玉米几个自交系组配高产紧凑型杂交种的研究

以近年育成的部分玉米新自交系和骨干系为材料,采用不完全双列杂交设计,对其主要株型和产量性状进行了遗传研究。结果表明,10078、32和152能明显降低株高、穗位高和叶夹角,改善F₁的株型结构,可用来组配紧凑型杂交种。698-3和200B既能改善F₁的株型,还能改进F₁的部分产量结构,用其作亲本有利组配出高产紧凑型杂交种。新选系7613和273能显著改进F₁的产量结构,其产量配合力显著高于平均效应,属于高配合力自交系,用其作亲本易配出高产杂交种,但其株型要视另一亲本的株型而定。     

九个玉米自交系主要数量性状配合力及应用潜力分析

按(P₁×P₂)不完全双列杂交设计,用NCⅡ分析方法,对九个玉米自交系百粒重、穗长、穗粗、秃尖、行数、行粒数、小区产量等7个性状做一般配合力、特殊配合力相对效应值分析,并计算出它们的遗传参数和九个自交系不同性状应用潜力顺序。     

12个玉米自交系主要数量性状配合力分析

按(P₁×P₂)不完全双列杂交设计，分析了12个中晚熟玉米自交系的株高、穗位、穗长、秃尖长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、单穗重、单株产量、出籽粒、百粒重11个性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力和配合力的总效应，通过对配合力的分析筛选出5个优良自交系、10个优良组合，并对11个性状的遗传力进行了估算。表明每穗行数、穗粗的遗传力较高，在选育自交系时可在早代选择，而单株产量、每行粒数和单穗重的遗传力低，宜在高世代进行选择。     

几个玉米自交系主要数量性状配合力分析

本文按P₁×P₂不完全双列杂交设计,分析了本所利用的7个玉米自交系及其组配的12个组合的株高、穗位、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、千粒重、产量等主要数量性状的配合力和遗传参数,根据配合力效应值筛选出4个优良自交系亲本和4个强优势杂交组合。配合力基因型方差与遗传力估算结果表明,大部分性状的加性方差明显大于显性方差,一般配合力表现出比特殊配合力较为大的遗传分量,为此,在选配组合时应注重选择一般配合力高的自交系作亲本。     

江苏沿江地区新选玉米自交系产量及产量构成性状的配合力分析

选用热带、亚热带等种质选育的9 个代表性自交系,按GriffingⅢ双列杂交设计方法,配制成正、反交共72个F1组合,在江苏省南通和南京两个地点对参试自交系4个性状进行一般配合力和特殊配合力分析。结果表明：在新选自交系间杂种F₁代小区产量、行粒数的变异中,非加性遗传方差大于加性遗传方差;在穗行数、千粒重的变异中,加性遗传方差大于非加性遗传方差。小区产量、千粒重性状一般配合力好的自交系是S7和S3;穗行数一般配合力较好的自交系是S6、S3和S9;行粒数一般配合力较好的自交系是S9和S2。综合4个性状评价,S3最好,其他依次为S7、S2、S5和S1。导入了热带、亚热带种质的S9行粒数一般配合力有所提高。除行粒数外,其他性状的反交效应均不显著。     

几个玉米自交系主要数量性状配合力分析

按(P₁×P₂)不完全双列杂交设计,分析了5个玉米自交系的株高、穗位、秃尖、穗粗、行数、行粒数、轴粗、穗重和单株产量9个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力。结果表明秃尖、行粒数、轴粗和穗重主要受加性基因影响,其余5个性状加性和非加性基因效应同时存在。     

杂交不亲和糯玉米自交系主要性状的配合力分析

采用不完全双列杂交NCⅡ设计,以3个改良Ga糯玉米自交系为父本,与8个糯玉米自交系进行杂交。对24个杂交组合进行农艺性状鉴定,分析Ga糯玉米自交系主要农艺性状的配合力效应。结果表明：父、母本各性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力效应均达极显著差异。Ga糯玉米自交系具有良好的配合力,其中CM327的一般配合力效应比较高,其组配的杂交种在产量、穗长、行粒数等性状上具有明显优势,具有很好的杂优利用潜力。Ga糯玉米自交系的选育利用有助于糯玉米种质的扩增与杂种优势的利用。     

玉米株型、果穗性状的遗传和相关性分析

本试验以14个玉米自交系及由其组成的9个杂交组合以及相应的F2代为材料，系统地研究了自交系与杂交种之间及杂交种性状与性状之间的关系，探讨了玉米杂交种自交衰退的数量指标．研究结果表明，(1)玉米穗长，行粒数和百粒重在母本与F₁之间呈极显著正相关；穗位高、穗直径和单穗粒重在父本与F₁之间呈显著正相关，株高在父母本与F₁之间均为显著正相关．(2) F₁单穗粒重与株高、穗长、行粒数、穗粒数和百粒重之间存在显著的正相关．(3) F₁性状优势越强，F₂衰退越重(r＝0.8830)．单穗粒重优势分别与行粒数和穗粒数优势呈极显著正相关(r＝0.8618和r＝0.8441)．(4) 单穗粒重的衰退主要是由穗粒数衰退所致(r＝0.7473)．穗行数，植株叶片数和叶向值的衰退值较小或为负值。     

玉米幼苗根系对硫酸盐(Na235SO4)亲和性配合力的研究

本文以来源不同的9个玉米自交系及其按双列杂交组成的36个杂交种为材料，研究了玉米幼苗根系对硫酸盐(Na₂³⁵SO₄)亲和性(Km)的配合力。结果表明：m以非加性基因效应较重要，Km与产量间有密切关系。鉴定出可供五米育种中利用的2个自交系“合二”、“292”及具有更广泛适应性和高产特性的3个杂交组合：5005、5022、5030。     

13个玉米自交系的配合力分析

用13个玉米自交系按8×5不完全双列杂交组配成40个组合,对其籽粒产量等12个农艺性状的一般配合力进行了研究.结果表明在供试材料中一般配合力高的玉米自交系是2321、212B、4H-1B3和5H-113.在育种上应利用这些一般配合力效应高的玉米自交系作为杂交亲本,以便组配出强优势的杂交种.     

粳稻杂种后代稻米垩白率的配合力分析

选用稻米垩白率不同的6个粳稻品种,采用Griffing双列杂交方法四,对杂种F1及F2的稻米垩白率进行了配合力分析。结果表明, 稻米垩白率的一般配合力和特殊配合力方差在F1及F2代均极显著,表明在本试验中基因加性效应和非加性效应均起重要作用。但由于GCA MS/SCA MS值在F1代和F2代均极显著,而且F2代又比F1 代大,因此,稻米垩白率在杂种后代的表现主要还是由基因加性效应决定,并且随着世代的增加,加性基因的作用越显重要。在总的遗传变异中F1代和F2代主要以加性变异为主,并且随着世代的推进而非加性变异变小。稻米垩白率的一般配合力效应在F1和F2代的表现极为一致,F1和F2代间的秩次相关极显著。亲本稻米垩白率的高低与亲本一般配合力效应间有着密切的关系,各世代两者间的相关均极显著。因此,根据亲本稻米垩白率的高低可以估计其亲本一般配合力效应的高低。但稻米垩白率较低的亲本间两者的表现并不一致。     

Genetic analysis of early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) inbred lines under stress and nonstress conditions

Early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) germplasm developed from diverse sources has the potential for use in developing maize hybrids suitable for increasing maize production in the dry ecologies of eastern Africa. A diallel study was conducted to estimate general combining ability (GCA) of 12 early-maturing maize inbred lines, identify potential single-cross hybrids for use as parents, assess genetic diversity among the inbred lines, and relate genetic distance to specific combining ability (SCA) and hybrid performance. Sixty-six F₁ diallel hybrids were evaluated under optimal and drought stress conditions at four locations in Kenya and Uganda. The parental inbred lines were genotyped using 94 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Additive gene action was more important than nonadditive gene action for inheritance of grain yield (GY) under optimal conditions. However, nonadditive gene effects were more important in the inheritance of GY under drought and across all environments. Inbred lines CKL0722, VL058014, and CZL0724 were among the best with positive GCA effects for GY across both optimal and drought stress conditions. The correlation between SCA and both genetic distance and F₁ GY was significant under both drought stress and across all environments. Inbred lines with desirable GCA effects for GY and other agronomic traits and hybrids with good performance under both optimal and drought stress conditions are potential parents for development of various types of high-yielding, stress-tolerant, and early-maturing hybrids.     

杂交水稻稳产性配合力初步研究

 采用多点的不完全双列杂交设计,在AMMI模型分析稳定性的基础上,进一步分析了稳产性的配合力及其与丰产性的关系,结果表明杂交稻丰产性及其亲本的配合力均与试点存在交互作用,材料间稳定性差异较大;稳产性与丰产性间相关不显著;杂交稻F1的稳产性同时受双亲一般配合力和特殊配合力的作用,且以基因加性效应为主,但均不可忽视。选育稳产性好的杂交稻组合,至少应有一个稳产性配合力高的亲本。     

Biplot Analysis of Genotype by Environment for Cooking Quality in Hybrid Rice： A Tool for Line x Tester Data

A study of combining ability for improving rice cooking quality was carried out via genotype plus genotype x environment （GGE） biplot. Four restorer lines and three male sterile lines were used to obtain F1 in a line x tester trial at the Rice Research Institute, Amol, Iran in 2009. GGE biplot analysis showed that Neda and IR56 were the best general combiners for amylose content （AC）, whereas Nemat and IR28 had the highest general combining ability （GCA） effects for gelatinization temperature （GT）, and IR58 and IR59 showed the highest GCA effects in terms of gel consistency （GC）. Meanwhile IR58 and IR59 showed large specific combining ability （SCA） effects for AC, while Neda and SA13 had high SCA effects for GT. Nemat and IR28 had large SCA effects for GC. Because intermediate levels ofAC, GT and GC are ideal, Nemat × IR59 was considered as the best possible cross. Based on these results, the GGE biplot showed good potential for identifying suitable parents, heterotic crosses and the best hybrids in line x tester data.     

Combining ability analysis for Phaeosphaeria leaf spot resistance and grain yield in tropical advanced maize inbred lines

Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) disease (causal agent Phaeosphaeria maydis (Henn.) Rane, Payak & Renfro) of maize is increasing in importance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is still limited information on the combining ability for disease resistance of the germplasm that are adapted to African environments. Evaluating combining ability effects and their interactions with the environment would provide valuable information that can be used in the development of cultivars that are resistant to PLS. This study was therefore conducted to determine the combining ability, gene action and the relationship between grain yield and PLS disease severity among selected tropical advanced maize inbred lines. Forty five F₁ hybrids were generated by crossing 10 inbred lines in a half diallel mating scheme. The 45 hybrids along with the ten inbred parents were evaluated in four environments, with two replications each between 2007 and 2009. General and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) effects were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for PLS, grain yield and days to anthesis. GCA effects accounted for 66–90% and SCA effects for 10–34% of the variation in the hybrids for PLS resistance, grain yield and days to anthesis. This indicated predominance of additive over non-additive gene action for the three traits in these inbred lines. The resistant inbred lines to PLS were A1220-4, N3-2-3-3, CML312, MP18 and CML488. These lines had good combining ability for PLS resistance and contributed towards resistance in their crosses. In general, resistant hybrids involved a susceptible and a resistant parent, where at least one of the parents had a negative GCA effect. In addition, lines A1220-4 and CML312 contributed towards high yield and were late maturing. Inbred line CZL00009 conferred genes for early maturity. Linear regression analysis indicated that grain yield of maize was suppressed by about 250 kg ha⁻¹ per each increase in PLS disease severity score, underscoring the need to control the disease. Significant (P < 0.01), negative correlations (r = −0.29 to −0.43) between grain yield and PLS severity were also detected. This showed the potential of PLS to reduce yield when favourable conditions for disease development are present. By and large, highly significant additive gene action implied that progress would be made through selection. Although non-additive effects were small (±10%), observation of dominance effects which were associated with reduced disease levels in some hybrids may be exploited in developing single cross maize hybrids among these inbreds when one parent is resistant.     

Lancaster群体改良自交系株型性状的配合力分析

采用不完全双列杂交,分析8个含有Lancaster血缘的自交系与4大类群代表系中5个自交系的一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)。结果表明：株高、穗位高、茎直径、雄穗长、雄穗分枝的GCA和SCA方差均达极显著水平;一般配合力及小区产量较高的自交系有N305、N575、N583、吉853、丹340、丹988;N575×丹340的总配合力效应值最高,是最好的杂交组合。在供试的8个自交系中,N575、N583、N305与各父本所配杂交组合产量较高,是比较理想的自交系。株型性状间的相关分析表明,株高与穗位高、雄穗长度有较大的正相关,穗位高与茎直径相关性较大。     

两种改良方法对玉米辽旅群体改良效果和杂优模式分析

旅大红骨是我国重要地方种质资源，通过S₁家系密植鉴定改良法和半姊妹家系配合力改良法对辽旅群体进行两轮改良。结果表明，两种方法显著改善群体的穗行数和出籽率，提高了群体穗粗、穗行数和出籽率的一般配合力及穗粗、百粒重的杂种优势。经过两轮S₁家系密植鉴定法改良，原始群体的产量一般配合力提高了8.96，超亲优势提高了12.22%；半姊妹家系配合力改良法产量一般配合力提高了4.75，超亲优势提高了11.49%。S₁家系密植鉴定法改良后的群体性状优良，一般配合力更高，杂种优势更强，与玉米各类群间特殊配合力没有明显差异，更适合对辽旅群体进行后续改良。     

1O个玉米自交系主要性状的配合力研究

试验采用5×5不完全双列杂交设计,对10个玉米自交系的一般配合力和特殊配合力进行了分析。结果表明：在利用一般配合力较高的自交系作为杂交亲本时,兼顾特殊配合力可以组配出更强优势的杂交组合。     

辣椒亲本间SRAP遗传距离与配合力、杂种优势的关系研究

以11个辣椒亲本为材料按不完全双列杂交配置30个杂交组合,利用SRAP标记分析亲本间的遗传距离,探究其与配合力、杂种优势间的相关关系。结果表明：辣椒亲本间的遗传距离与亲本间的一般配合力（GCA）、组合间的特殊配合力（SCA）以及杂种优势均无显著的相关性,各性状的杂种优势与组合间SCA的相关性均不显著,只有果长的杂种优势与亲本间GCA呈极显著正相关。以上结果说明,利用遗传距离难以预测配合力以及后代的杂种优势,GCA和SCA也不能完全预测杂种优势。因此,遗传距离和配合力、杂种优势之间的关系还有待于进一步深入的研究。     

两系杂交籼稻配合力分析

以5个新育成的籼型水稻光温敏核不育系和生产上广泛应用的不育系培矮64S为母本,6个新育成的恢复系为父本,采用NCⅡ设计配制36个组合,分别在海南和湖北进行试验(完全随机区组设计,3次重复）,考查单株产量等10个主要农艺性状,分析配合力。大多数性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力方差达到显著或极显著水平,各性状的一般配合力方差均大于特殊配合力方差,表明基因的加性作用大于非加性作用。5个新育成的不育系产量的一般配合力效应没有显著差异,但都显著高于对照不育系培矮64S;华885S的产量一般配合力效应最高,特殊配合力方差较大,是参试不育系中产量配合力最好的亲本;华893S的每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数的一般配合力效应最高,特殊配合力方差最大,是提高每穗粒数的优良亲本;播始历期以华328S表现最好,以华328S作母本可以选育到生育期变化较大的组合,既可以培育中籼型组合,也可以培育晚籼型组合;株高一般配合力以华884S的负效应最高,特殊配合力方差显著大于组合平均值,表明用华884S作母本,容易选育出植株较矮、抗倒性较强的组合。恢复系中,华恢2185的产量一般配合力效应表现最高,特殊配合力方差最大,千粒重、穗长、结实率和播始历期的一般配合力效应均排在参试恢复系首位,是一个理想的亲本;株高、每穗总粒数和着粒密度的配合力,以华1108表现最好。特殊配合力效应最大的前10个组合和单株产量最高的前10个组合顺序完全对应,表明在水稻杂种优势利用中,亲本之一有良好的一般配合力效应,另一个亲本或双方都具有良好的特殊配合力,就有可能育成强优势组合。