海南槟榔结果树的营养特性

采用定点定时采样分析的方法,探讨海南槟榔结果树在不同月份和不同组织器官养分积累的特性.结果表明:(1)氮主要分布在槟榔的叶、果和果柄中;磷、钾分布在叶柄和果柄中;钙分布在叶和果柄中;镁分布在叶和叶柄中.叶片微量元素的含量大小顺序为Mn>Cl>Fe>Na>Zn>B>Cu;果实为Cl>Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Cu>Na.(2)槟榔叶片中氮含量最高,磷含量较低.微量元素Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn,B的含量分别为:4.64,124.03,44.91,4.62,0.49 mg/kg.(3)年生长周期中养分的动态变化为:氮在6月份和12月份有2个明显的高峰值,钾在6月份和10月份有2个明显的高峰值,叶片中磷、钙、镁、钠的含量变化在年生长周期中均不显著.(4)年生长周期中不同花序的花、果实、果柄中养分含量差异不显著.槟榔在花苞处于分化阶段时对钾的需求量大.(5)槟榔生长从土壤中带走的养分总量分别为:N 57.1 g/株,P 6.84 g/株,K 72.96g/株,Ca 23.38 g/株,Mg 14.92g/株.槟榔结果树各养分的配比为:N:P:K:Ca:Mg1:0.12:1.28:0.41:0.26.     

橡胶树的营养诊断指导施肥

本文总结了十多年来橡胶树营养诊断(叶片分析)指导施肥技术的研究结果,包括叶片采样时间、营养诊断指标和生产上试用的效果。结合我国橡胶树生长情况,研究不同时期叶片养分含量的差异后,确认低部位荫蔽叶片的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁养分含量的差异在7—9月间较小,与施肥的关系表现显著。故以7—9月为叶片分析诊断橡胶树需肥量的适宜采样时间。在此期间采样,诊断的准确性高。研究了不同土壤类型上不同品种、不同生长类型、不同管理下的橡胶树叶片养分含量和施肥效应后,得出生长健康、产量正常的橡胶树叶片营养指标是:氮3.2～3.4％,磷0.21～0.23％,钾0.9～1.1％,钙0.6～1.0％,镁0.35～0.45％。应用此项技术,可以确切地诊断胶树营养状况,据此对症施肥,可以提高肥效,增加产量10～20％。经过田间试验应用的结果,这是符合我国情况的有效技术。     

云南澳洲坚果园土壤和叶片养分评价

通过对云南省西双版纳、普洱、临沧、保山、德宏等5个具有地域代表性的澳洲坚果种植区中的土壤和叶片养分分析,发现澳洲坚果种植区土壤与叶片养分具有较大的地域差异。47个澳洲坚果园的土壤pH、有机质和碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效硼、有效铜、有效锌平均含量分别为：4.94、29.17g/kg和109.23、36.64、200.05、352.78、85.65、0.60、2.03、2.14 mg/kg;叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和硼、铜、锌平均含量分别为：16.36、0.73、8.39、6.05、0.80 g/kg和17.74、3.46、9.86 mg/kg。土壤pH值低于5.0的样品比例占60%,土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铜和有效锌含量达到丰富程度的样品比例依次分别占40%、31%、47%、56%、38%和18%,土壤交换性钙、交换性镁和有效硼达到缺乏程度的样品比例依次为71%、67%和84%。叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和锌养分达到适宜和丰富的样品比例为97%、67%、100%、49%、51%和100%,磷、钙、镁、硼和铜养分达到缺乏程度的样品比例依次为33%、51%、49%、87%和88%。因此,云南澳洲坚果园土壤肥力调控的重点是增施有机肥,减施磷钾肥,补施钙镁中量元素及铜硼等微量元素。     

小粒种咖啡营养特性的初步研究

大田条件下,采集咖啡叶片和果实样品进行氮、磷、钾、钙、镁营养元素含量测定,对小粒种咖啡的营养特性进行初步研究。结果表明：幼果期咖啡叶片氮、磷、钾和镁含量极显著高于初花期、第1批果实成熟期和果实采收末期;第1批果实成熟期叶片钙含量极显著高于初花期、幼果期和果实采收末期;咖啡豆中氮含量极显著高于钾、钙、磷和镁含量,咖啡干果皮中钾含量极显著高于氮、钙、磷和镁含量。     

单作和间作对槟榔和咖啡生长、根系形态及养分利用的影响

本研究设置了槟榔和咖啡单作及间作盆栽试验,对比分析了单作和间作种植形式下槟榔和咖啡生长量、生物 量、根系形态、土壤和植株养分含量差异。结果表明：与单作相比,间作抑制了咖啡株高的生长,显著减少了咖啡的 茎鲜重、干重,促进了槟榔株高、茎粗的生长,槟榔茎鲜重、干重显著增加;从槟榔咖啡根系空间分布可见,咖啡根 系在盆栽土层内比槟榔根系分布范围宽,其根系延伸到槟榔根系生态位,能使该生态位槟榔根长密度增加,槟榔根系 主要分布在本株根系空间范围内;间作显著提高了土壤速效磷、速效钾的含量;咖啡对氮、钾肥的吸收量大于槟榔, 槟榔对钙、锌的吸收量大于咖啡,两者间养分吸收的差异,减少了作物间养分的竞争;间作咖啡氮平衡指数和叶绿素 含量大于单作,间作槟榔叶片氮、磷,茎干氮、磷、钾,根氮、磷、钾累积量均大于单作。综上,槟榔间作咖啡根系 互作具有对土壤养分资源利用的互馈效应。     

胡椒园间作槟榔对胡椒产量及养分利用的影响

胡椒园间作槟榔是海南胡椒间作体系中应用较广的一种模式,为探明其间作优势来源,以海南胡椒优势种植区4个试验点的胡椒单作与胡椒/槟榔模式为研究对象,调查了2009~2011年各点胡椒产量与养分投入状况,测定2011年土壤养分与胡椒植株叶片养分含量,从而对比了间作模式与胡椒单作模式下胡椒产量、土壤养分状况、肥料产量贡献率和胡椒叶片养分含量的差异。结果表明：在各试验点不同产量水平下,同一地点间作模式的胡椒产量均极显著高于单作。间作模式土壤氮、磷、钾全量含量略低于单作,但未达到显著水平;间作模式土壤速效磷和速效钾含量高于单作,且速效磷差异达到显著水平。在养分投入相同的条件下,间作模式氮、磷、钾肥料偏生产力均极显著高于单作。间作模式下胡椒叶片磷、钾养分含量周年大于单作。上述结果表明胡椒/槟榔间作提高了土壤中速效养分的含量,促进了胡椒对磷、钾等养分的吸收,从而提高了其肥料利用效率,并最终提高胡椒产量。胡椒/槟榔的间作优势可能与二者地下部互作有关。     

营养诊断指导施肥

什么是胶树营养诊断指导施肥?胶树在生长和产胶过程中,不断向外界吸收各种营养元素,如碳、氢、氧、氮、磷、钾、镁、钙等大量元素和钼、硼、铜、铁、锰、锌等微量元素,这些元素在胶树正常成长过程中是有一定比例关系的,缺少任何一种,都会使胶树生长停滞,产量下降.因此,胶树营养诊断指导施肥就是通过测定胶树营养器官(叶片、树皮或胶乳)在正常状况下各营养元素的含量——即营养临界指标,然后与大田生产的胶树养分含量进行比较,来确定缺什么肥和缺肥的程度,科学地指导施肥,达到速生、高产、抗寒的目的.     

云南山地橡胶树的养分空间变化特征

通过对云南西双版纳、普洱、红河、临沧植胶区的 16 个橡胶种植农场开割橡胶树，进行系统规模化的普查， 并评价其营养类型，以全面了解云南山地橡胶树的养分特征，为制定云南山地胶园专用的肥料大配方提供依据。研究 结果表明，不同植胶区橡胶树营养状况不尽相同，同一植胶区不同农场橡胶树营养状况亦有差异。云南植胶区橡胶树 叶片氮含量 24.62~47.46 g/kg，平均 34.69 g/kg；磷含量 1.57~4.92 g/kg，平均 2.45 g/kg；钾含量 5.67~26.91 g/kg，平均 13.57 g/kg；钙含量 4.03~28.55 g/kg，平均 11.05 g/kg；镁含量 1.41~6.98 g/kg，平均 3.63 g/kg。橡胶树叶片养分含量变 异系数为钙>镁>钾>磷>氮，依次为 26.14%、23.43%、19.04%、13.76%、9.04%。正常型、缺镁型、缺氮磷型、缺钾型 4 种营养类型的橡胶树占总普查橡胶树的 86.11%，为云南橡胶树的主要营养类型。     

海南西南部芒果营养特性的研究

调查结果表明,海南西南部3个芒果栽培品种(鸡蛋芒Dashehari、青皮Okrong、白象牙NangKlangwan)树体营养生长需氮量多,其次是钾和钙,果实生长需钾多,其次是氮;不同物候期芒果叶片养分含量存在着显著差异;不同芒果品种间养分含量存在着显著差异;鸡蛋芒果实养分积累模式为单S型,可分为3个阶段;海南西南部鸡蛋芒高产区与低产区叶片养分含量存在着显著差异,养分不足,特别是氮素不足限制了芒果产量的提高。      

3种辣木中氮、磷、钾、钙和镁元素含量的比较

对西双版纳不同树龄的多油辣木、狭瓣辣木和‘PKM1’辣木,在不同采收时期采收部位中的氮、磷、钾、钙和镁元素含量进行分析比较。结果表明:3种辣木氮、磷、钾、钙和镁元素的含量总体呈现出氮钾钙磷和镁的趋势;叶中氮、磷、钙和镁含量高于茎,钾含量低于茎。氮和磷含量夏季低于冬季,镁含量夏季高于冬季;多油辣木和‘PKM1’辣木中钾和钙含量夏季高于冬季,狭瓣辣木钙含量夏季低于冬季;嫩梢中氮和镁含量低于老梢(除狭瓣辣木外),但磷、钾和钙含量高于老梢(除多油辣木外);1年生树龄嫩梢氮、磷、钾和镁含量为狭瓣辣木多油辣木和‘PKM1’辣木,12年生树龄氮含量为狭瓣辣木多油辣木和‘PKM1’辣木;氮、磷和钙含量为1年生树龄12年生树龄,钾和镁含量为1年生树龄12年生树龄。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.