Production system and storage temperature influence grapefruit vitamin C, limonoids, and carotenoids

Concentrations of grapefruit (cv. 'Rio Red'; Citrus paradisi Macf.) bioactives grown under organic and conventional production systems were evaluated after storage at various temperatures. The first experiment was conducted in November 2008 and the second experiment was conducted in February 2011 using commercial production, processing, and packing procedures. The harvested grapefruits were stored at 23 °C (room temperature) or 9 °C for 4 weeks and analyzed for vitamin C, limonoids, and carotenoids at the end of each week using HPLC. Vitamin C levels were higher in organically grown grapefruits (41.8 mg/100 g) compared to conventionally grown grapefruits (39.2 mg/100 g) at 0 days after harvest in the first experiment. However, production system did not significantly affect vitamin C levels in the second experiment. During storage at room temperature, vitamin C degradation losses ranged from 0.5 to 7% for organically produced grapefruits and from 3 to 18% for conventional grapefruits in both experiments. In the first experiment at harvest, organically produced grapefruits had 77% higher (p ≤ 0.05) nomilin than conventionally produced grapefruits, whereas grapefruits grown under the conventional production system had 2-fold higher lycopene levels compared to organic grapefruits. In the second experiment, both β-carotene and lycopene levels were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in conventionally produced grapefruits than in organic grapefruits. Overall, conventional production significantly increased grapefruit carotenoid levels in both experiments. In general, storage temperature (room temperature and 9 °C) had minimal effects on vitamin C degradation but significant effects on the degradation of carotenoids in the first experiment.     

Bioactive compounds of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Cv. Rio Red) respond differently to postharvest irradiation, storage, and freeze drying

In the present study, the effect of irradiation, storage, and freeze drying on grapefruit bioactive compounds was investigated. Grapefruits were exposed to one of two irradiation doses: 0 (control) or 300 Gy (137Cs, a proposed treatment against fruit flies) and then stored for up to 6 days. At the last storage time point (6 days after harvest), grapefruit pulp from control and irradiated fruits was freeze-dried. Bioactive compounds were extracted from Rio Red grapefruit pulp and analyzed with reverse phase liquid chromatography while volatile compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography. Freeze-dried pulp from irradiated fruits had a higher (P < or = 0.05) flavonoid content (naringin and narirutin) as compared to the freeze-dried pulp from the control fruits. Freeze-drying treatment reduced (P < or = 0.05) the lycopene content, but the reduction (P < or = 0.05) in beta-carotene content occurred only in the control fruit. Reduction in d-limonene and myrcene was observed in the irradiated fruits at 6 days after harvest and in the freeze-dried samples. These results warrant testing of the effect of postharvest treatments and processing on bioactive compounds in functional systems as they have varied effects on different bioactive compounds of grapefruit.     

~(60)Co辐照对白灵菇采后低温贮藏的影响

以0.8、1.2、1.6和2.0kGy60Coγ射线辐照白灵菇,在4℃下贮藏保鲜。结果表明,经过1.2kGy辐照处理的白灵菇维持了最高的可溶性蛋白质含量和最大的硬度,贮藏保鲜时间最长。白灵菇在贮藏期间的硬度越大,其可溶性蛋白的含量也越高,且二者之间存在显著的相关性。辐照会加大白灵菇的细胞膜透性,破坏细胞膜结构,剂量过大反而会加速营养成分降解和腐烂。     

采后红光处理对芥蓝芽菜生物活性物质的影响

为研究采后红光处理对不同贮藏温度下芥蓝芽菜中生物活性物质含量的影响,本试验设置了采后红光、白光和黑暗处理芥蓝芽菜试验,分析了不同贮藏时间其芥子油苷、维生素C、花青素和总多酚的含量及抗氧化能力的变化。结果表明,25℃贮藏时,芥蓝芽菜中芥子油苷含量在采后贮藏过程中逐渐降低,采后红光处理可显著延缓芥子油苷含量的下降。在贮藏1、2、3 d后,采后红光处理组芥蓝芽菜中总芥子油苷含量分别较黑暗处理组提高56.67%、146.31%、32.24%;此外,采后红光处理延缓了芥蓝芽菜中维生素C含量的下降,促进了花青素、总多酚物质的积累,提高了芽菜的抗氧化能力。10℃贮藏时,采后红光处理促进了芥蓝芽菜中花青素的积累,对其他抗氧化物质含量及抗氧化能力无显著影响。上述结果表明,25℃贮藏条件下采后红光处理可以有效延缓芥蓝芽菜中生物活性物质的下降,维持芽菜营养品质。研究结果表明采后红光处理在芥蓝芽菜采后品质维持方面有较大的应用前景。     

Red grapefruit positively influences serum triglyceride level in patients suffering from coronary atherosclerosis: studies in vitro and in humans

The contents of the bioactive compounds in red and blond grapefruits and their influence on humans suffering from hypertriglyceridemia were studied. It was found that red grapefruit has a higher content of bioactive compounds and a higher antioxidant potential than blond grapefruit, determined by oxygen radical scavenging capacity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, carotenoid bleaching, and Folin-Ciocalteu assays. Fifty-seven hyperlipidemic patients, ages 39-72 years, after coronary bypass surgery, recruited from the Institute's pool of volunteers, were randomly divided into three equal in number (19) groups: two experimental (red and blond groups) and one control group (CG). During 30 consecutive days of the investigation the diets of the patients of the red and blond dietary groups were daily supplemented with one equal in weight fresh red or blond grapefruit, respectively. Before and after this trial, serum lipid levels of all fractions and serum antioxidant activity were determined. It was found that serum lipid levels in patients of the red and blond groups versus the CG after treatment were decreased: (a) total cholesterol, 6.69 versus 7.92 mmol/L, 15.5%, and 7.32 versus 7.92 mmol/L, 7.6%, respectively; (b) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 5.01 versus 6.29 mmol/L, 20.3%, and 5.62 versus 6.29 mmol/L, 10.7%, respectively; (c) triglycerides, 1.69 versus 2.32 mmol/L, 17.2%, and 2.19 versus 2.32 mmol/L, 5.6%, respectively. No changes in the serum lipid levels in patients of the CG were found. In conclusion, fresh red grapefruit contains higher quantities of bioactive compounds and has significantly higher antioxidant potential than blond grapefruit. Diet supplemented with fresh red grapefruit positively influences serum lipid levels of all fractions, especially serum triglycerides and also serum antioxidant activity. The addition of fresh red grapefruit to generally accepted diets could be beneficial for hyperlipidemic, especially hypertriglyceridemic, patients suffering from coronary atherosclerosis.     

Effect of 60Co-irradiation on postharvest quality and selected enzyme activities of Hypsizygus marmoreus fruit bodies

Hypsizygus marmoreus fruit bodies were exposed to different doses of (60)Co gamma-irradiation, stored at 4 degrees C and 65-70% relative humidity, and various physiological changes associated with postharvest deterioration, as well as the activities of selected enzymes widely considered to play a role in the process of senescence, were monitored over a subsequent storage period of 25 days. Exposure to 0.8 kGy irradiation was clearly beneficial in maintaining the postharvest appearance of the mushroom sporophores compared to non-irradiated samples and fruit bodies exposed to higher doses (1.2-2.0 kGy) of irradiation. Samples treated with 0.8 kGy also exhibited smaller initial declines in soluble protein, smaller increases in reducing sugar content, and lower levels of malondialdehyde accumulation during the early storage period. Smallest increases in proteinase activity were recorded in samples dosed with 0.8 and 2.0 kGy, and levels of superoxide dismutase were significantly higher in samples exposed to 0.8 kGy compared with non-irradiated controls. Large initial increases in catalase activity were detected in samples irradiated with 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 kGy and, although enzyme levels gradually decreased in all samples during further storage, residual levels after 25 days were still severalfold higher in irradiated samples compared with controls. The data increase the current understanding of the effects of gamma-irradiation on the biochemical changes associated with postharvest senescence and should lead to more targeted strategies for reducing postharvest quality loss in H. marmoreus and other mushrooms.     

Accumulation of all-trans-beta-carotene and its 9-cis and 13-cis stereoisomers during postharvest ripening of nine Thai mango cultivars

Accumulation of beta-carotene during postharvest ripening of nine Thai mango cultivars was assessed after verifying extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic quantification of the beta-carotene stereoisomers for this sample matrix. No relevant trans-cis isomerization was induced by the analytical procedure. The vitamin A potential of mangoes was evaluated at different ripening stages unequivocally defined by a ripening index (RPIWB). Being rather stable throughout postharvest ripening, the cultivar-specific proportion of cis-beta-carotene isomers ranged from 14 to 40% of the total beta-carotene content. Subjected to the same postharvest ripening conditions, only the cultivars Kaew, Maha Chanok, Chok Anan, and Nam Dokmai #4 developed a bright yellow-orange mesocarp coloration at their fully ripe stage (RPIWB = 1.5-1.8, sugar-acid ratio approximately 50), resulting in total beta-carotene contents of 6544-11249 microg/100 g mesocarp dry weight (DW) and vitamin A values of 892-1573 retinol equivalents (RE)/100 g DW. Contrarily, poor-colored cultivars Mon Duen Gao, Rad, Kiew Sawoei, Okrong Kiew, and Okrong Thong reached total beta-carotene contents of 1019-2195 microg/100 g DW and vitamin A values of 136-298 RE/100 g DW at comparable sugar-acid ratios. Exponential development of mesocarp color (hue angle, H degrees ) and all-trans-beta-carotene levels, respectively, with RPIWB was described for each cultivar, allowing good prediction of mesocarp color and vitamin A value at consumption ripeness.     

辐照螺旋藻粉的杀菌效果对营养活性成分的影响

研究了60Coγ射线辐照螺旋藻粉的杀菌效果及对其主要营养活性成分、矿物质、维生素、氨基酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明:经6.0 kGy辐照处理后,螺旋藻粉样品中微生物指标均达到国家标准。当剂量为4.0~8.0 kGy时,对螺旋藻中矿物质(除Se)和氨基酸含量无显著影响;螺旋藻中多糖含量随剂量增加有所增加,经6.0和8.0 kGy辐照后多糖分别增加了9%和27.2%;SOD、POD活性在辐照后有所降低,藻胆蛋白、藻蓝蛋白和维生素含量则明显下降;剂量达6 kGy以上时,藻胆蛋白和藻蓝蛋白含量显著低于对照;4.0、6.0、8.0 kGy剂量辐照后VC分别减少了40.6%、62.8%和14.1%,VA分别减少了36.3%、17.6%和17.0%,VE分别减少了25.8%、61.7%和52.6%。综合试验结果,提出螺旋藻粉辐照杀菌的适宜剂量范围为4.0~6.0 kGy。     

60Coγ射线辐照对水果蔬菜中维生素C的影响

维生素C是水果蔬菜中重要营养成分之一,是人体中重要的生物活性物质,但很多因素会影响水果蔬菜中的维生素C含量。有关60Co γ射线辐照对水果蔬菜中维生素C含量有一定的影响,但文献报道差异性较大,一些报道辐照能降低水果蔬菜中维生素C的含量,也有一些文献则认为辐照对维生素C含量无明显影响。导致辐照对水果蔬菜维生素C影响结果不一致的因素主要有抗坏血酸氧化酶、水果蔬菜本身化学成分、辐照剂量、辐照环境、水果蔬菜生理代谢等。辐照处理是果蔬保藏的重要技术手段,虽然辐照对维生素C含量有一定的影响,但不足以影响辐照技术在果蔬贮藏保鲜方面的应用,况且通过合适的技术处理还可以避免或减少其影响的程度。本文对相关文献的研究结果进行了归纳分析,为更好地利用辐照技术在水果蔬菜保鲜加工中的科学应用提供借鉴。     

杭白菊辐照杀菌效果及对功能成分的影响

研究了用60Coγ射线辐照杭白菌杀菌效果及对功能成份的影响。结果表明,杀菌效果随着辐照剂量的增加而显著增加,绿原酸、总黄酮、总酚和维生素C含量随辐照剂量的增加而下降,辐照对水溶性糖、还原糖和游离氨基酸含量无明显影响。根据杀菌效果和功能成分因素综合考虑,认为杭白菊的辐照杀菌有效剂量为3~5kGy。     

水溶液和芦笋中毒死蜱的辐照降解

为寻求一种能有效降解毒死蜱残留的技术方法,本文采用60Co γ射线辐照水溶液和芦笋中的毒死蜱,并对比了毒死蜱的辐照降解率。结果表明,辐照剂量在0～12kGy时,水溶液中毒死蜱的降解率随剂量的增加而增大,4kGy的辐照可使其降解率达95.5%;芦笋中毒死蜱的辐照降解率偏低,8kGy辐照时降解率最高,达到30.0%。进一步研究表明,芦笋成分Vc、芦丁和总糖等的存在对辐照降解毒死蜱有抑制效应。     

Impacts of ionizing radiation on volatile production by ripening gala apple fruit

Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh., cv. Gala) fruit treated with 0.5 microL x L(-1) 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) or air (non-MCP) for 12 h at 20 degrees C were exposed to gamma radiation at doses of 0, 0.44, 0.88, or 1.32 kGy at 23 degrees C and then stored at 20 degrees C. Production of volatile compounds was measured on the day of irradiation and 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after irradiation. Both MCP treatment and irradiation inhibited ethylene production. MCP treatment reduced production of all volatile esters and alcohols detected, whereas irradiation inhibited production of most, but not all, esters and some alcohols by non-MCP-treated fruit. The inhibition of volatile production following irradiation increased with dose. Production of methyl and propyl esters was inhibited more than that of other esters following irradiation or MCP treatment. The impact of irradiation on production of esters and alcohols by MCP-treated fruit was minimal. Non-MCP-treated fruit irradiated at 0.44 kGy produced the most esters during the 21-day period at 20 degrees C following irradiation, and the ester production rate in these fruit was comparable to that of the nonirradiated fruit 21 days after irradiation. Fruit treated with doses higher than 0.44 kGy did not recover their ability to produce volatile compounds. These results indicate both MCP and ionizing radiation inhibit production of many aroma compounds produced by ripening apple fruit.     

电子束辐照对川麦冬品质及抗氧化活性的影响

为探讨高能电子束辐照对麦冬的影响,以川产道地药材麦冬为研究对象,研究不同剂量0 (CK)、2、4、6 kGy电子束辐照对其微生物数量、感官品质、理化品质、活性成分含量及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,电子束辐照能明显降低麦冬中需氧菌、酵母及霉菌总数;此外,所有样品中均未检出大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)及沙门氏菌(Salmonella)。电子束辐照有利于提高麦冬总皂苷含量,对水分、总灰分、水溶性浸出物、总黄酮、总多糖、总酚含量及抗氧化活性均无显著影响(P>0.05)。电子束辐照后麦冬颜色变暗,主要表现为a^*值增加。主成分分析(PCA)及线性判别分析(LDA)结果表明,2 kGy电子束辐照剂量对麦冬风味影响较小。综上,2 kGy辐照处理能有效降低麦冬中微生物数量,对其活性成分含量及抗氧化活性无显著影响,能保持麦冬的色泽及风味品质。本研究为电子束辐照技术在麦冬及其制剂的加工应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

Fresh Israeli Jaffa blond (Shamouti) orange and Israeli Jaffa red Star Ruby (Sunrise) grapefruit juices affect plasma lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity in rats fed added cholesterol

The bioactivity of Israeli Jaffa blond (Shamouti) fresh orange and Israeli Jaffa red Star Ruby (Sunrise) grapefruit juices was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The contents of bioactive compounds of these juices were determined. The influence of bioactive compounds on plasma lipids and plasma antioxidant activity in rats fed cholesterol-containing and cholesterol-free diets was assessed. Significant differences in the contents of dietary fibers were not found. The contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in fresh orange and grapefruit juices were 962.1 +/- 27.2 and 906.9 +/- 27.1; 50.1 +/- 3.3 and 44.8 +/- 3.2; and 69.9 +/- 5.6 and 68.7 +/- 5.5 microg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant potential measured by the scavenging activity against nitric oxide, the beta-carotene-linoleate model system (beta-carotene), and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diamonium salt assays was higher in orange juice but not significantly. A high level of correlation between contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids and antioxidant potential values of both juices was found. Diets supplemented with orange and to a lesser degree with grapefruit juices improved plasma lipid metabolism only in rats fed added cholesterol. However, an increase in the plasma antioxidant activity was observed in both groups. In conclusion, fresh orange and grapefruit juices contain high quantities of bioactive compounds, which guarantee their high antioxidant potential, and the positive influence on plasma lipid metabolism and plasma antioxidant activity could make fresh orange and grapefruit juices a valuable supplement for disease-preventing diets.     

Objective measurement of red grapefruit juice color

The color properties (CIE Lab, hue, and chroma) of 90 red grapefruit juices were studied by tristimulus reflectance measurement for two growing seasons. Juices were prepared from six red grapefruit cultivars including Ruby Red, Rio Red, Star Ruby, Ray Ruby, Flame, and Marsh Red grown in Florida. Very wide varietal and seasonal variations on juice color were observed, and most notably, CIE a values varied widely from -1.41 to 9.06 (CV = 82.6%). Lycopene is the major colored pigment in red cultivars with lesser amounts of beta-carotene as determined by HPLC on a carotenoid C(30) column with gradient elution using MeOH and MTBE. The highest correlation coefficients (r = 0.963) found between CIE a values and lycopene contents in juices from all cultivars combined suggest the possibility that the CIE a value would be a good indicator for pigmentation in red grapefruit juice.     

~(60)Coγ射线辐照对苹果保鲜作用的研究

用~(60)Coγ射线辐照黄香蕉苹果,研究结果表明,0.3—0.5kGy的辐照剂量有利于苹果的贮藏,该剂量范围对苹果的主要营养成分糖、Vc和苹果酸的含量损失不大,但对贮藏期间苹果的吸呼强度和乙烯的产生有一定的抑制作用,0.5kGy的辐照剂量可以杀死97％以上的轮纹病原菌。     

Evaluation of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in irradiated cured pork products during vacuum-packed storage

The 2-Alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs) content was determined in three Italian cured pork products (salame Milano, coppa, and pancetta) irradiated at different targeted irradiation doses (2, 5, and 8 kGy) during vacuum-packed storage. Among 2-ACBs, three different compounds were investigated, namely, 2-dodecylcyclobutanone, 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone, and 2-(tetradec-5'-enyl)cyclobutanone. 2-ACBs were absent from the nonirradiated samples, whereas their content increased with irradiation dose. Their presence was recorded occasionally at 2 kGy and constantly at higher irradiation doses (5 and 8 kGy). The plot of 2-ACBs content against targeted irradiation doses showed an exponential relationship. The effect of vacuum-packed storage time on the 2-ACBs content was dependent on the irradiation dose. During vacuum-packed storage for up to 60 days, the 2-ACBs content remained unchanged in the cured pork products irradiated at 2 and 5 kGy, whereas a significant increase was observed in the pork products irradiated at 8 kGy.     

接种致病菌的樱桃番茄辐照效应研究

为明确辐照对樱桃番茄杀菌效果及其品质特性的影响,以樱桃番茄为材料,分析了樱桃番茄中大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和李斯特氏菌3种致病菌D_(10)值,并对辐照样品在室温下贮藏0、2、4、6、8、10 d后的色泽和可溶性固形物含量进行了分析。结果表明,樱桃番茄中接种的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和李斯特氏菌的D_(10)值分别为0.088、0.243和0.264 kGy;辐照剂量低于2.0 kGy时对樱桃番茄在室温条件下色泽L*值、a*值、b*值及可溶性固形物含量无显著影响(P0.05)。因此,2.0 kGy可以作为樱桃番茄辐照的适宜剂量。本研究结果为降低樱桃番茄的致病微生物含量及辐照技术在保障生鲜果蔬受致病菌污染的应用提供了一定的技术支持。     

Influences of gamma-irradiation and storage on the carotenoids of sun-dried and dehydrated paprika

The effects of drying methods, gamma-irradiation, and storage on the carotenoids (capsanthin, capsorubin, zeaxanthin, capsolutein, violaxanthin, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin) of paprika were investigated. Sun-dried and dehydrated paprika samples were irradiated in a (60)Co gamma-irradiator at five doses (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 kGy) in polyethylene bags and stored for 10 months at ambient temperature. Individual carotenoid analyses were carried out on the paprika and fresh red pepper during a 2 month period using the reverse phase HPLC technique. The concentrations of capsanthin and capsorubin, which are responsible for the attractive red color of sun-dried paprika, were higher than those of dehydrated paprika. Higher irradiation doses and a longer storage period resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) reduction of all the carotenoids, except capsorubin. There was no significant (P < 0.05) effect of irradiation dose on capsorubin destruction. The decrease of red carotenoids, for all irradiation treatments, was less than that of the storage period. Even the highest irradiation dose, 10 kGy, caused a 11.1% capsanthin reduction; however, 10 months of storage at the ambient temperature caused a 42.1% reduction of capsanthin. Yellow pigments of paprika (zeaxanthin, capsolutein, violaxanthin, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin) were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased by all treatments. These yellow pigments were also found to be at high levels in those sun-dried samples with red pigments. This difference could be caused by the contribution of pigment biosynthesis during the sun-drying period. The most significant pigment reduction was realized in the processing and storage conditions of paprika, rather than in the irradiation process.     

辐照杀菌对核桃粉品质的影响

研究了60Co γ辐照杀菌对核桃粉主要营养成分变化及感官品质的影响。结果表明：剂量为2.0～8.0kGy时,辐照对核桃粉中的总糖、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量无显著影响;辐照后的粗纤维含量有一定的增加,但不显著;辐照对核桃粉中的月桂酸和肉豆蔻酸含量基本没有影响,对棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、花生酸和亚麻酸含量有一定的影响,但不显著;辐照后核桃粉中的油酸含量随辐照剂量的上升而显著增加,剂量达到8.0kGy时,油酸含量增加了4.3%。8.0kGy以下辐照对核桃粉色泽、气味、口感无明显改变。可以得出结论低于8.0kGy的辐照不会对核桃粉的营养品质和感官品质有不良影响。