RT—PCR检测烟草环斑病毒的研究

本文报道应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术检测烟草环斑病毒（ＴＲＳＶ）的。根据ＴＲＳＶＲＮＡ－２序列３末端非编码区设计，合成引物－１和引物－２；用ＴＲＳＶＲＮＡ作模板，引物－２作引物，反转录合成ｃＤＮＡ，并以此作模板进行ＰＣＲ扩增，５－６小时内可得到结果，检测粗提液中ＲＮＡ灵敏度达４００ｐｇ，并且可以直接从受侵染的叶片汁液中检出ＴＲＳＶ，为口岸快速检测疫推出一个更灵敏、准确的分子生物学新方法。值得推广应用。     

RT－PCR检测烟草环斑病毒的研究

本文报道应用ＲＴ一ＰＣＲ技术检测烟草环斑病毒（ＴＲＳＶ）的结果。根据ＴＲＳＶＲＮＡ－２序列３末端非编码区设计、合成引物一１和引物一２；用ＴＲＳＶＲＮＡ作模板，引物一２作引物，反转录合成ｃＤＮＡ，并以此作模板进行ＰＣＲ扩增，５～６小时内可得到结果，检测粗提液中ＲＮＡ灵敏度达４００ｐｇ，并且可以直接从受侵染的叶片汁液中检出ＴＲＳＶ，为口岸快速检疫推出一个更灵敏、准确的分子生物学新方法。值得推广应用。     

几种危险性病毒抗血清的制备及检测方法的建立

番茄环斑病毒、烟草环斑病毒和南芥菜花叶病毒用改进的方法提纯后免疫兔子，制备出高质量的抗血清。琼脂扩散效价为１／３２０，用ＳＰＡ－ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检测病汁液可达１０－３～１０－４。３种血清之间无交叉反应，与健康寄主和常见的自然寄主蛋白也无反应。应用３种血清分别对２３种植物１００多个采集的样品和进口种子进行了ＳＰＡ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测，未发现有上述３种病毒存在     

RT-PCR检测番茄不孕病毒

根据番茄不孕病毒 (TAV)RNA3上外壳蛋白基因序列设计、合成引物 ,以感病组织和健康组织总RNA为模板 ,进行cDNA合成和PCR扩增 ,结果从感病组织中扩增出与预期的6 42bp大小一致的目标片段 ,而健康组织无此扩增产物 ;将PCR产物插入 pGEM T载体克隆并测序 ,序列分析表明与TAV不同株系的序列同源性达到 96 2 %以上 ;将感病组织总RNA以 1 0倍梯度稀释成不同浓度 ,测出RT PCR检测TAV的灵敏度为 1 0 -5 ;PCR产物克隆作为RT -PCR反应的阳性对照 ,解决了毒源保存和传播的问题 ,从而建立了TAV快速、灵敏、准确的RT -PCR鉴定和检测技术     

西安市李属坏死环斑病毒病发生与风险分析

根据李属坏死环斑病毒病在西安市的发生情况、有关文献资料和多年调查研究结果,结合西安市农业生产产业结构特点,参照国内外有关有害生物风险分析的原理和方法,对李属坏死环斑病毒病在西安市发生的风险性进行了分析和评价.结果表明李属坏死环斑病毒病属高度危险的检疫性有害生物,应做好防控和应急预警工作.     

从进境印度尼西亚辣椒种子中截获番茄环斑病毒

本文利用DAS-ELISA方法从印度尼西亚进境的辣椒种子中初步筛选出疑似感染有番茄环斑病毒(ToRSV)的样品,利用IC-RT-PCR(immune capture RT-PCR)扩增特异性片段,进而对扩增的PCR产物进行了测序和序列比对,确认我们在进境的辣椒种子中检出了我国关注的检疫性有害生物——番茄环斑病毒。此前该病毒未有在印度尼西亚辣椒上危害的报道,是系统内首次在蔬菜种子上截获该病毒。     

云南文山州首次在感病西葫芦上检测到番木瓜环斑病毒

为明确引起云南文山州广南县西葫芦发生蕨叶、斑驳、泡状斑等症状的病原,从采集的西葫芦病样中提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR扩增后经电泳检测及测序获得大小为887bp的片段;经过BLAST序列同源性比对分析,该病原与番木瓜环斑病毒Papaya ringspot virus(PRSV)(KY996464)基因序列同源性达87%。由此可知,侵染文山州西葫芦的病毒病原是番木瓜环斑病毒。     

南方菜豆花叶病毒(SBMV)两典型株系特异cDNA和RNA探针的制备及应用

南方菜豆花叶病毒（ＳＢＭＶ）主要有２株系：菜豆株系（ＳＢＭＶ－Ｂ）和豇豆株系（ＳＢＭＶ－Ｃ）,血清学方法不能予以区分。根据已报道的核酸序列设计了２对特异引物,进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增并克隆到载体Ｂｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔ中,序列测定予以证实后利用随机引物法合成放射性ｃＤＮＡ探针,再进行体外转译合成地高辛ＵＴＰ标记的ＲＮＡ探针。２种探针均可分别特异地检测Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ膜上的ＳＢＭＶ－Ｂ和ＳＢＭＶ－Ｃ。ＲＮＡ探针检测ＳＢＭＶ－Ｂ和ＳＢＭＶ－Ｃ灵敏度分别为：０．１μｇ和０．０１μｇ。     

番木瓜环斑病毒南瓜分离物外壳蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

利用电镜和酶联免疫法在云南省采集到的5份南瓜病样中检测到番木瓜环斑病毒(Papayaring spot virus,PRSV)。为了进一步从分子水平确定云南省南瓜病毒病原种类,并为下一步转基因育种提供抗性基因,采用反转录PCR(RT-PCR)方法扩增了5个分离物的外壳蛋白(coat protein,CP)基因片段,并克隆到pGEM-T载体中。核苷酸序列测定表明,番木瓜环斑病毒石屏分离物(PRSV-SP)和番木瓜环斑病毒蒙自分离物(PRSV-MZ)的CP基因长873nt,编码290个氨基酸,番木瓜环斑病毒峨山分离物(PRSV-ES)、番木瓜环斑病毒版纳分离物(PRSV-BN)和番木瓜环斑病毒宾川分离物(PRSV-BC),3个分离物CP基因长867nt,编码288个氨基酸。PRSV5个分离物核苷酸序列的同源性在94%以上,氨基酸序列的同源性在96%以上。与国内外17个分离物相比,核苷酸序列同源性为89.6%~98.7%,氨基酸序列同源性为86.5%~99.6%。其中PRSV-SP和来自于越南分离物PRSV-V47无论是核苷酸序列,还是氨基酸序列同源性都达到了最高,而5个分离物与来自于巴西(PRSV-BR)、美国(PRSV-USA)、墨西哥(PRSV-Y)核苷酸序列同源性均低于90%。     

应用特异引物和简并引物检测百合斑驳病毒

应用特异引物和简并引物对百合斑驳病毒(LMoV)进行RT-PCR检测.结果表明,特异引物和简并引物均能从LMoV感病百合组织中扩增出与预期大小一致的目标片段,而健康组织无此扩增产物,简并引物还能从感染TBV的郁金香病叶中扩增出目标片段.将感染LMoV组织总RNA以10倍梯度稀释成不同浓度检测,特异引物检测的灵敏度为10-4,简并引物的灵敏度为10-3.对特异引物的PCR产物进行克隆和测序,序列分析表明与LMoV不同分离物的序列同源性为90%～99%,说明采用本研究确定的方法检测百合斑驳病毒结果准确可靠.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.