生物量依次顺序为:干根枝叶。树干的平均碳含量最大,为471.00 g/kg,根为461.14 g/kg,枝为468.00 g/kg,叶最小,为446.20 g/kg,不同器官的含碳率大小排序为树干树根树枝树叶。杨树人工林胸径与单株碳储量,树高、胸径与生物量、单株碳储量模型均符合乘幂模型,模型拟合率均大于80%。杨树人工林乔木层平均碳储量为37.783 t/hm2,赤峰地区杨树人工林乔木层碳储总量为26 539 627.38 t。     

15年生香樟人工林的生物量及生产力

通过对湖南省黄丰桥国有林场广黄分场15年生香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)人工林进行调查,采用样方收获法对其生物量和生产力进行研究。结果表明:香樟单株生物量随着胸径的增长而增加,不同径阶单株植物的生物量差异明显,其生物量在各器官上分配为干材根蔸枝条叶干皮粗根中根细根。各器官生物量与测树因子D2H间存在密切关系,拟合的回归模型精度均为0.9以上。香樟乔木层平均生物量为183.19 t/hm~2,分配规律为干材根蔸枝条叶子干皮粗根中根细根;乔木层地上部分生物量为126.90 t/hm~2,地下部分生物量为56.29 t/hm~2,分别占乔木层生物量的69.27%、30.73%,且地上部分生物量是地下部分生物量的2.3倍。林分的平均生产力为14.00 t/(hm~2·a),表现出较高的生产力;其中乔木层为12.22 t/(hm~2·a),占林分总生产力的87.29%,林下植被层为1.78 t/(hm~2·a),占总生产力的12.71%;林分中生产力在各层中的分配规律大小依次为:乔木层灌草层凋落物层,分别占林分总生产力的87.29%、8.79%、3.93%。     

广西国有雅长林场光皮桦人工林生物量的研究

以雅长林场12a生光皮桦人工林为研究对象,主要研究光皮桦的生物量分布规律。研究结果如下:(1)光皮桦人工林平均单株总生物量为115.45kg/株,其中树干占有的生物量最大,比重达到56.54%,细根占的比重最小,仅占0.24%。不同器官生物量大小排序为:树干(65.28kg)树枝(14.95kg)树皮(12.90kg)根蔸(11.76kg)粗根(5.37kg)树叶(4.23kg)中根(0.71kg)细根(0.28kg)。(2)光皮桦乔木层生物量占总生物量的93.52%,其生物量为122.38t·hm2。林下植被生物量含量较少,仅8.48t·hm-2,占林分总生物量的6.48%。不同结构层次生物量大小排序为乔木层(122.38t)枯落物层(4.26t)灌木层(2.35t)草本层(1.87t)。     

红椿人工林生长规律、生物量及生产力研究

以广西国有三门江林场30年生的红椿人工林为研究对象,采用标准样地法、树干解析法分析其生长过程、生物量及生产力特征。结果表明:红椿在桂北具有较强的生长适应性,30年生平均胸径(去皮)、平均树高和平均单株材积分别达到31.4 cm、25.2 m、0.3997 m3,红椿树高和胸径生长均以前8 a最快,树高平均生长量在0.8~1.6 m·a-1范围,胸径年平均生长量在1.367 cm左右;材积生长在26 a时达到最大生长速率,随后持续下降;拟合出最优回归模型,红椿人工林树高、胸径与林龄的最优回归模型为苏马克模型,R2值分别为0.9890、0.9929,材积的最优模型是坎派兹方程,拟合相关系数高达0.9846;30年生红椿人工林林分生物量为390.28 t·hm~(-2),其中生物量大小为:乔木层(380.62 t·hm~(-2))灌木层(5.42t·hm~(-2))凋落物层(3.02 t·hm~(-2))草本层(1.22 t·hm~(-2)),分别占97.52%、1.38%、0.77%、0.31%,林分乔木层年净生产力为21.605 t·hm~(-2)·a-1,不同器官净生产力大小次序为:树叶树干树根树枝树皮。     

青冈栎解析木分析及人工林生物量调查

为了掌握青冈栎人工林生长及生物量分配规律,为青冈栎人工林经营管护提供科学依据和技术指导,对50年生青冈栎人工林随机设置5个面积为400 m~2(20 m×20 m)的标准地进行生物量调查,并在每个标准地内各选取6株不同径级的平均木伐倒进行树干解析。结果表明:(1)青冈栎树高、胸径和材积的连年生长量范围分别在0.15～0.45 m、0.09～0.56 cm和0.000 4～0.01 m~3之间。(2)树高、胸径和材积的连年生长量高峰值分别出现在12 a、15 a和40 a,高峰值分别为0.45 m、0.56 cm和0.010 0 m~3·a~(-1)。(3)材积的连年生长量和平均生长量相交于50 a,林分达到数量成熟,可以确定为主伐年龄。(4)50年生青冈栎人工林单株总生物量高达936.22 kg·株~(-1),各组分生物量排布从大到小依次为:树干(426.95 kg)大枝(201.44 kg)根蔸(134.19 kg)树皮(41.23 kg)小枝(36.83 kg)叶(35.02 kg)粗根(32.40 kg)枯枝(15.71 kg)中根(9.69 kg)细根(2.76 kg)。(5)青冈栎人工林乔木层的总生物量为595.11 t·hm~(-2),占林分总生物量的98.33%,其中地上部分与地下部分分别为481.32 t·hm~(-2)和113.80 t·hm~(-2),占乔木层比重为80.88%和19.12%。(6)50年生青冈栎林分的总生产力为18.57 t·hm~(-2)a~(-1),3个植被层生产力大小为:乔木层(15.91 t·hm~(-2)a~(-1))灌木层(1.85 t·hm~(-2)a~(-1))草本层(0.82 t·hm~(-2)a~(-1));分别占总生产力的85.65%、9.94%、4.41%。青冈栎人工林主伐年龄为50 a。合理调整密度、科学间伐和改善林下环境是促进青冈栎人工林健康生长的必要手段。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.