雾灵香花芥开花特性与繁育系统研究

为揭示野生花卉雾灵香花芥（Hesperis oreophila）的开花特性与繁育类型，对由河北塞罕坝地区引种至河北保定地区的雾灵香花芥开花动态和花器官特征、花粉活力和花粉管行为、柱头可授性、花粉/胚珠比（P/O）、杂交指数（OCI）和人工授粉效果进行了观测与研究。结果表明：引种后的雾灵香花芥群体花期为4月上旬至5月下旬，持续时间55～60 d，单花持续时间14～17 d；雌雄蕊同期成熟，花完全展开时花粉和柱头活力较高，其花粉活力最高可达69.81%；自花授粉72 h内可完成受精过程；OCI、P/O和人工授粉试验结果显示其为自交为主的混合交配系统，需要传粉者。     

肋柱花开花动态及繁育系统的研究

以肋柱花[Lomatogonium rotatum（L.）Fries ex Nym.]为材料,通过野外定点观察其花器官形态特征、开花动态和传粉昆虫,并采用花粉活力、柱头可授粉性、花粉/胚珠比（P/O）与杂交指数（OCI）估算及人工控制授粉等方法对其繁育系统进行测定。结果表明：（1）肋柱花单花花期6 ~ 7 d,单花开放分为花蕾期、初开期、盛开期、衰落期和凋落期,整个开放过程中柱头始终高于花药,开花后2 ~ 3 d花粉活力和柱头可授性均较强;（2）花粉/胚珠比（P/O）为551.02,杂交指数（OCI）为4,繁育系统以异交为主,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者,以蓟马为主要传粉媒介;去雄后套袋不授粉,果实结籽率为0,说明不存在无融合生殖。     

文冠果优良单株开花生物学特性研究

以陕西杨凌地区的文冠果优良单株为研究对象,通过野外实地定位观测,对文冠果的开花物候期、花形态特征、开花动态、可孕花空间分布、花粉活力和柱头可授性等进行了检测研究。结果表明:杨凌地区文冠果优良单株花期为4月上旬至4月中下旬,一般长达15d左右;树冠中上部的花先于下部开放,外围的花先于内膛开放,顶生花序底部的花先开放,侧生花序基本同时开放;文冠果优良单株花粉活力在初花期不高,开花后第5天达到最高;当花瓣基部斑晕由橙黄色变为橙红色时,柱头可授性最强。     

艾比湖沙拐枣的花部特征与繁育系统

野外定点观察艾比湖沙拐枣（Calligonum ebi-nuricum）的花部特征和开花进程,运用杂交指数、花粉/胚珠比、花粉活力及柱头可授性、人工授粉试验等方法对其繁育系统进行测定。结果表明：在自然条件下,艾比湖沙拐枣5-7月开花,群体花期约70 d,单花花期4 ~ 6 d,单花开放进程分为5个阶段：花蕾期、初开期、盛开期、衰落期和凋谢期。艾比湖沙拐枣的花为两性花,在花朵开放的整个过程中花药始终高于柱头。雌雄异熟,雄蕊先熟,花粉在开花1 ~ 4 d具有较强的活力,柱头在开花2 ~ 5 d可授性较强。杂交指数等于5,花粉/胚珠比为2 464,结合人工授粉试验结果可以确定其繁育系统为异交为主,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。访花昆虫主要有蜂类、蚁类、蝇类、甲虫类,其中蜂类数量最多,是有效的传粉者。     

龙牙百合生殖特性及繁育规律

以万载龙牙百合为试材,研究了柱头可授性、杂交指数OCI、不同授粉方式对龙牙百合结实的影响,并对其授粉后花粉管伸长情况进行了荧光观察。结果表明:龙牙百合柱头可授期为开花前1d至开花第9天,共10d,可授期较长,柱头在开花4~6d可授性最强;花粉生活力在开花第1~3天最强;花粉-胚珠比(P/O)介于3 673~4 670,杂交指数(OCI)为5,繁育系统属于专性异交,存在传粉限制,需要传粉媒介为其传粉;自花授粉能结实,切柱授粉有助于结实。     

菱传粉生物学研究

以6 个菱品种为试材，对花器形态特征、群体花期及单花开花动态、开花时间、柱头可授性、花粉活力、杂交指数 及传粉形式等进行观察测定。结果表明：菱花单生，两性，单花花期15 h，群体花期在5～10 月，盛花期在7～8 月；不同 品种在一天中的开花高峰期存在差异；柱头可授期主要在萼片开裂后2 h 内，结实率在50% 以上；花粉在自然授粉条件下活 力可保持7.5 h；以自花授粉为主，同时存在一定程度的无融合生殖和少量异花授粉。     

花龄对火棘柱头可授性及花粉活力的影响

以4种火棘属植物为试材,采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法和TTC法对火棘、全缘火棘、细圆齿火棘与细圆齿火棘细叶变种的柱头可授性和花粉活力分别进行了测定,旨在探讨花龄对火棘花粉活力及柱头可授性变化规律。结果表明:火棘雌雄性器官的育性具有同步性,有利于自然授粉结实;所试材料的花粉活力柱头可授性变化趋势一致,开花后1~2d花粉活力均最强,然后逐渐下降,花粉寿命为5~6d;所试材料均在开花后2~3d内柱头分泌粘液较多,可授性最强,可授期为3~4d;人工辅助授粉花粉收集的最佳时期为花后第1~2天,最佳授粉时期为花后第2~3天。     

毛茛铁线莲开花结实生物学特性研究

定点观察毛茛铁线莲的开花物候、开花动态、单花的功能形态特征、花粉活性、访花昆虫的种类及频率,利用去雄、套袋、人工授粉对毛莨铁线莲结实生物学特性进行观察与调查.结果表明:(1)毛茛铁线莲10～11月开花,单花花期为14～18 d.(2)在散粉当天,花粉活性及柱头可授性均最高,随开花时间的延长,柱头可授性及花粉活力逐渐降低.(3)自然结实率、自花结实率和异花结实率差异显著,其中异花结实率最高.     

大白刺传粉生物学特性研究

以乌兰布和沙漠自然居群的野生大白刺为试验材料,运用定位观察、柱头可授性、花粉/胚珠比率、杂交指数等指标的测定,研究野生大白刺传粉生物学。结果表明:大白刺花粉活力呈现先升高后降低的趋势,开花第3 d,大白刺的花粉活力达到最大值75.24%;雄性不育花和可育花的柱头在开花后第4~5 d可授性均最强。大白刺的P/O值为173 688.9,OCI指数≥4;大白刺在自然条件下能够结实,但结实率不高;存在自花传粉现象,有性生殖中异花传粉起到主要作用,结实受到传粉者限制;不存在无融合生殖现象。大白刺访花昆虫主要有9种类型,主要的传粉昆虫有东方蜜蜂、丽蝇。     

沙芥花粉萌发特性和柱头可授性的研究

 用培养基发芽法研究沙芥花粉萌发特性;用人工异株授粉法和联苯胺—过氧化氢法测定柱头可授期。结果表明：沙芥花粉萌发的最佳培养基是20%蔗糖+0.001%硼酸;花粉能够萌发的温度范围为15～38 ℃,最适萌发温度为25 ℃;从花蕾充分膨大期至开花后16 h花粉活力较强,开花后48 h花粉基本无活力;花粉储藏的适宜条件为低温（4 ℃）,储藏期为7 d。柱头可授期为开花前48 h至开花后96 h,其中开花后24～72 h可授性强。     

阴雨对‘大五星’枇杷柱头可授性和花粉活力的影响

以‘大五星’枇杷为试材,研究了阴雨天气对枇杷柱头可授性和花粉活力的影响。结果表明:阴雨天气的持续均可以使枇杷柱头可授性和花粉活力不同程度地降低,降低授粉效率,对枇杷生产均有负面影响。此外柱头可授性检测表明,‘大五星’枇杷柱头可授期为开花当天至花后第5天,在此期任何一天只要天气晴朗,柱头随即恢复并具有较强的可授性,此特性可以一定程度地减少阴雨天气带来的负面影响。     

小苍兰开花特性与繁育系统研究

综合运用杂交指数、花粉活力及柱头可授性、花粉/胚珠比、人工控制授粉试验等,对小苍兰的花部结构及繁育系统进行研究。结果表明：小苍兰雄蕊和雌蕊空间分离,花药紧贴花柱外侧,低于柱头约2 mm,在花朵开放的整个过程中雌、雄蕊的相对位置不变。小苍兰雌雄异熟现象明显,花药开裂时间与柱头可授期不同步,当花粉活力达到最高值时,柱头可授性还较低。小苍兰杂交指数（OCI）为 5,花粉/胚珠比（P/O）为1 614,人工授粉的坐果率高于自然传粉,由此判断其交配方式是以异交为主,自交为辅,繁育系统为兼性异交。     

Effective pollination period in durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) and the factors regulating it

The effective pollination period (EPP) of durian was determined by both delayed and bud pollination, during which reproductive factors affecting the EPP, e.g., stigma receptivity, pollen tube growth in the style, and ovule longevity were studied histologically. This study was conducted in three distinct locations in Thailand, namely, the Chantaburi Horticultural Research Center and two private orchards in Chantaburi and Trat provinces. Results from artificial pollination revealed that at anthesis, the durian flower is receptive and has a high fruit set ratio. A mean fruit set of 50% was obtained at anthesis in the private orchard in Chantaburi province. However, the EPP of durian was found to be very short, lasting for only one night; the fruit set from pollination on the morning after anthesis ranged from 0% to 3.4%. No fruit set occurred following pollination 24 or more hours after anthesis. When compared with the flowers of other fruit species, the durian flower has a unique feature in that it blooms overnight; the following morning, there is abscission of all parts of the flower, except the gynoecium. Thus, EPP appears to be synchronized with flower longevity. On the other hand, the durian flower was receptive several hours before anthesis. The results of chemical tests, including the hydrogen peroxide test and Perex-Test^®, for the evaluation of stigma receptivity appeared to be in agreement with the EPP. However, fluorescent microscopy revealed that pollen could germinate even in the stigmas pollinated 48 h after anthesis, but the number of pollen tubes at the top of the style rapidly decreased from 34.6 (at anthesis) to 0.5 (48 h after anthesis). A correlation test demonstrated a higher correlation coefficient between the fruit set and the number of pollen than that between the fruit set and the result of Perex-Test^®. This indicated that pollen tube penetration or elongation in the style was inhibited, probably due to the deterioration of nutritional support from the pistil to the pollen tubes; this can be a limiting factor of the EPP in durian.     

珍稀濒危植物掌叶木的开花生物学特性与繁育系统

通过野外观察、杂交指数估算、授粉特性分析及人工控制授粉试验等方法对珍稀濒危植物掌叶木（Handeliodendron bodinieri）开花生物学特性和繁育系统进行研究。结果表明：（1）掌叶木每年开花1次,花期在4月下旬到5月中下旬,开花的起止时间及花期的长短受当地气候影响较大;（2）花多为假两性花,即形态上为雌、雄蕊完整的两性花,而功能上为雌、雄蕊选择性败育形成的单性花,偶见雌、雄蕊可育的真两性花植株;单性花通常雌、雄异株,且雌株较雄株少,花序较雄株短5.6 cm,花期也较雄株短2周左右,雄株花序上偶尔见雌花单花;（3）单花经历萌动、露白、展开、盛开、凋落5个阶段,历时5 ~ 6 d;雄花从萌动到开花1 d的花粉活力高达90.5%,开花2 d后活力显著下降;雌花柱头在展开前部分具可授性,展开后1 ~ 3 d均具可授性,花粉活力与柱头可授性重叠;（4）雄花单花花粉量为51 461个,雌花单花胚珠数6,花粉胚珠比（P/O）为8 577,杂交指数为4,结合人工授粉、套袋、套网和自然授粉坐果率判断,掌叶木繁育系统为专性异交,传粉过程需要传粉者,可能存在无融合生殖。（5）掌叶木花性别分化复杂,可孕花数量较不孕花少,可育雌、雄蕊存在较大的空间隔离,加之不稳定的传粉环境,可能是其濒危的重要生殖生物学原因。     

The Effect of Summer Nitrogen Applications on The Quality of Apple Blossom

A summer application of nitrogen was used to induce the production of “ strong ” flowers for comparison with the " normal ” flowers produced on trees of Worcester Pearmain given only a spring application of nitrogen.

The flowers were given various pollination treatments to provide material for an assessment of flower quality. These included the following : auto and alio self-pollination and cross-pollination with diploid apple or pear at anthesis, cross-pollinations and self-pollinations at additional daily intervals subsequent to anthesis.

The stigmas of strong flowers remained receptive for a longer period than those of normal flowers.

After cross-pollination with a diploid apple, fertilization took place in 6-7 days. After self-pollination a typical incompatibility reaction was apparent. Pear pollen tubes showed an intermediate response.

Egg sacs in strong flowers continued to enlarge after those of corresponding normal flowers had ceased to grow. The fertilized ovules and embryo sacs of strong flowers showed a more rapid acceleration in growth rate than those of normal flowers.

Cell division in unfertilized ovules also continued for a longer period in strong flowers and appeared to be correlated with the behaviour of the egg sac.

Ovule longevity provided the most striking difference between the two flower types. The ovules of strong flowers remained capable of fertilization for almost twice as long as those of normal flowers.

Abnormalities of several types were seen in ovules. The most common was the production of secondary egg sacs, a feature of strong flowers which had been self-pollinated. Three types of secondary sac, micropylar, lateral and chalazal are described and illustrated.

The effects of rate of pollen tube growth, ovule longevity and the period of stigma receptivity in limiting the effective pollination period, are discussed. It is suggested that some variations in fruit set may be due to differences in flower quality. The use of summer or early autumn nitrogen is advocated as a method of improving blossom quality in certain varieties.     

蜀葵开花与繁育特性研究

通过野外观察,对蜀葵自然居群的花部特征、开花过程、花粉/胚珠比、花粉生活力和柱头可授性及繁育特性等进行初步研究。结果表明:蜀葵群落花期约91 d,单花持续时间为(3.57±0.14)d。雄性先熟,雄性持续时间为(2.45±0.16)d,雌性持续时间为(1.55±0.16)d。花柱伸出时为直立状态,属柱头探出式雌雄异位,与花药间距离约3 mm。柱头伸出后约2~4 h后开始弯曲,直至与花药接触,此时的花粉生活力为42.33%,柱头可授性最强,存在潜在的延迟自交。授粉处理的结果表明,蜀葵不存在无融合生殖,自交亲和,以异交为主。其柱头裂片的反转运动有可能保证传粉者不足或缺乏时传粉的成功发生。