新疆和田河流域单株柽柳灌丛流场的实验研究

柽柳是新疆和田河流域广泛分布的一种灌木,是影响柽柳灌丛沙堆发育的主要因素之一.依据风沙运动实验相似理论,以新疆和田河流域的柽柳灌丛为原型,用塑料制作成高(h)10 cm、冠幅10 cm×10 cm单株柽柳灌丛实验模型,在风洞中选用6,8,10,12 m/s和14 m/s5组不同风速,分别对单株柽柳灌丛模型作纯气流流场的模拟实验和在风沙流作用条件下单株柽柳灌丛周围沙粒蚀积特征的观测.模拟实验表明:在不同动力条件作用下,单株柽柳灌丛迎风侧的"足部"为一明显的气流减速区,但沙粒的蚀积特征表现为风蚀;在单株柽柳灌丛的上方一倍植株高度的范围内为气流加速区;在单株柽柳灌丛的背风侧顺风向为弱涡流区,表现为积沙、气流恢复区、风蚀;而在单株柽柳灌丛的两侧为气流的加速区,表现为强烈的风蚀;随着实验风速的增加,单株柽柳灌丛后涡流区内,积沙形成的沙条长短轴的长度经历了一个先减小后增大的变化过程;柽柳灌丛引发的风沙流流场结构的变化,干扰了风沙流的运行,对于维持柽柳灌丛沙堆的形态,促进柽柳灌丛沙堆的增长具有重要的作用.     

乌兰布和沙漠天然灌丛防风阻沙效益研究

对乌兰布和沙漠封沙育草带内的天然灌丛周围风速及输沙量的野外观测结果表明,天然白刺灌丛沙堆对风沙流具有阻滞作用,风沙流在迎风面受阻堆积,在背风面风速下降40.3~42.1%,并形成低速区,引起沙粒堆积;沙蒿灌丛对2m高处风速没有影响,但可引起灌丛背风面近地表0.5m处风速下降20.5%。灌丛的迎风面存在一个减速区,灌丛顶部及两侧为加速区,灌丛背风面存在一个静风区和一个尾流区。灌丛侧面的输沙量最大,背风面输沙量最小,迎风面2H处输沙量大于1H处,这与各点的风速变化是一致的。对不同盖度沙地的输沙量进行的观测表明,输沙能力随植被盖度的增加而减小,流动沙地输沙量最大,在5.6~9.4m/s风速范围内输沙量为2.25~21.75g,半固定沙地的输沙量次之,为0.32~13.58g,固定沙地最小,为0.06~2.29g。     

策勒流沙前沿柽柳灌丛沙堆地表蚀积变化特征

为了研究柽柳灌丛沙堆表面蚀积变化特征及其风沙环境演变方向,采用插钎法对策勒流沙地半球形柽柳灌丛沙堆进行地表蚀积变化观测,结合同步气象数据,采用数理统计和函数拟合方法分析,结果表明:柽柳灌丛沙堆迎风坡和顶部为风积区,沙堆外围西北区、北翼区、南翼区均为年蚀积动态平衡区,在一年内既不风蚀也不风积。灌丛沙堆外围的西南区为严重的沙丘前移风蚀区,受多风向变化影响,沙堆外围的东侧背风区为轻微-中等程度的风蚀区。沙堆表面年净风积量为0.47 m3,风蚀量为0.004 8 m3,风蚀主要发生在背风坡坡底和裸露的坡脚上。沙堆表面风积量与每个阶段起沙风时间呈一定相关性,除了北翼区表面风积量与大于起沙风平均风速中等相关外,其余几个观测小区风蚀量、风积量与对应的大于起沙风的平均风速之间相关性较差,沙堆西区、北翼区、背风区表面风蚀量与起沙风时间为中等程度相关性,背风区的相关性最好,灌丛沙堆表面和外围南翼区风积量与每个阶段起沙风时间呈中等程度相关性。     

青藏铁路沱沱河路段流场特征及沙害形成机理

通过对青藏铁路沱沱河路段路基流场结构、风速廓线特征的风洞模拟实验研究,发现气流在途经铁路路基时,路基断面对近地表流场改变极大,在其两侧形成明显的遇阻抬升区、集流加速区、减速沉降区以及消散恢复区。铁路沙害的形成主要是路基迎风侧气流由于遇阻抬升和集流加速,对路肩和路基中上部产生风蚀;随着气流加速抬升,底层砂粒以跌落沉降的方式堆积在路基迎风坡坡脚,造成路基沙埋;当气流越过路基,在背风侧由于减速沉降和涡旋运动,风沙流处于过饱和状态,将所携带的大量砂粒堆积在背风坡。     

毛乌素沙地风沙流结构的研究

运用曲线拟合、拟合方程等方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘流动沙丘0～30cm垂直高度范围内的风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明:在0～30cm高度,输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比,幂函数拟合关系最佳。其中,各高度层输沙率随风速的变化分别呈幂函数或指数函数关系,同风速下输沙率随着高度的增加而减小,呈幂函数或指数函数关系;随着风速和气流中总输沙率的增加,0～30cm高度范围内的绝对输沙率增加,相对输沙率(%)的变化为下层趋于减少,中层略变,上层增加,风沙流结构的特征值λ增大;风沙流中沙粒粒度沿垂向变化为细沙增加,中沙减少,沙粒平均粒径变细。     

新疆策勒砾质戈壁沙拐枣(Calligonum)灌丛沙堆形态特征

通过对策勒河下游砾质戈壁典型的沙拐枣植株及灌丛沙堆形态参数进行野外测量,用数理统计方法进行相关性分析.结果表明:沙拐枣植株冠幅南北宽度与沙堆宽度呈明显正相关性,植株冠幅东西宽度与沙堆长度不呈现明显相关性.植株冠幅面积与沙堆底面积呈现明显线性相关性,确定系数0.81,冠幅面积与沙堆体积呈现良好线性相关性,确定系数0.69,沙堆长度与沙堆宽度、沙堆高度与沙堆底面积之间呈现一定程度相关性.株高、冠幅东西宽度、南北宽度与沙堆迎风坡和背风坡长度、总长度、沙堆宽度、沙堆高度两两之间都呈现出极显著相关性.沙堆迎风坡坡度与沙堆高度、背风坡坡度之间呈现极显著相关外,与其余形态参数都没有显著相关性.沙堆背风坡坡度除了与株高、背风坡长度、沙堆总长度无明显相关外,与其余形态相关参数都表现为极显著相关性.     

来流廓线对风沙流场和风沙堆积影响的数值模拟——以挡沙墙为例

来流风速廓线是控制与影响风沙流场变化的关键因素。基于CFD欧拉非定常模型,通过对不同来流廓线形式在特定粗糙度下垫面的数值分析,探究来流廓线对流场风速与积沙形态的影响。结果表明:2种来流廓线形式均在挡沙墙周围形成速度分区。其中,在背风侧,均匀流时回流区不明显,对数流时则回流区较明显;在迎风侧,均匀流时速度发生突变,对数流时则呈对数规律递增;不同来流形式下挡沙墙积沙分布不同,均匀流时只在背风侧形成积沙,而对数流时两侧均有积沙,且迎风侧积沙多于背风侧,来流速度越大,迎风侧积沙减小,而背风侧增多。     

简单横向沙丘表面物质组成、气流分布及其在动力学过程中的意义

对简单横向沙丘的形态特征、气流、表面以及被输移的沙物质组成的观测和分析表明 ,沙丘形态特征和表面物质组成的分异是导致沙物质在迎风坡坡脚不能沉积并向下风向输送的主要原因。对沙丘背风坡气流观测表明 ,在沙丘背风坡贴近地面的一定高度气流仍能保持一定的强度 ,其输沙方向与沙丘走向近似于垂直 ,并有相当强的输沙能力 ,但其作用被限制在背风坡范围内 ,这对保持沙丘形态有重要的作用。在野外风沙观测中气流的湍流和波动被忽略 ,平均风速并不能完全反映野外气流的性质。在低 -中强度风沙活动过程中 ,被输送的沙物质的粒度组成与下垫面物质有明显的差异 ,被输送沙物质的平均粒径小于下垫面沙平均粒径 ,输沙过程是一典型的随机过程。特定区域内 ,一定粒径范围内的沙物质不断被堆积而形成沙丘 ,经过一系列的动力学过程 ,最终形成处于动态平衡的区域沙丘地貌分布格局     

塔里木盆地塔中地区野外微梯度风沙流观测

利用2014年7月至8月塔中地区沙尘与扬沙天气下风沙流运动的实测数据,对0~85 mm高度内风沙流运动进行了研究。结果表明:(1)0~85 mm高度层,输沙率(Q)随风速(v)增大呈幂函数规律增加,R2≥0.975 7,且输沙率主要集中在0~35 mm高度内。(2)总输沙率和撞击颗粒数的最佳拟合函数为线性函数,R2≥0.878 2,相关性较好;塔中地区1 min最小临界起沙风速为4.0 m·s-1。(3)跃移运动集中在10:00—20:00,总输沙率最大值出现在12:00—16:00,17:00以后输沙率明显下降。     

红砂灌丛沙堆土壤粒度组成及养分积累特征

为探究荒漠灌丛对其沙堆土壤结构和养分空间异质性的影响，以白音恩格尔自然保护区的优势种红砂（Reaumuria soongorica）灌丛沙堆为研究对象，对其土壤粒度组成及土壤养分积累特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）研究区土壤粒径组成以细砂为主，含量为36.34%～65.31%，黏粒、粉粒含量均小于7.00%;(2)红砂灌丛沙堆沉积物趋于细化，由背风侧、迎风侧到沙堆间空地土壤颗粒分选性依次变差，峰态逐渐宽平，分形维数逐渐变小，灌丛沙堆土壤粒径组成含量分布较丘间空地更对称；（3）灌丛沙堆迎风侧和背风侧有机质（SOM）、碱解氮（AN）、速效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）含量分别较沙堆间空地增加29.37%和40.63%、23.49%和35.12%、62.72%和66.45%、30.10%和22.75%(P<0.05)，且相对作用强度（Relative Interaction Intense, RII），即RII>0。红砂灌丛起到防风滞沙和重新分选沙粒的作用，并且在丛间地风蚀和植物反馈作用下养分向灌丛沙堆富集，形成“肥岛”效应。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.