克拉玛依造林减排项目温室气体(GHG)减排量计算

参考清洁发展机制造林再造林项目核证减排量的计算方法,计算克拉玛依造林减排项目温室气体(GHG)减排量。在林内设置2个固定样地,48个随机样地;在林缘外荒漠环境下设置1个固定样方,4个随机样方,分别计算人工林碳储量、荒漠碳储量、人工林内增加的温室气体排放量和泄露,从而计算该项目的 GHG净减排量。结果表明:2001—2009年,克拉玛依造林减排项目GHG减排量为432 751.59 t CO2,年均GHG减排量为54 093.95 t CO2。减排效果显著,表明在干旱区实施造林减排项目是可行的,该研究可为干旱区造林减排项目开发和管理提供基础资料。     

干旱区规模化植树CO_2减排效果评价方法

通过造林和再造林,增加森林碳汇量是目前公认最经济有效地解决CO2浓度上升的方法之一,人工林的碳汇作用也被认为是减缓全球气候变化的一种可能机制和最有希望的选择。根据国内外植树减排的计算规则,结合干旱区自然环境特征,提出了干旱区规模化植树CO2减排效果的计算方法,对植树减排计算因子的获取方法进行了探讨,指出应从政策、技术、市场等各个方面加强对林业碳汇的系统研究,明确和量化我国干旱区人工林造林再造林对全球气候变暖所作出的贡献。研究可为干旱区林业碳汇项目开发和管理提供方法上的参考依据。     

新疆干旱区作物体系土壤温室气体排放对覆膜的响应

覆膜是干旱区农田提高作物产量的有效途径,在农业生产中被广泛应用,探究不同作物体系下,土壤温室气体排放对覆膜的响应,对于农田温室气体减排具有重要意义.采用小区试验,对玉米和棉花小区内的覆膜与未覆膜土壤(MM、MN、CM、CN)的温室气体排放量进行原位观测.结果 表明:(1)覆膜显著增加了土壤温度与含水量(P＜0.05)....     

基于生命周期的中国共享电单车温室气体减排研究

共享电单车已被广泛认为可有效实现绿色低碳和节能减排。基于生命周期视角，共享电单车在生产、使用、维护和废弃处理等阶段均涉及物质能源消耗和废弃排放，亟需讨论共享电单车是否真正绿色。为此，文中构建了共享电单车生命周期温室气体排放评估模型，对共享电单车在生命周期各阶段温室气体排放展开定量评估，探究影响共享电单车生命周期温室气体排放的主要参数和关键变量，最终得出共享电单车生命周期温室气体净排放量和净零排放阈值，并对中国共享电单车的温室气体减排贡献进行了合理预测，最后提出实现共享电单车绿色可持续发展的对策建议。     

阿克苏地区规模化畜禽养殖场粪污沼气工程效益分析——基于联合国清洁发展机制(CDM)

文章以阿克苏地区规模化畜禽养殖场沼气工程为例,采用经批准的方法学ACM0010对项目进行研究。通过分析项目流程、基准线和效益,得出了粪污处理温室气体减排项目的减排基准线和温室气体的计算公式和结果,可为参与清洁发展机制(CDM)项目合作提供参考。     

西北五省温室气体排放核算及动态研究

在IPCC和中国《省级温室气体编制指南》的基础上,计算了新疆、甘肃、宁夏、陕西和青海五省温室气体排放清单。结果表明:2000-2012西北五省温室气体排放总量呈现快速增长趋势,且CO2的排放量最多,其次是CH4和N2O,能源消费产生的温室气体排放是温室气体排放总量中最主要的,而煤炭的消费又是能源消费中最核心的;万元GDP温室气体排放量均呈现下降趋势,说明能源利用效率在不断提高;人均温室气体、单位面积温室气体均快速增长,2012年人均温室气体排放量最多的是宁夏,其次是青海,新疆、陕西和甘肃;单位面积温室气体也是宁夏最高,其次为陕西、甘肃、新疆和青海,均高于应对全球气候目标的人均、单位面积温室气体排放量。因此,西北五省将面临严峻的节能减排任务。     

新疆准噶尔西部碳汇林造林后蒸腾耗水增量研究

干旱区水资源极端匮乏,造林前后林分耗水变化的数据是必不可少的。通过对俄罗斯杨(Populus russkii)、新疆杨(Populus alba var.pyramidalis)和原始背景梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)树干液流的观测,通过边材面积作为转换纯量,计算出林内的蒸腾耗水量;通过枝基径和枝截面积作为转换纯量,计算了林外荒漠梭梭林的蒸腾耗水。通过对比林内外蒸腾耗水的差异,得出人工碳汇林造林前后蒸腾耗水的增量,克拉玛依人工碳汇林日蒸腾耗水量是土著植被的19倍。     

我国产业结构、能源结构和碳排放关系研究

由人类活动所导致的温室气体排放对人类的生存、经济和环境造成了严重影响.随着我国经济的快速发展、工业化和城市化进程的加快、人口的增长,能源需求不断增长,二氧化碳排放量也随之增加,控制温室气体排放面临巨大压力.为了减少温室气体排放,实现我国2020年减排目标和经济的可持续发展,文中分析了我国产业结构、产业内部结构、能源生产...     

旱作节水农业综合效益评价体系研究

从旱作节水农业综合效益的基本内涵分析入手,分析了旱作节水农业的社会效益、经济效益、生态效益及其综合效益,并以可持续发展理论、生态—经济—社会耦合发展理论和区域局部均衡理论为基础,初步构建了旱作节水农业综合效益评价理论体系,包括理论基础、评价模型、指标体系、多目标综合评价方法和评价程序5个部分。在此基础上,重点探讨了评价指标体系的选择和确立,将指标体系划分为目标层、准则层、准则亚层和指标层4个层次,列出了每个亚层可能包含的基本指标。     

干旱区可持续水资源管理绩效综合评价——以张掖市甘州区为例

绩效评价是水资源管理实践的重要环节。基于对可持续水资源管理原则目标的分析,提出了适于我国西北干旱区可持续水资源管理绩效综合评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法确定了评价指标的权重。基于此,运用相对变化指数法和加权综合指数法对甘州区可持续水资源管理绩效进行了定量评价。结果表明:为促进西北干旱区可持续发展,通过水资源管理,重要的是实现区域环境特别是水资源环境的可持续性以及提高用水效率和效益;评价期甘州区水资源管理绩效呈现经济效益和用水、管水的社会公平性显著提高,环境可持续性总体呈逆向变化,农业用水效率提高不显著的特点;表明评价期研究区水资源开发管理中存在水资源过度开发利用,注重经济用水而忽视环境用水等问题。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.