祁连圆柏群落物种多样性的海拔梯度效应研究

为研究珍稀树种祁连圆柏群落物种多样性的垂直变化效应,在对祁连山北坡中段2 800~3 200 m间祁连圆柏群落进行调查的基础上,分析了不同海拔梯度祁连圆柏群落物种的重要值和物种多样性。结果表明,不同海拔梯度下的祁连圆柏群落在结构组成上有所不同,物种的重要值也有差异;不同生活型植物群落物种多样性对海拔梯度变化的敏感程度不同,草本层植物最敏感,其次是灌木群落,物种多样性与海拔梯度之间呈单峰关系。祁连圆柏群落物种多样性的垂直分布规律在植物的不同层次存在差异,草本层物种多样性较高且海拔梯度效应明显,即在海拔3 200 m的群落中,物种多样性和丰富度达到最高;灌木层多样性和均匀度在海拔2 800 m地带最高,但变化趋势不明显。在同一海拔梯度范围内,草本层的物种多样性和丰富度均明显高于灌木层。总的来说,祁连圆柏群落物种多样性海拔梯度变化规律明显,物种多样性高,种类组成复杂,群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层各层层次明显。     

兰州市九州台区不同海拔高度人工林群落物种多样性

通过对兰州市九州台区不同海拔人工林群落结构进行典型样地调查,分析了该林区3种海拔梯度人工林群落的物种多样性特征。结果表明,3种海拔梯度人工林中,中坡(海拔1 760～1 840m)物种多样性指数为最高,物种最丰富,恢复程度最好;3种海拔梯度人工林以上坡(1 900～1 970m)灌木层和草本层物种丰富度指数最小,下坡(1 590～1 730m)灌、草层物种丰富度最大;物种丰富度、种类组成和多样性表明,九州台区人工林草木层总体发育优于乔灌层;各梯度人工群落尚处于演替初期阶段,林下植被发育常以阳生性植物为主;对不同海拔人工林群落结构研究是兰州市南北两山生态绿化工程的延伸,该项研究对于兰州市南北两山植被恢复后的生物学效果评价具有重要意义。     

重庆市茶园蚂蚁物种多样性及空间分布格局

为筛选茶园害虫的蚂蚁类天敌,采用样地调查法研究了重庆主要产茶区(海拔371~1 068 m)茶园蚂蚁物种多样性特征与空间分布格局。在重庆主要产茶区茶园,设置3条垂直带,每条垂直带划分为低海拔(300~500 m)、中海拔(500~700 m)和高海拔(700 m以上)3个水平带,每个水平带设置3~4块样地,调查茶园的蚂蚁物种组成、群落多样性及空间分布特点。在物种多样性方面:共采集到蚁科昆虫4亚科,39种。各水平带物种丰富度为7~13种,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数0.55~1.25,Pielou均匀度指数0.08~0.16,Simpson优势度指数为0.26~0.65;各水平带蚂蚁群落多样性指数差异不显著,表明其多样性水平比较一致。群落相似性指数为0.22~0.48,多数处于中等不相似水平。在群落优势种方面:不同海拔茶园蚂蚁优势种数目1~3种,常见种最多达6种,最少仅1种;稀有种最多17种,最少5种;从重庆范围来看,重庆主要产茶区茶园蚂蚁群落共有7种优势种。在蚂蚁空间分布方面:有17种蚂蚁具有较宽的垂直空间分布,活动范围涵盖土壤、地表和树冠,有作为天敌昆虫资源的可能。仅有9种蚂蚁在不同水平带的茶园中均有分布。结合群落相似性与多样性分析结果,重庆茶园生境破碎,蚂蚁群落间物种交流受阻,不利于茶园生物多样性水平的稳定与提高。     

青藏铁路沿线植物群落物种多样性研究

对新建青藏铁路沿线植物群落多样性进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)新建青藏铁路沿线各样带植物丰富度(S)的变化呈先上升后趋于平稳的趋势;物种多样性指数(H)、均匀度指数(J)均随样带的递进有缓慢上升之势。优势度指数(P)呈下降趋势。物种丰富度的多少在一定程度上决定H指数值的大小。同时,当多样性指数相近时,均匀度小的群落比均匀度大的群落其优势种更为明显,优势度也更高。(2)在多年冻土地带植物的次生恢复过程中,丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数的变化趋势基本一致。均随与铁路距离的增大呈先上升后下降趋势。在75 m处达到最大值,在300 m处群落的3个指数值最小。说明受轻微干扰的植物群落在经过次生恢复后其多样性指数要高于原始群落,可达到更稳定的状态。(3)物种丰富度随海拔的上升和下降呈相同的变化趋势。通过对物种丰富度与环境因子之间的关系分析表明,物种丰富度主要受海拔变化影响。     

北江干流河岸带不同植被类型植物物种多样性分析

以北江干流河岸带4种典型植被类型(竹林、草地、混交林和桉树林)为研究对象,采用样方法调查分析其群落特征和物种多样性,运用冗余分析(RDA)探讨北江河岸带植物物种多样性与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:北江河岸带植物物种受热带季风气候影响,植物种类繁多,共调查到59科116属136种植物,群落科属组成分散;4种植被类型的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性和均匀度指数变化规律一致,均以混交林最高,竹林次之,桉树林最低,但各植被类型间差异并不显著,说明北江河岸带不同植被类型维持物种多样性的异质性较小,其作用更多体现在为不同物种提供栖息地;RDA结果显示,植物物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性指数与乔木层高度、草本层盖度和海拔均呈正相关,而与至河流距离和土壤含水量呈负相关,在选取的7个环境因子中,海拔对北江河岸带植物物种多样性的影响最大,土壤含水量影响次之,至河流距离影响最小。     

土壤物理性质对秦岭松栎林建群种形态及物种多样性的影响

为了揭示土壤物理性质对秦岭油松-锐齿槲栎混交林建群种形态及物种多样性的影响,在秦岭中段松栎林集中分布的区域设置15个调查样地,运用相关分析和典范对应分析(CCA)探讨了林地土壤物理特性(容重、孔隙度、持水量)与建群种形态特征、群落物种分布及α-多样性指数的关系。结果显示：①非毛管孔隙度与油松和锐齿槲栎株数呈显著负相关、与锐齿槲栎高度及其冠幅面积呈显著正相关,总孔隙度与油松株数呈显著负相关。②容重与Patrick丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均呈显著正相关,毛管持水量与Pielou均匀度指数呈显著负相关。③CCA排序表明,容重、最大持水量和毛管持水量是决定该群落物种分布的主导性因子,大多数草本趋向分布于容重较大且持水量较低的区域。④群落不同层次的多样性指数沿着容重变化在CCA排序图中形成界限明显的4个分布区,容重上升促进草本层多样性,毛管持水量上升促进乔木层多样性,群落整体的物种多样性在中等环境梯度下最高。研究表明：土壤物理性质对秦岭松栎林建群树种形态及其群落多样性产生了显著影响,保持中等水平的容重及土壤持水量并适当提高灌木层丰富度和乔木层均匀度,有助于维持该群落较高的物种多样性水平。     

武夷山黄山松群落物种多样性与种群空问格局的研究

对武夷山黄山松群落物种多样性和种群空间格局的研究结果表明 ,低海拔地区由于受人为干扰影响较大而物种多样性与种群空间分布格局未表现出明显规律性 ,高海拔地区群落物种多样性指数、丰富度和均匀度均有不同程度下降 ,黄山松种群空间格局均呈集群分布 ,且随海拔高度升高而黄山松种群生长受到一定抑制     

水土保持措施对土壤化学特性的影响

用物种多样性指数〔Shannon—wienner指数、Margalef’s指数、Simpson’s Doversity(l／Dominance)指数〕和均匀度指数(Evenness均匀度)和物种丰富度，对陕北黄土高原5种主要天然森林群落(油松林、山杨林、辽东栎林、白桦林、侧柏林)物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明，陕北黄土高原5种森林群落中山杨林物种多样性最高。植物生长型与物种多样性的关系表现为草本层的物种丰富度、多样性程度大于灌木层，灌木层大于乔木层；草本层均匀度与灌木层相差不明显，但二者显著大于乔木层。     

新疆西天山雪岭云杉林不同海拔高度大型土壤动物群落结构特征

【目的】明确新疆西天山不同海拔高度雪岭云杉林下大型土壤动物群落的组成、分布特征和多样性，为当地森林资源生态系统健康评价、土地利用管理及资源可持续利用提供土壤动物学依据。【方法】选取新疆西天山不同海拔高度雪岭云杉林样地(Ⅰ,海拔1414 m；Ⅱ，海拔1595 m；Ⅲ,海拔1724 m；Ⅳ，海拔1868 m)，使用手捡法收集云杉林下大型土壤动物，采用单因素方差分析（One-way ANOVA）和最小显著差异法（LSD）比较大型土壤动物群落不同数据组间的差异，采用冗余分析（Redundancy analysis, RDA）排序方法分析土壤动物群落物种重要值与环境变量的关系。【结果】四个样地共捕获大型土壤动物427只，隶属于3门7纲16目23科。四个样地垂直分布特征表现为样地Ⅱ大型土壤动物平均密度在7月的表聚性特征较为明显，随着土层深入呈现递减趋势，其它样地无明显的分布规律。大型土壤动物多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数和丰富度指数在不同海拔高度均有所不同，样地Ⅰ大型土壤动物的多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数为四个海拔中最高。各个样地杂食性大型土壤动物的个体密度所占4个功能群个体密度总量的比...     

民勤绿洲一荒漠过渡带植物物种多样性及其优势种群空间分布格局研究

以民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带为研究对象,采用样方调查法,通过计算各类型区域内物种的重要值、丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Winer指数(H′)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、物种均匀度指数(Jsw)、扩散系数(C)、负二项参数(K)、平均拥挤度(m*)、丛生指标(I)、聚块性指标(PI)、Green指数(GI)、Cassie指标(CA)、扩散性指数(Iδ),研究了绿洲-荒漠水平距离8 km区域内的物种多样性及其优势种群的空间分布格局。结果表明:绿洲-荒漠过渡带优势种种群为沙拐枣、唐古特白刺、梭梭,伴生物种有刺沙蓬、雾冰藜、芦苇、沙蓬等。受生境和沙丘类型的影响,各种群均呈聚集分布格局,但聚集程度有一定差异性;物种多样性、丰富度随绿洲-荒漠梯度而呈规律性变化,总体表现为减小趋势。该区域生境和沙丘类型是民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带物种多样性及种群分布格局的决定性因素。     

Soil nutrient stoichiometries and enzymatic activities along an elevational gradient in the dry-hot valley region of southwestern China

Changes in vegetation type and climate associated with elevation can strongly affect the soil properties, but their effects on soil nutrient stoichiometry and enzymatic activities have rarely been studied. The contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) and activities of six soil enzymes involved in C, N and P cycles were measured along an elevational gradient in the dry-hot valley region of China. C:P, N:P ratios first increased and then decreased with elevation, with the highest values of 89.57 and 4.07, respectively. AN:AP and AN:AK ratios increased linearly with elevation. Absolute enzymatic activities (i.e. per unit of oven-dried soil) tended to increase slightly with elevation, and specific enzymatic activities (i.e. per unit of SOC), except for phosphatase, first significantly decreased and then increased with elevation. A redundancy analysis showed that variations of soil nutrient content and stoichiometry were explained 76.1% by absolute and specific enzymatic activities. The elevational gradient was associated with a shift in nutrient limitation for ecosystem functions and processes, and the specific enzymatic activities responded more clearly than the absolute enzymatic activities to the elevational gradient in this dry-hot valley region.     

Assessing the effects of climate change on the phenology of European temperate trees

Modelling phenology is crucial to assess the impact of climate change on the length of the canopy duration and the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Focusing on six dominant European tree species, the aims of this study were (i) to examine the accuracy of different leaf phenology models to simulate the onset and ending of the leafy season, with particular emphasis on the putative role of chilling to release winter bud dormancy and (ii) to predict seasonal shifts for the 21st century in response to climate warming.Models testing and validation were done for each species considering 2 or 3 years of phenological observations acquired over a large elevational gradient (1500 m range, 57 populations). Flushing models were either based solely on forcing temperatures (1-phase models) or both on chilling and forcing temperatures (2-phases models). Leaf senescence models were based on both temperature and photoperiod.We show that most flushing models are able to predict accurately the observed flushing dates. The 1-phase models are as efficient as 2-phases models for most species suggesting that chilling temperatures are currently sufficient to fully release bud dormancy. However, our predictions for the 21st century highlight that chilling temperature could be insufficient for some species at low elevation. Overall, flushing is expected to advance in the next decades but this trend substantially differed between species (from 0 to 2.4 days per decade). The prediction of leaf senescence appears more challenging, as the proposed models work properly for only two out of four deciduous species, for which senescence is expected to be delayed in the future (from 1.4 to 2.3 days per decade). These trends to earlier spring leafing and later autumn senescence are likely to affect the competitive balance between species. For instance, simulations over the 21st century predict a stronger lengthening of the canopy duration for Quercus petraea than for Fagus sylvatica, suggesting that shifts in the elevational distributions of these species might occur.     

色季拉山不同深度土壤真菌多样性的海拔分布格局及其影响机制

明确土壤真菌生物多样性的形成与维持机制是理解真菌生物地理分布格局的关键,但是目前对深层土壤真菌多样性的海拔分布格局及其影响机制知之甚少。本研究在西藏色季拉山3 300～4 600 m海拔梯度下采集表层（0～20 cm）及底层（40～60 cm）土壤样品,基于ITS rDNA高通量测序分析,揭示不同深度土壤中真菌多样性的海拔分布特征及其影响因子,并基于生态位属性计算探讨真菌群落的共存特征。研究表明,在表层土壤中,真菌丰富度及香农多样性均随海拔升高而显著降低。在底层土壤中,真菌丰富度随海拔升高而显著降低,而香农多样性则表现出先升高后降低的单峰模式。真菌群落组成的差异性（β多样性）在土壤表层及底层均随海拔梯度的增加而显著增加, pH和土壤湿度分别是表层和底层土壤真菌群落组成沿海拔梯度变化的关键驱动因子。对真菌群落生态位宽度（Bcom）和生态位重叠值（Oik）的计算结果表明,土壤真菌的环境适应性和代谢灵活性随海拔升高而降低,并且低海拔以及表层土壤中各真菌种群在资源利用或生境适应性上具有更高的相似度。以上研究结果揭示了环境过滤及种群共存特征对土壤真菌多样性海拔分布格局的关键影响,有助于深入了解青藏高原高寒生态系统中土壤真菌群落多样性形成和维持机制。     

Temperature sensitivity increases with soil organic carbon recalcitrance along an elevational gradient in the Wuyi Mountains, China

No consensus exists regarding soil organic carbon (SOC) lability and the temperature sensitivity of its decomposition. This lack of clear understanding limits the accuracy in predicting the long-term impacts of climate change on soil carbon (C) storage. In this study, we determined the temperature responses of labile and recalcitrant organic carbon (LOC vs. ROC) by comparing the time required to decompose a given amount of C at different incubation temperatures along an elevational gradient in the Wuyi Mountains in southeastern China. Results showed that the temperature sensitivity increased with increasing SOC recalcitrance (Q_10-labile = 1.39 ± 0.04 vs. Q_{10-recalcitrant} = 3.94 ± 0.30). Q_10-labile and Q_{10-recalcitrant} values significantly increased with increasing soil depth. The effect of elevational vegetation change was significant for Q_{10-recalcitrant} but not for Q_10-labile, though they increased along the elevational gradient. The response of ROC pools to changes in temperature would accelerate the soil-stored C losses in the Wuyi Mountains. Kinetic theory suggested that SOC decomposition was both temperature- and quality-dependent due to an increased temperature. This would promote more CO₂ release from recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM) in cold regions, resulting in a greater positive feedback to global climate change than previously expected. Moreover, the response of ROC to changes in temperature will determine the magnitude of the positive feedback due to its large storage in soils.     

Global warming, elevational ranges and the vulnerability of tropical biota

Tropical species with narrow elevational ranges may be thermally specialized and vulnerable to global warming. Local studies of distributions along elevational gradients reveal small-scale patterns but do not allow generalizations among geographic regions or taxa. We critically assessed data from 249 studies of species elevational distributions in the American, African, and Asia-Pacific tropics. Of these, 150 had sufficient data quality, sampling intensity, elevational range, and freedom from serious habitat disturbance to permit robust across-study comparisons. We found four main patterns: (1) species classified as elevational specialists (upper- or lower-zone specialists) are relatively more frequent in the American than Asia-Pacific tropics, with African tropics being intermediate; (2) elevational specialists are rare on islands, especially oceanic and smaller continental islands, largely due to a paucity of upper-zone specialists; (3) a relatively high proportion of plants and ectothermic vertebrates (amphibians and reptiles) are upper-zone specialists; and (4) relatively few endothermic vertebrates (birds and mammals) are upper-zone specialists. Understanding these broad-scale trends will help identify taxa and geographic regions vulnerable to global warming and highlight future research priorities.     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

氟对小鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响及锌的保护作用

为观察氟对成年雄性小鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响及锌的保护作用,通过腹腔注射氟化钠建立氟中毒动物模型及锌保护实验。采用石蜡切片、苏木精-伊红染色(HE染色)、末端原位标记(TUNEL)及琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法检测小鼠生精细胞的凋亡情况。结果显示:(1)氟感染组无论是低剂量组(NaF10 mg/kg)或是高剂量组(NaF 20 mg/kg)生精细胞都发生了明显的凋亡。生精细胞凋亡主要发生在精母细胞和精原细胞,凋亡指数与对照组差异极显著(P<0.05)。(2)无论是高剂量锌(ZnSO430 mg/kg)和低剂量锌(ZnSO415 mg/kg)都可以使凋亡指数明显降低,高剂量锌组的凋亡指数与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

烘焙对生物质热解产物特性的影响

烘焙可有效地降低生物质中的水分和氧,对其热解过程有显著的影响。该文主要研究了烘焙温度（200,230,260,290℃）对生物质热解过程及产物特性的影响行为及影响机制;研究发现烘焙能改善热解产物的品质,随着烘焙温度的升高,热解合成气中CO含量由48%逐渐减少到34%,CH4和H2增加,其中H2含量最大增加了77.4%,而液体产物中,乙酸和水分含量逐渐减小,水分含量最大减少了42.8%,而酚类产物的含量明显增加,有利于生物油品质的提高。该研究为烘焙技术的发展和生物质高效热化学转化提供科学参考。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

三门峡水库库岸坍塌成因分析与防治措施研究

三门峡水库自1960年9月蓄水运行以来,库岸坍塌现象频繁发生,平均每年塌岸0.5～0.7亿m3.指出了造成库岸坍塌的原因主要是地质环境的影响以及水力条件的变化;不同的地形、地貌、地质结构和岩性特征,表现了不同的塌岸强度,其中黄土塬区为极强塌岸段,黄河Ⅱ级阶地为强烈塌岸段,黄河Ⅰ级阶地为中等强烈塌岸段;分析了引起库岸坍塌的主要水力条件有大气降水、地表水和地下水,并且不同水力条件及其变化特征,对库岸坍塌影响的方式和程度也不同;最后给出了防治库岸坍塌应采用标本兼治的原则,治标是指对塌岸进行必要的加固、支挡、衬砌等;治本就是根据引起塌岸的原因以及不同地质环境条件下的塌岸特征和水力条件,因地制宜,因害设防,从根本上进行综合治理.