板栗防病杀虫增产剂在低丘栗园开发中的应用

在江苏仪征低丘综合治疗与开发研究试验区栗园扩大应用江苏省林科院研制出的板栗防病杀虫增产剂的结果表明：喷施该药剂后一般促进板栗子房发育，使坐果率提高，落苞和病苞减少，单位面积栗苞数增加。使板栗出实率、栗苞出粒率和单粒重明显增加，使板栗栗实病粒率和虫蛀率明显减少，从而提高了板栗样实的质量等级。对不同栗园和不同板栗品种均有显著增产效果，单位面积产量增产达30．3％－92．2％，平均增加产值达1684．1－4367．2元／hm^2，投效比达1：11．2－1：29．1。     

低产密植板栗园增产技术研究

通过对低产密植板栗园采取重截主枝、土肥管理、病虫防治等措施,可降低板栗树冠,改善通风透光条件,增强树势,尽快提高低产密植板栗园产量,增加经济效益。实施增产措施后第2a每公顷产量210kg;第3a产量达925kg;第4a产量达2450kg,比对照增收4 98倍,每公顷收益达22050元。如配合叶面喷施板栗增产剂,实苞率达92%,产量比对照增加17%,空苞率减少9%,且粒果饱满,大小均匀,光泽好,可提高板栗的商品性。     

科技信息

●低山丘陵板栗病虫害综合防治增产技术效果显著2 0 0 2年 10月 2 0日受江苏省科技厅委托 ,由扬州市科技局组织有关专家 ,对仪征市林业生产技术指导站、江苏省林业科学研究院等单位完成的国家攻关协作研究“江苏省低丘滩地综合治理与开发优化模式配套技术研究”子课题“仪征低丘栗园板栗病虫害综合防治增产技术开发”研究成果进行鉴定。鉴定委员会一致认为课题组已圆满完成或超额完成了合同规定的任务指标 ,符合鉴定要求。鉴定意见如下 :(1)本研究紧密结合低丘林业资源开发与建设的需要 ,针对低丘栗园病虫害危害严重影响板栗产量质量的问题 …     

湖南干鲜小水果丰产栽培技术研究与示范

1989～1997年,依托湖南省干鲜小水果丰产示范林建设进行试验.通过采取推广良种、合理密植、配置授粉树、相匹配的树体及土壤管理等丰产栽培技术措施,其中1 730.34 hm^2的丰产林基地,1992年开始受益,1992～1995年累计产果品22448.81 t,产值3 781.11万元.丰产示范林平均投资8 490元/hm^2,总投资1 534.38万元.投入产出比为1：3.37.辐射面积达5.59万hm^2.并提出干鲜小水果是集经济效益与生态效益于一体的优良树种.     

增产灵对降低板栗空蓬率的作用及其增产效果

在安徽、浙江省应用增产灵在多个板栗品种上进行了中试和大面积试验。试验结果证明,增产灵对板栗增产具有显著效应,在不进行垦复、修剪和人工授粉的情况下,施用增产灵,板栗空蓬率平均下降30%,产量增加50%～200%,投入产出比约为1:10。     

稀土有机无机复混肥在板栗上的应用效果分析

2005～2006年在广西隆安县的屏山、古潭、那桐3个乡镇设置标准地,对嫁接3～4年龄板栗林分别施用不同施肥量的含稀土有机无机复混肥(以下简称:稀土有机复混肥)及不含稀土有机复混肥(对照).结果表明:(1)施用稀土有机复混肥的年均板栗果实产量为1 442.2～4 918.3 kg/hm2,平均比对照提高42.77%;(2)施用稀土有机复混肥的板栗果实淀粉、总糖及蛋白质平均含量依次为33.99%,6.84%,3.80%,分别比对照提高2.17%,1.67%,2.42%;(3)板栗叶片叶绿素平均总含量为7.91 g/cm2,比对照6.47 g/cm2平均提高22.26%;(4)施用稀土有机复混肥的年均板栗收入为11 790.5元/hm2,比对照7 705.6元/hm2增加经济收入60.73%;(5)除抽枝生长和结果状况外,所试验项目均以1 125 kg/hm2稀土有机复混肥施肥量的各项指标为最佳.试验也表明:栗园土壤施用稀土有机复混肥能明显提高板栗对病害的抵抗力,增强板栗树势,其中以施用1 687.5 kg/hm2稀土有机复混肥施肥量的植株抗病害能力最强.     

ABT增产灵增加毛竹产量试验初报

结合我县近2万公顷毛竹资源开发,我们试验使用ABT增产灵刺激毛竹多长新竹。经过3年的试验,初步发现使用ABT5号增产灵10ppm水溶液100ml,10月份浇施发笋母竹竹蔸,效果很好。单位面积新竹成竹率比对照高15.17%。获得投入产出比1:4.3的试验效果。仅此一项每公顷竹林产值比对照多1750元。     

基于森林资源连续清查数据的云南省森林生态系统水源涵养功能动态评价

基于2007年和2017年2期森林资源连续清查数据,运用综合蓄水能力法估算云南省森林生态系统水源涵养功能。结果表明,2007年森林生态系统总涵养水源能力为3548.2×1^07 m^3,单位面积水源涵养能力为1952.0 t/hm^2,经济价值达2.84×10^11元;2017年森林生态系统总涵养水源能力为4182.8×10^7 m^3,单位面积水源涵养能力为1986.0 t/hm^2,经济价值达3.35×10^11元。2017年与2007年相比,总涵养水源增加量达634.6×10^7 m^3,平均每年增加63.5×10^7 m^3,经济价值增加5.1×1010元,平均每年增加5.0×10^9元。     

杉木无性系用材林高效培育技术研究

以杉木洋020无性系为材料,研究了不同培育密度和不同施肥种类对林分生长的影响。结果表明:8年生杉木洋020无性系林分不同密度对树高性状有显著影响,对胸径和单株材积性状有极显著影响;施用不同种类肥料对树高性状影响不显著,对胸径和单株材积性状有显著影响;密度×不同施肥种类对胸径和单株材积有极显著影响,树高性状差异不显著;林分密度为2 100株/hm^2,施用0.3 kg/株的测土配方专用缓释肥(第4号处理)的胸径、单株材积和和单位面积蓄积量都最高,分别为17.00 cm、0.1371 m^3和287.91m^3/hm^2,预计单位面积出材量为195.78 m^3/hm^2,比总体平均提高22.11%,预计单位面积产值为21.54万元/hm^2,比总体平均增加3.90万元/hm^2。     

千岛湖野生竹林改造技术的推广应用

千岛湖野生竹林改造技术研究结果表明：笋产量高，是原来6．4倍；笋质量好。健壮、鲜嫩、大小长短一致；经济效益好，投入产出比1：5．2。从1996以来，全县30个乡镇推广面积达308hm^2。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.