低山侧柏人工林单木冠幅预测模型及精度评价

以北京西山林场低山区调查的89块侧柏人工林样地数据为基础,采用一元线性回归模型、多元线性回归模型、其它模型对不同立地条件下的侧柏单木冠幅预测模型进行研究。结果显示:低山阳坡的侧柏人工林单木冠幅分布范围大于低山阴坡的,且低山阳坡的平均冠幅为3.05m也显著高于阴坡的2.83m;多元线性回归模型对低山阳坡和低山阴坡的侧柏人工林单木冠幅生长拟合精度最高,R2值分别为0.751和0.770;采用未进行建模的数据对筛选出的多元线性回归模型进行T检验,发现实测值和预测值差异不显著,残差服从正态分布,拟合效果良好。研究结果可对低山区侧柏人工林的冠幅生长动态进行精确预测,为侧柏人工林经营管理的数字化、动态化、精确化提供理论依据。     

金沙江干热河谷立地类型的划分及其造林技术措施

通过对金沙江干热河谷实地考察与资料分析,初步划定了各地干热河谷的上限和层域范围。提出了地形是影响金沙江干热河谷水分变化的主要因子,确定以坡向和坡位作为金沙江干热河谷立地类型划分的主要依据,划分的立地类型分别是:坡上灌丛区,分坡上灌丛区阴坡类型、坡上灌丛区阳坡类型;坡下草丛区,分坡下草丛区阴坡类型、坡下草丛区阳坡类型;坡足冲积区;河谷平坝区。据此,针对干热河谷各立地类型的特点提出了相应的造林技术措施。     

张家口坝缘山地樟子松适生立地初步研究

应用测树学对6种立地类型样方内的样本进行外业调查及统计分析,通过研究发现:不同立地类型下生长势也存在显著差异(0.05),在样方调查30株中阳坡厚层土生长良好株树比阴坡薄层土生长良好株树多了16株,所以得出最适宜樟子松生长的立地类型是阳坡厚层土,其次为阳坡中层土和阴坡厚层土,最差的是阴坡薄层土。樟子松在坝缘山地不同立地类型生长差异很大,地径生长和树高生长均达到极显著水平(0.05),地径生长和树高生长在不同立地类型中的阳坡厚层土和阴坡薄层土相差最大分别为4.4 cm、110.8cm;在不同海拔高度研究中,海拔高度在1 600 m的幼树生长情况(阳坡良好率80%,阴坡良好率66.7%)明显好于1 700 m幼树生长情况(阳坡良好率46.7%,阴坡良好率26.7%),所以可知研究区域内适宜樟子松生长的海拔高度应在1 600 m。最终得出张家口坝缘山地适生立地为海拔高度为1 600 m的阳坡厚层土,而且通过比较分析,得出影响樟子松人工幼林生长的主导因子为土层厚度、坡向及海拔高度。     

半干旱风沙区典型立地类型造林模式研究

通过对梁峁顶黄土立地类型,阳坡、风沙土立地类型,缓坡阶地类钙层黄土立地类型,缓坡阶地风沙土立地类型4种立地类型的5种造林模式的研究分析,提出了适宜半干旱风沙区典型立地类型的优化造林模式以及小叶杨成过熟林（小老树）的最佳更新改造模式。     

晋西刺槐人工林Sloboda高生长模型

利用Sloboda多形指数曲线方程拟合了晋西方山县和吉县刺槐人工林的高生长模型。结果表明,模型在95%显著水平上通过检验,可用于试验区人工林收获预估和立地质量评价。将试验区坡向、坡位和部分地形按照优势木的高生长量由大到小的排序为:阳坡下部、阳坡凹地、阴坡中部、阳坡中部、半阴坡上部、阳坡上部、半阳坡中部、阴坡上部、峁顶、阳沟坡、半阳坡上部。     

大兴安岭干旱阳坡各退化阶段土壤种子库研究

通过对大兴安岭地区阳坡草丛、阳坡灌草丛、阳坡蒙古栎林、阴坡次生林等4个立地类型土壤种子库萌发实验数据统计分析,结果表明:萌发实验显示各退化阶段的土壤种子密度均较低(275~977粒·m-2),优势科以菊科、蔷薇科等草本为主;种子库与地上植被相似性表现为阳坡草丛阳坡灌草丛阳坡蒙古栎林阴坡次生林;各植被类型之间,阳坡草丛与阳坡蒙古栎林土壤种子库相似性最高,干旱阳坡和阴坡次生林土壤种子库相似性相对较低;土壤种子库密度与土壤指标没有明显关系。     

塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林立地质量评价

以华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,基于塞罕坝机械林场2012年森林资源二类调查数据,选取立地因子(坡向和土层厚度)和林分因子(树高和林龄),应用统计学方法划分立地类型,利用理查德(Richard)函数拟合立地指数,构建华北落叶松树高曲线,编制地位指数表,并对该区不同林龄(幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林)华北落叶松的6种立地类型进行立地质量评价,结果表明:阳坡中层土和阴坡厚层土立地质量为Ⅰ级,平均立地指数分别为12.15m、11.55m;阳坡厚层土和阴坡中层土立地质量为Ⅱ级,平均立地指数分别为11.39m、11.16m;阴坡薄层土和阳坡薄层土立地质量分别为Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级,平均立地指数分别为10.85m、9.87m。     

渭北旱塬沟壑区不同立地条件刺槐林生长分析

渭北高原沟壑区主要立地类型土壤水分变化及对刺槐生长影响分析结果表明：土壤水分与刺槐生长之间关系密切,说明水分是影响刺槐生长的主要因素,地形和土壤则是划分渭北旱塬立地类型的主要因子。不同立地类型间刺槐高、地径生长量由大到小的序列为：沟底塌积土〉塬面黄土〉梁顶黄土〉沟底石砾土〉阳坡下部黄土〉阳坡上部黄土〉梁坡上部姜石粗骨土〉冲风口黄土〉梁顶姜石粗骨土〉沟坡中下部阳向黄土〉红胶土。     

云南松最佳生境条件的研究

根据云南松分布区的立地,按土壤——地形为主导因子,将云南松立地划分为45个立地类型,通过质量评定和等级划分,确定云南松的最佳生境是:在云南松适生区内的阴坡紫色砂岩、紫色砂页岩上发育的中厚层紫色土、火山灰岩上发育的中厚层火山灰土,以及阴坡地段由石灰岩、花岗岩、砂岩、砂页岩、片麻岩等发育的红壤,并由这些因素构成的各种立地类型。     

数量化─灰色关联分析法在日本落叶松林分类型划分中的应用

通过对豫西伏牛山区日本落叶松人工林典型样地调查，用数量化一灰色关联分析法划分出４个类型：阳坡厚土日本落叶松林、阳坡薄土日本落叶松林、阴坡厚土日本落叶松林、阴坡薄土日本落叶松林。阳坡厚上日本落叶机林生长最好，其次是阴坡厚土、阳坡薄土、阴坡薄土。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。