茶树嫁接的研究概述

1．前言选用优良品种逐步更换现有生产上的群体种，发展名优茶园，不断提高我国茶树良种化水平，加快三高茶园建设，是当前茶叶生产上的一项重要研究课题。按常规方法换种改植，费工多、成本高、时问长。采用嫁接换种，使之成为新的无性系良种，节约了常规法改植技种挖茶树、整地、开种植沟、施基肥、移栽良种茶苗、幼树培育等人力物力的资金消耗。并且在新品种选育中具有借助砧本品种优势弥补按穗品种某些不足的潜在应用前景。因而，世界名产茶国对茶树嫁接技术在生产及品种选育方山的应用极为重视，并获得不同程度的进展。如中非用在茶树…     

茶树挥发物的研究进展

简要概述了茶树挥发物的收集方法、释放规律和在茶树—害虫—天敌三级营养关系中的生态功能以及田间应用情况,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

嫁接技术在茶树上的应用研究与展望

嫁接技术在茶树上的应用为快速改造低产茶园,加快茶树良种化进程,提高茶叶品质开辟了一条新的途径。本文概述了国内外茶树嫁接技术研究进展并对它的前景进行了展望,为今后利用该技术提高茶叶产业效益提供参考。     

茶树遗传育种研究新进展（2013）

本文从茶树遗传资源研究、茶树品种选育研究、育种鉴定和诱变技术研究、分子生物学技术应用研究以及良种良法技术研究等方面综述了2013年中国茶树遗传育种研究的进展;从茶树再生系统构建、茶树育种鉴定技术研究和分子生物学技术应用等方面综述了国外茶树育种研究进展.     

湖南省茶树种质资源现状及研究进展

茶树种质资源是茶树新品种选育的基础。湖南省位于我国茶树迁移、演化的过渡带,保存着许多进化程度不同的茶树种质资源,茶树种质资源非常丰富。本文对湖南省茶树种质资源现状及研究进展进行了综述,并对其利用前景进行探讨,供湖南省茶树资源研究及新品种选育参考。     

2014年度茶树育种技术发展报告

本文综述了2014年度国内外茶树育种技术研究进展。国外在茶树育种鉴定技术研究有较大进展,开发了超高压液相色谱(UHPLC)和近红外反射光谱(NIRS)技术快速检测茶树品种样品的儿茶素类等品质成分,开发溶剂辅助香气蒸发(SAFE)技术检测茶叶的香气物质以及酶技术鉴定茶树品种抗茶叶轮斑病的能力。我国茶树育种的重要进展主要在:古茶树资源保护和开发利用技术研究、分子生物学技术在茶树育种鉴定中的应用以及新品种选育和品种保护。     

云南双江县茶树良种嫁接比较试验

为提高云南双江县茶区茶树良种嫁接成活率,就不同嫁接时间、嫁接方法、接口高度等对茶树良种嫁接成活率影响因素进行比较研究.茶树良种嫁接试验结果表明,双江县茶区茶树嫁接时间以冬季(1月)为宜,接穗为一芽一叶,嫁接方法以"劈接-接口高度15 cm-套袋-遮阴"较好.     

茶树良种嫁接技术研究

就不同嫁接时间、嫁接方法、接口高度、接穗形式、嫁接组合等因素对茶树良种嫁接成活率的影响进行比较研究,结果表明：我省茶树良种嫁接以秋季或春季进行为宜;嫁接方法以“一芽一叶-劈接-接口高度15cm．套袋”较为理想;筛选亲和力强的嫁接组合对提高成活率具有重要作用。     

谈谈茶树嫁接

植物嫁接是我国祖先发明的。清初我国园艺家陈在著述的《花镜》中说 :“木之必须接换 ,实有至理焉 ,小者可大 ,瓣者可重 ,色红者可紫 ,实小者可巨 ,酸者可甜 ,臭者可馥 ,是人力可以回天 ,惟在接换之得其传耳”[1] 。在果树生产上 ,长期以来普遍采用嫁接方法繁殖各种优良品种。茶树嫁接作为换种手段始于 70年代 ,近年来江西、福建、广东等省对茶树嫁接优良的茶树品种 ,快速换种 ,取得了明显的成效。我省对此项技术的应用刚刚起步 ,本文拟就谈谈茶树嫁接的一些问题。1　嫁接的效果据近年一些单位茶树嫁接换种的实践 ,茶园采用嫁接方法改种 ,…     

茶树叶片特征与茶树良种选育

本文从茶树叶片的外部形态、内部结构和生理生化等方面,探讨了茶树叶片特征与茶树品种的品质、产量和抗逆性的关系,论证了茶树叶片在茶树良种选育中的重要作用。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.