云南8种阔叶材的识别与利用研究

继云南6种阔叶材的识别与利用研究之后,又就1989年从西双版纳普文林区采集到的窄序崖豆树、亮叶围诞树、假樱叶杜英、鹅掌柴、幌伞枫、镰尖蕈树、滇西蒲桃和簇花蒲桃的木材标本,对滇产的这8种树种的木材识别特征及利用途径进行了研究.依据研究结果,对这些树种的木材宏观构造、微观构造及物理力学性质作了报道,提出了它们的利用价值.     

不同光强对年青蒲桃1年生幼苗生长的影响

以年青蒲桃（Xanthostcmon youngii）1年生幼苗为材料，设置3个不同光强处理（分别为自然光的100％、41％和5％）。测定幼苗的各项生长指标（包括苗高、地径、冠幅、叶长、宽和叶面积）。结果表明：（1）年青蒲桃1年生幼苗的生长势表现为100％光照〉41％光照〉5％光照；（2）弱光照（5％光照）条件下叶片尖端及边缘干枯，幼苗长势差。结果表明，年青蒲桃属于中性偏阳树种，引种栽培和园林应用时应种植于光照较强的环境中。     

云南8种阔叶材的识别与利用研究

继云南6种阔叶材的识别与利用研究之后，又就1989年从西双版纳普文林区采集到的窄序崖豆树、亮叶围诞树、假樱叶杜英、鹅掌柴、幌伞枫、镰尖蕈树、滇西蒲桃和簇花蒲桃的木材标本，对滇产的这8种树种的木才识别特征及利用途径进行了研究。依据研究结果，对这些树种的木材宏观构造、微观构造及物理力学性质作了报道，提出了它们的利用价值。     

海南岛不同海拔高度青皮林天然更新特征

在基于不同海拔高度对青皮林群落的物种组成、结构及群落特征影响分析的基础上,进一步分析不同海拔高度对青皮林天然更新的影响,结果表明:青皮林二级幼树的群落组成、青皮重要值、群落多样性及更新数量与海拔高度的关系与成树有相同的规律;青皮一级幼树高度分布像径级分布一样也呈倒J曲线分布;根据成树和二级幼树重要值排序均为前10位的树种可筛选出天然更新能力及竞争能力均较强的树种的原则,青皮为天然更新能力和竞争能力极强的树种,此外,吊罗山高海拔地区的皱萼蒲桃、白榄、黄樟、海南冬青和岭南山竹子,三亚中海拔地区的光叶巴豆、线枝蒲桃、白树、琼榄、叶被木和岭南山竹子天然更新能力和竞争能力也较强。     

柳州市行道树种的选择研究

选择7个本地树种和15个外地树种进行引种试验,测定树种的光合效率、净化空气效率、生长量等指标,评价树种的适应性和抗逆性。结果选择出9个柳州市最佳的行道树种:广玉兰(Magnolia grandiflora L.)、狭叶杜英(Elaeocarpus lanceaefolius Roxb.)、乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis Dandy)、大叶樟(Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Nees)、海南蒲桃(Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels)、美丽异木棉(Chorisia speciosa A.St.Hil.)、菩提树(Ficus religiosa L.)、仪花(Lysidice rhodostegia Hance)、栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.),其中:大叶樟、海南蒲桃、仪花可作建群种,在营建行道树群落时作上层乔木的主体。     

深圳羊台山森林公园红鳞蒲桃种内与种间竞争研究

为了解羊台山的红鳞蒲桃群落种内竞争强度和种间竞争强度,使用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型定量分析。结果表明,红鳞蒲桃的竞争强度呈现双峰特征:种内竞争强度随着植株径级的增大而呈减小趋势,种内竞争显著大于种间竞争;在35~40 cm径级竞争指数再次出现一个峰值。目标树种种内、种间竞争强度的顺序为:红鳞蒲桃>九节>鸭脚木>豺皮樟>银柴>山乌桕>山苍子>黑柃。竞争木对目标树种的竞争强度与目标树种的胸径服从幂函数关系,竞争强度和目标树种个体的大小呈负相关关系,当红鳞蒲桃胸径达到25 cm后,竞争强度趋于稳定。     

9种阔叶树种生长初步评价

通过引种9种阔叶树种植比较试验,结果表明马占相思、大叶相思、海南红豆、海南蒲桃在茂名森林公园生长速度较快,是该地区营造生态景观林的优势树种。     

茂名森林公园9种阔叶树种5年生长比较

通过引种9种阔叶树种种植比较试验,试验结果表明马占相思、大叶相思、海南红豆、海南蒲桃在该地方生长速度较大,是该地区营造生态林的优势树种。     

坂头林场三个树种生物防火林带的生长调查

指出了生物防火林带是森林防火工作的一项基础设施,选择了木荷、火力楠、海南蒲桃3个树种进行防火林带造林试验,结果表明：木荷、火力楠、海南蒲桃3个树种的造林成活率都较高,均达到90％以上,造林保存率也达到75％以上,海南蒲桃生长从幼苗开始就一直表现很好,生长迅速。火力楠树干圆满通直,树冠宽大,侧根发达;木荷在干旱、贫瘠的环境下表现仍然很好,适应性强,能较快形成隔离带。说明在防火林带建设中木荷、火力楠、海南蒲桃3个树种均有应用前景。     

生态防护林造林树种初期生长比较研究

调查研究了佛山市高明区云勇林场的生态防护示范林林分改造中的3个造林类型地造林初期林木地径、树高、冠幅、枝下高的生长状况,比较了树种的初期生长状况。结果表明：在改造树种的早期生长上,岭南酸枣（Spondias lakonensis）、楝叶吴茱萸（Evodla meliaefolia）、南酸枣（Choerospondias axillaris）、假萍婆（Sterculia lanceolata）和海南蒲桃（Syzygium hainanense）等树种生长速度较快,造林效果表现较好。通过聚类分析,可将36种树种分为3类：第一类为速生树种,仅包括南酸枣;第二类为中生树种,包括黄桐（Endospermum chinense）、楝叶吴茱萸和岭南酸枣3个树种;第三类为慢生树种,包括其余的34种树种。研究结果可为林分改造及生态防护林造林树种筛选提供科学依据。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.