硒对烤烟生长、化学指标及矿质营养元素含量的影响

为探讨不同浓度的硒(Se)对植物生长、化学指标及矿质营养元素含量的影响,本研究以云烟87为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同硒浓度对烤烟生长、化学指标及烤烟根、茎、叶中矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cu累积的影响。结果表明,土壤施硒(亚硒酸钠)4.4 mg·kg-1时,烟叶中烟碱、蛋白和还原糖等含量处于最适范围,根、茎、叶中矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cu的含量达到最大值。低硒处理(Se≤4.4 mg·kg-1)显著提高了烤烟各部位对矿质元素的吸收,尤其对N、K、Ca、Mg、Mn的影响最为显著,从而促进了烤烟的生长,烟叶化学成分更加协调;而高硒处理(Se≥11.1 mg·kg-1)则降低了烤烟各部位对矿质元素的吸收,尤其对N、P、K的影响最显著,从而抑制了烤烟的生长。土壤中不同硒浓度通过调控植物对矿质元素的吸收进而影响植物的生长和化学指标,该研究结果为指导富硒烟叶的生产提供了理论依据。     

硒对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗叶片元素含量的影响

采用溶液培养研究Se对Cd胁迫下水稻幼苗叶片叶绿素和几种元素含量的影响结果表明,单用Cd处理,高浓度Cd使水稻幼苗叶片Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn含量显著减少;单用0.10mg/L Se处理可显著增加叶片Fe、Zn、Mn含量。Se使较高浓度Cd(5.0~10.0mg/L)胁迫下水稻幼苗叶片Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn含量高于单用Cd处理,Se与Cd的互作效应影响叶片Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn含量。叶绿素a/b值不能作为水稻幼苗Cd毒害指标。     

不同价态外源硒对小白菜生长及养分吸收的影响

采用土壤外源加入两种不同价态的硒 [Se(Ⅳ)和 Se(Ⅵ)]的盆栽试验,研究了其对小白菜生长、营养元素和硒吸收的影响。结果表明,施硒对小白菜的生长均表现出低浓度(5 mg/kg)促进,高浓度(5 mg/kg)抑制趋势。Se(Ⅵ)处理小白菜地上部硒含量大于地下部;而Se(Ⅳ)处理则与Se(Ⅵ)相反。硒从根部转运到地上部的转移因子Se(Ⅵ)处理大于Se(Ⅳ)。两种价态硒处理,小白菜对氮、磷、钾、硫、镁和锌的吸收也表现出低浓度时为促进作用,高浓度为抑制作用。Se(Ⅵ)显著增加了钙的吸收,Se(Ⅳ)却无显著影响;Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)均能促进小白菜对铁的吸收。相同浓度下, Se(Ⅵ)对各个营养元素吸收的影响显著大于Se(Ⅳ)。综合硒对生长和养分吸收的影响看出,小白菜施硒量以Se(Ⅵ)不超过2.5 mg/kg或Se(Ⅳ)不超过5 mg/kg为宜。     

黑麦草对硒的吸收、分配与累积

用营养液培养方法研究了黑麦草(Lolium.multiflorum,Lamaubada)对硒的吸收、分配和累积特征以及硒对黑麦草生物量的影响,以探讨黑麦草对硒的吸收和利用规律。结果表明,不同SeO32--Se浓度处理的黑麦草在不同生育期的硒含量大小顺序均表现为分蘗期拔节期抽穗期苗期,且其差异在低硒浓度([Se4+]0.05.mg／L)时表现不明显,在非中毒范围内,黑麦草体内含硒量随供硒水平的提高而增加。在不同硒浓度处理中,黑麦草不同器官的硒含量大小顺序均为根叶茎,黑麦草吸收的SeO32--Se大部分在根部累积,少部分转移到茎与叶中,SeR／SeL3,SeR／Ses4。当营养液中加入低浓度硒([Se4+]=0-0.1.mg／L)时促进了黑麦草的生长,其生物量随外源硒浓度的增大而增加;高浓度硒([Se4+]1.0.mg／L)时抑制黑麦草的生长甚至引起中毒死亡。抽穗期黑麦草对硒的阶段累积率最大,达40.42％。     

土壤施硒对茶树叶片硒及矿质元素含量的影响

以茶树为试材,亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠为硒源,采用土壤沟施的方式,进行田间试验,研究茶树叶片总硒、有机硒及K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe含量变化规律。结果表明,土壤施硒可显著提高叶片总硒和有机硒含量,叶片总硒含量随着施肥浓度增加显著升高,随着采样时间延长,先升高后降低,在施肥后5个月达到最大值。茶树对Se(VI)的吸收和转运能力远高于Se(IV),硒酸钠处理叶片总硒含量是亚硒酸钠处理的10.4~25.3倍。茶树吸收无机硒后大部分都转化为较为安全的有机硒,有机硒占总硒比例为91.6%~96.2%。土施不同浓度硒肥,叶片K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe含量呈现出波动式升降变化的特点,施硒显著提高嫩叶Zn含量,并显著降低老叶Ca、Fe含量,对叶片K、Mg含量无显著影响。     

不同浓度硒处理对彩叶草铅胁迫的EDXS和XRD分析

以彩叶草(Coleus blumei Benth.)为材料,用营养液培养方法,研究了不同浓度硒(Se)处理对浓度为1.0 mmol·L-1 Pb2+胁迫下彩叶草根、叶的形貌变化及其组分形态等变化,从光谱学角度初步探讨了硒对重金属铅毒害的缓解机制。结果表明:铅胁迫下的彩叶草根系C、K、Ca含量减少,O、Mg、Al、Si、Fe、Pb含量增加,叶片中的C、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Fe含量减少,O、Cl含量增加。铅胁迫下硒处理的彩叶草根元素种类及其元素含量均发生了明显变化;根中晶体情况及其晶相也发生了相应变化。     

祁连山水源涵养林区水质特征分析

通过祁连山水源涵养林区水质化学元素分析表明降水经青海云杉林林冠层作用后各化学元素总含量呈增加趋势,增幅最大的元素为Zn,其含量高出降水5.580 mg/L,各化学元素含量从大到小为Zn＞Ca＞K＞Mg＞Fe＞P＞Mn＞Cu＞N;降水经灌木林冠层作用后各化学元素中Ca元素的增幅最大,高出降水含量1.737mg/L,各元素含量变化顺序为Ca＞K＞Mg＞P＞Fe＞N＞Mn＞Cu＞Zn;白大板流域径流中Mg、Ca、K的增加幅度较大,分别为158.16 mg/L,85.965 mg/L和9.266 mg/L;Fe、P、Cu的增幅较小,分别为0.335 mg/L,0.033 mg/L和0.013 2 mg/L.     

硒对苦荞硒、总黄酮和芦丁含量、分布与累积的影响

采用盆栽试验探讨土壤施硒对苦荞硒、总黄酮和芦丁含量、分布与累积的影响。结果看出,在土壤施硒0.5～2.0 mg/kg范围,苦荞根在苗期（40 d）大量吸收并累积硒,全生育期各器官硒含量极显著提高;在生长中后期(60～80 d) 硒的累积最快,累积量最多。硒在苦荞各器官中的分布为:在40 d时,根＞叶＞茎;60 d时Se0.0处理为叶＞根＞花＞茎,施硒各处理则为花＞根＞叶＞茎;80 d时Se0.0处理以花＞根＞叶＞茎＞子粒,Se0.5处理以花＞叶＞子粒＞茎＞根,施硒≥1.0 mg/kg的处理则为花＞叶＞茎＞根＞子粒。土壤施硒≤1.0 mg/kg促进苦荞生长,提高地上部各器官干重和植株总干重以及各器官总黄酮和芦丁含量与累积量,不改变总黄酮和芦丁的器官分布,增加苦荞中后期对总黄酮的累积;以Se0.5处理效应最佳,各差异达显著水平。过量的硒（Se1.5～2.0 mg/kg）显著抑制苦荞生长,降低各器官干重、总黄酮和芦丁含量与累积,不利于硒在子粒中富集和总黄酮在子粒中分布。表明在低硒土壤上栽培苦荞,土壤施硒以不超过1.0 mg/kg为宜,既能最大限度的提高苦荞各器官硒、总黄酮和芦丁含量和累积量,又可降低施用硒肥的成本和减少硒肥对环境的影响。     

磷、硒配施对冬小麦硒吸收及土壤硒形态转化的影响

为研究磷硒配施对冬小麦根土界面硒有效性及形态分级的影响,并探究磷硒配施提高土壤硒有效性的可能机制,以冬小麦为试验材料进行根箱培养试验,设置0(P0)、80(P80)、160 mg·kg^-1(P160)3个磷水平和0(Se0)、1 mg·kg^-1(Se1)2个硒水平,分析冬小麦植株磷硒含量、累积量、迁移系数及根际和非根际土5种硒形态含量。结果表明,无论施硒与否,随着磷含量的增加,冬小麦生物量、地上部和根系磷含量均增大。施硒1 mg·kg^-1显著降低了P80和P160水平下冬小麦生物量、P160水平下根系磷含量及各部位磷累积量。在Se1条件下,施磷增加了各部位硒累积量,但显著降低了地上部硒含量和硒从根系向地上部的迁移系数。在Se0条件下,P160处理增加了根际土壤和非根际土壤中的可交换态硒含量。在Se1条件下,P160处理根际土壤中可交换态硒含量显著高于非根际土壤,但铁锰氧化物结合态硒和残渣态硒含量低于非根际土壤。综上所述,适宜的磷硒配施可影响土壤中各种硒形态的转化过程,可能是由于磷的施入和根系活动共同作用促进了土壤中铁锰氧...     

施纳米硒对小麦籽粒硒含量及其品质性状的影响

【目的】研究基施纳米硒肥对不同小麦品种籽粒百粒重、硒含量、硒形态,其他矿质元素以及面粉糊化特性的影响,为利用纳米硒肥进行小麦硒生物强化提供参考。 【方法】选择 110 份小麦品种 (系),在扬州大学农学院网室种植,采用的施肥方式为基施纳米硒肥,设每千克土施 Se 0 (CK)、100 (Se100)、150 (Se150) mg 2 次重复,随机区组设计。小麦成熟期收获籽粒,测定百粒重。利用离子发射光谱 – 原子吸收仪测定了籽粒 Se、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn 及 S 含量。选择高硒处理中硒含量前 10 名的品种,利用 LC-UV-AFS 测定了籽粒中不同形态硒的含量。随机挑选 59 个品种并利用 RVA 仪 (快速粘度分析仪) 测定其面粉糊化特性的特征值。利用 MATLAB 和 SPSS 软件进行数据分析。 【结果】基施硒 0、100、150 mg/kg 土,小麦籽粒的百粒重均值分别为 3.78、4.11 和 3.70 g,籽粒中总硒含量分别为 2.00、12.46 和 17.35 mg/kg。籽粒中的硒主要以有机态形式存在,以硒蛋氨酸含量最多,其次是硒甲基化半胱氨酸和少量的硒半胱氨酸,无机态硒仅微量存在于极少数品种中。基施硒肥对测定的矿质元素的吸收积累既有协同也有拮抗作用,对小麦面粉的糊化特性没有显著影响。糊化特性取决于基因型,不同品种间存在极显著差异。 【结论】硒肥可以提高小麦籽粒中的硒含量,但增幅因品种而异;硒强化后籽粒中硒主要以有机态形式存在;低浓度硒处理可以提高小麦籽粒的百粒重,且不会影响小麦的面粉糊化特性。     

Critical nutrient concentrations and antagonistic and synergistic relationships among the nutrients of NFT‐grown young tomato plants

Critical concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) with respect to dry matter yield end antagonistic and synergistic relationships among these nutrients were studied in which tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) was grown in recirculating nutrient solution (NFT). Increments of nutrient elements in the nutrient solution increased the proportional rate of the corresponding nutrient elements. Increasing levels of N negatively correlated with plant P and positively correlated with Ca, Fe, and Zn. Iron and Mn contents of the plants were increased and N, K, Ca, and Mg were decreased as a function of P applied. Increases in K in the nutrient solution caused increases in the concentrations of K, N, P, and Zn, and decreases in the concentration of Ca and Fe. Applied Ca increased the concentrations of Ca and N, and decreased the concentrations of P, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn. Potassium, Ca, and Fe contents of the plants were decreased and Zn increased, while N, P, and Mn were not affected by the increasing levels of external Mg. Iron suppressed the plant Mg, Zn, and Mn contents. Synergism between Zn and Fe was seen, while P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn contents were not affected by Zn levels. Potassium, Ca, Mg, and Fe were not responsive to applied Mn, however, N and P contents of the plants were decreased at the highest levels of Mn.     

Fertilization via carbonated water and mineral concentrations in a tomato crop

Abstract

In our experiments, application of carbonated water (CW) modified the nutritional status of a field‐grown tomato crop. Fruit concentrations of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) were initially increased by CW, after which they were similar to the controls (Zn and Mn) or lower (Cu and Fe). Leaf concentrations of the same group of elements were also increased in the later growth stages. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the earlier stages showed diminished concentrations in all plant parts in response to CW treatment; later on, a slightly higher Ca content was found in the fruit and lower in the leaves, while the fruit Mg content was decreased. Higher cation contents were found in the plant in response to the higher irrigation frequency and interaction with CW effect was detected in most of the cases. In the first period, leaf and fruit contents of all elements, except for Mg in the fruit were increased by daily irrigation. In the second one, leaf content of all nutrients was also increased; the fruit content of Mg, Ca and Zn was increased, while that of Cu, Fe, and Mn was decreased.     

磷对富硒赤红壤与红壤上小白菜硒吸收及土壤硒形态的影响

采用土培盆栽试验方法,研究了广西两种主要富硒土壤施入不同水平磷对小白菜硒吸收积累的影响及土壤硒形态转化规律,旨在为提高土壤有效形态硒含量及植物硒含量提供理论依据。试验采集广西具有代表性的富硒赤红壤(贵港市桂平市)和富硒红壤(桂林市永福县),设置4个磷梯度盆栽试验。结果表明:相同的磷处理在不同土壤上对小白菜硒吸收效果不同。在富硒赤红壤上低磷处理(P50,50 mg/kg)有利于小白菜地上部和地下部对硒的吸收;在富硒红壤上中磷处理(P110,110 mg/kg)小白菜地上部硒含量最高,地下部施入磷则硒含量均显著低于对照。同时,磷的施入对硒在小白菜体内的转运在两种土壤上也存在差异。在富硒赤红壤上当磷施入量在80 mg/kg以下时,磷的施入会抑制硒从地下部向地上部的转运;在富硒红壤上磷的施入则均能促进硒的转运;但二者均在中磷处理时达到峰值。植株体内硒含量间的差异取决于土壤有效形态硒含量。研究结果显示磷的施入均显著增加了土壤中水溶态和交换态硒的含量,且小白菜硒的含量与土壤中水溶态硒规律一致。研究还发现在两种土壤上不同磷处理对土壤硒形态转化规律不同,这为进一步研究磷与土壤硒间的互作关系提供了参考。     

Effect of selenium on the yield and quality of green tea leaves harvested in early spring

Foliar applications of a fertilizer of selenite or selenate were carried out to determine the influence of selenium on the yield and quality of green tea leaves harvested in early spring. Numbers of sprouts and the yield were significantly increased by the application of selenium. The sweetness and aroma of green tea leaves were also significantly enhanced, and bitterness was significantly decreased by the application of selenium. However, no significant differences were found in sweetness, bitterness, and aroma between tea leaves fertilized with selenite and selenate. Se concentration was significantly increased by selenium fertilization, and tea enriched by sodium selenate had a significantly higher selenium content than did tea enriched by sodium selenite. Total amino acid and vitamin C contents were significantly enhanced by the application of selenium. Tea polyphenol contents were significantly decreased by fertilization with selenium. The marked difference of tea polyphenols was also found between applications of selenite and selenate.     

模拟酸雨和外源铝对茶树铝及一些营养元素吸收积累的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了模拟酸雨和外源铝对茶树铝及一些营养元素吸收积累的影响,以期为酸沉降区茶园管理提供资料。结果表明,随着外源铝浓度的增加,茶树根、茎和叶中铝含量增加,在适度浓度外源铝处理下,模拟酸雨促进茶树根、茎和叶对铝的吸收与积累,高酸高铝则抑制茶树各器官中铝的积累。外源铝促进茶树根、茎和叶对磷、铜和铁的吸收与积累,促进茶树茎和叶对钾的吸收与积累,对茶树根中钾含量没有明显的影响,外源铝抑制茶树根对钙、镁和锌的吸收与积累,但不影响它们在茶树中的运输,茎和叶中含量增加。模拟酸雨对茶树根和茎中磷含量没有明显影响,pH4.5的模拟酸雨有利于茶叶磷的积累,模拟酸雨对茶树根、茎和叶中钾、钙、镁、铜和锌含量没有明显的影响。无外源铝处理下,模拟酸雨降低茶树根系中铁的含量,对茎和叶中铁含量没有明显影响,外源铝处理下,模拟酸雨明显降低茶树根、茎和叶中铁的含量,并且外源铝处理浓度越高,模拟酸雨对根、茎和叶中铁含量的降低幅度越大。     

Effects of zinc fungicides and different zinc fertilizer application methods on soluble and total zinc in potato plant shoots

Abstract

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of fungicides [with or without zinc (Zn)] and different Zn fertilizer application methods (no fertilizer; soil application; shoot application; soil plus shoot application) on the soluble and total Zn in the dry matter of potato shoots. Zinc fertilizer was applied to the shoots at 20 and 45 days after plant emergence (DAE), immediately before plant sampling. At 25 DAE, Zn fungicide increased soluble and total Zn in the fourth leaf. The same occurred, at 45 DAE, with the Zn fertilizer applied to the shoots. It were not observed significant increases on both soluble and total Zn contents in the fourth leaf of plants that received soil Zn fertilization. Even in the leaves with 262 mg Zn kg^‐1, there was no phytotoxicity symptoms. The total Zn concentration at 20 DAE was the best index correlated to potato tuber yield reaching 50.9 mg Zn kg^‐1 in the fourth leaf of plants at the highest marketable tuber yield treatment. Plant nutrient element contents [phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn)] were not affected by the treatments.     

Effects of industrial and sewage waste waters on the concentration of soluble carbon,nitrogen, and some mineral elements in sunflower plants

The effect of three waste waters from two factories, Manquabad (fertilizer) and Bani Quara (detergents and oils), and a sewage effluent from Arab El‐Madabegh (sewage effluent) on the soluble nitrogen and carbon fractions in sunflower plants was studied. In addition, tissue concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) were determined. Plants analyzed monthly that were grown in waste waters were found to have significantly higher soluble sugar, hydrolysable carbohydrate, and soluble protein in both their shoots and roots than plants grown in tap water (control). No definite pattern was noted for amino acid responses to the waste water treatment. Element concentrations in the plants were variable, affected by the pollution source differences and monthly sampling. Waste waters significantly enhanced the accumulation of most elements in both shoots and roots. The most notable effect was the increase in the Na, Cl, and Zn concentrations. In addition, waste waters significantly decreased the K content in both shoots and roots. Plants growing in Manquabad waste waters have the highest concentration of Zn, Mn, and Fe. The internal concentration for the mineral elements in the plant tissue was postively and negatively correlated with that found in the waste waters. The negative correlations existed with most elements in the plant tissue and waste waters, indicating the presence of an active regulation system that influenced the element uptake from the waste waters.     

Effect of cadmium toxicity on micronutrient concentration,uptake and partitioning in seven rice cultivars

Heavy metal uptake, translocation and partitioning differ greatly among plant cultivars and plant parts. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cadmium (Cd) levels (0, 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 soil) on dry matter yield, and concentration, uptake and translocation of Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in seven rice cultivars. Application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1 soil decreased root and shoot dry weight. On average, shoot and root Cd concentrations and uptake increased in all cultivars, but micronutrients uptake decreased following the application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1. No significant differences were observed between 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 Cd levels. On average, Cd treatments resulted in a decrease in Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in shoots and Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations in roots. Differences were observed in Cd and micronutrient concentrations and uptake among rice cultivars. Translocation factor, defined as the shoot/root concentration ratio indicated that Cu and Fe contents in roots were higher than in shoots. The Mn concentration was much higher in shoots. Zinc concentrations were almost similar in the two organs of rice at 0 and 45 mg Cd kg^?1. A higher Cd level, however, led to a decrease in the Zn concentration in shoots.     

长期施肥条件下设施蔬菜地土壤养分变化研究

设施蔬菜地土壤与其相邻露地菜田土壤比较,有机质、N、P、K、有效S、有效Mg、有效Mn、有效B、有效Zn和有效Cu含量随着设施蔬菜地使用时间延长而增加,其中有机质和N、P、K增加幅度为:磷钾氮有机质;但土壤有效Ca和有效Fe含量明显下降,且种植蔬菜时间越长含量越低。设施蔬菜地土壤及其地下水硝态N含量也显著增加,其中土壤耕作层和地下水硝态N含量分别增加2.10～8.44mg kg和5.56～49 25mg L。