马尾松外生菌根菌的培养和育苗效应研究

对彩色豆马勃、厚环乳牛肝菌、血红铆钉菇等７株菌根菌株在４种培养基、３种温度梯度下的生长状况和马尾松苗期接种效果进行研究。结果表明：改良麦芽汁培养基是外生菌根菌的适宜培养基；彩色豆马勃适应力强，明显促进马尾松苗期生长，菌根感染率高，但各菌株之间存在差异；厚环乳牛肝菌不适宜马尾松的苗期生长。     

菌根化马尾松苗木根际土壤浸提物有效成份及其对种子萌发的影响

【目的】对比分析接种外生菌根真菌对马尾松苗木根际土壤浸提物种类及其含量的影响,阐明根际土壤浸提物对马尾松种子萌发的影响,为菌根化育苗及马尾松天然更新研究提供科学依据和理论指导。【方法】以接种和未接种外生菌根真菌的1年生马尾松苗木为研究对象,采用乙醇和甲醇两种浸提剂分别萃取分离接种和不接种苗木根际土壤,气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)进行物质鉴定,研究不同马尾松苗木根际土壤浸提物化学成分和含量的差异,再运用生物测定方法研究浸提物对马尾松种子的化感效应。【结果】采用乙醇浸提,接种Sl12和Sl13菌株苗木根际土壤浸提物中物质种类分别比非菌根化苗木多22和23种,其中酸类是数量最多且比例较大的一类化合物,两种接种苗木酸类所占比例分别为51.20%和48.80%,非接种苗木酸类所示比例为34.17%;采用甲醇浸提,未接种苗木根际土壤浸提物中物质种类23种,两种接种苗木物质种类分别为34和32种,其中酸类、酯类相对含量较大,两种接种苗木酸类所占比例分别为39.06%和34.86%,酯类分别为32.01%和38.91%,非接种苗木酸类所示比例为33.96%,酯类所示比例为39.59%;菌根化苗木根际土壤乙醇、甲醇浸提物均能检测出棕榈酸、硬脂酸、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚;非菌根化苗木只能检测出棕榈酸;菌根化苗木根际土壤乙醇浸提物对马尾松种子的发芽率、发芽势、活力指数、胚根长、胚轴长具有一定的抑制作用,化感效应指数为负值。【结论】接种外生菌根真菌影响苗木根际土壤中分泌物的化学组成成分,增加分泌物的种类和数量;3种苗木根际土壤浸提物对种子的萌发具有一定抑制作用。     

几种外生菌根菌对松苗抗非根部病害的影响

研究几种外生菌根真菌对松苗抗松枯梢病和抗松材线虫病的影响.结果表明:菌根菌增强了马尾松苗苗木对松枯梢病的抵抗力,其中华美牛肝菌(504)菌根苗的抗性最强,其次为黄豹斑鹅膏(EG)和彩色豆马勃Pt2菌根苗,彩色豆马勃Pt,和紫金蜡蘑(ZJ)菌根苗的抗性相对较弱;但外生菌根菌对湿地松苗苗木抗松枯梢病的能力未见提高.对黑松和马尾松菌根苗接种松材线虫后发现,菌根增强了黑松和马尾松对松材线虫病的抵抗力,延缓或减轻了苗木的死亡,以504、Pt2和EG的效果较好.黑松菌根苗接种松材线虫后各处理体内早期的PAL活性存在一定差异.对松材线虫抗性较强的菌根苗其体内PAL酶活也较高,反之亦然.供试外生菌根菌的促生作用以及菌根苗体内抗病代谢酶活性的变化与其抗病性有一定的相关性.     

荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种对杨树根际土壤酶活性及微生物多样性的影响

【目的】探究荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种条件下NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性的变化,从微生态水平揭示溶磷细菌与外生菌根真菌互作对NL-895杨的促生机制。【方法】采用盆栽试验考察荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1与红绒盖牛肝菌(Xc)共接种后NL-895杨根际土壤酶(酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和转化酶)的活性变化,并通过BIOLOG微孔板法分析共接种对NL-895杨根际土壤微生物群落和功能多样性的影响。【结果】从整体趋势来看,不同接种处理后NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性均有所增强,土壤酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和转化酶活性均大于对照,其中,共接种JW-JS1+Xc处理对土壤酸性磷酸酶和转化酶活性的促进最为明显;接种150天后,不同接种处理土壤微生物的AWCD值均高于CK(培养24～48 h除外),且随着培养时间的延长呈先上升后稳定的趋势;培养96 h后,共接种JW-JS1+Xc处理土壤微生物McIntosh优势度指数和碳源利用丰富度指数显著高于单接种Xc或JW-JS1和CK(P<0.05),而Shannon丰富度指数和Simpson优势度指数显著低于单接种Xc或JW-JS1和CK(P<0.05);不同接种处理NL-895杨根际土壤微生物对BIOLOG微孔板中6大类碳源的利用能力差异显著(P<0.05)。【结论】荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1与外生菌根真菌Xc共接种对NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性的提高具有一定的促进作用,有利于其土壤肥力的改善,进而促进NL-895杨的生长。与单接种相比,溶磷细菌与外生菌根真菌共接种可更有效地提高杨树根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物多样性。     

接种外生菌根真菌对马尾松幼苗生长的影响

采用松乳菇(Lactariusdeliciosus01,02)、华南牛肝菌(Suillusplacidu504)和双色蜡蘑(LaccariabicolorS238N)4株外生菌根真菌固体纯培养接种物,对马尾松进行了圃地育苗接种试验。接种6个月后取样,比较了接种和未接种马尾松幼苗的生长、菌根侵染率和氮磷钾含量的差异。结果表明,外生菌根对马尾松幼苗的生长和氮磷钾养分的吸收有明显的促进作用,接种幼苗的株高、地径、生物量和氮磷钾含量等显著增加,菌根感染率超过65%以上,较对照均达显著水平(P<0 05)。     

外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃与麻栎幼苗共生对其抗旱性的影响

【目的】干旱是影响林木生长发育甚至死亡的主要环境胁迫之一。旨在探究接种外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃（Marx 270）对麻栎幼苗抗旱性的影响。【方法】以麻栎幼苗为材料,进行植株正常水分管控处理（对照,CK）、干旱胁迫处理（D）、正常水分管控+接种彩色豆马勃处理（Pt）和接种彩色豆马勃+干旱处理（Pt+D）4种处理,分析干旱胁迫下接种彩色豆马勃对麻栎幼苗的菌根定植以及生理指标的影响。【结果】接种彩色豆马勃能够在麻栎幼苗根部形成菌丝套,促进麻栎幼苗生长发育并且降低干旱胁迫对其影响。其中,Pt+D处理的株高和地径比D处理分别显著性高出49%和52%。接种彩色豆马勃能显著提升麻栎幼苗叶片叶绿素含量,分别为Pt处理> Pt+D处理> CK处理> D处理,进一步改变气体交换相关参数和叶绿素荧光参数。干旱胁迫下导致麻栎幼苗的抗氧化酶活性的增加,而接种彩色豆马勃后除POD外,Pt+D处理的SOD、CAT、APX和GR活性与D处理相比无显著性差异。再者,接种彩色豆马勃能显著提高麻栎AsA含量,Pt处理比CK处理显著高出74%,Pt+D处理比D处理显著高出103%,但是对GSH含量却无影响。同...     

毛白杨苗期VA菌根菌与外生菌根菌接种的研究

1998～1999年在田间条件下布置了毛白杨VA菌根(包括根内球囊霉菌和单孢球囊霉菌)与外生菌根硬皮马勃混合接种试验.结果表明接种菌根菌对毛白杨苗高生长量有促进作用,且以根内球囊霉菌作用最明显,单孢球囊霉菌处理次之,硬皮马勃处理最差.水涝大大降低人工接种菌根菌的效果,严重影响VA菌根和外生菌根菌单独接种及混合接种的效应,根内球囊霉菌甚至会抑制毛白杨苗木的高生长,VA菌根和外生菌根间的负交互作用也不对苗高生长产生影响.菌根真菌的感染率随时间变化出现较大的波动和变化.     

湿地松菌根化育苗技术应用研究

湿地松在自然条件下，没有外生菌根真菌与其共生，便生长不良，甚至死亡。中国林科院开发推广的Pt（Pisolithus tinctorius，彩色豆马勃）优良菌株，系与松类共生的最适外生菌根真菌，利用其培育菌根化苗木，不仅能提高苗木质量和产量，在提高造林成活率和促进林木速生丰产等方面发挥着重要作用。     

外生菌根真菌菌剂的制备及其对松苗生长效果的研究*

从不同林型下分离获得的外生菌根真菌纯培养菌株中,选择了劣味乳菇、美味红茹、赭丝膜菌、彩色豆马勃四株菌根菌,进行菌剂制备及其对松苗生长效果的试验。结果表明,PDMA和PD培养基是培养外生菌根真菌较适合的培养基,木屑、麸皮、米糠、玉米粉、珍珠岩、蛭石等是培养菌根菌菌剂较适宜的基质。供试菌对油松、马尾松、落叶松、樟子松、红松苗都具促进生长作用,效果较明显的是丝膜菌,其次是劣味乳菇、美味红菇、彩色豆马勃;对促进火炬松苗生长效果最明显的是劣味乳菇,其次是美味红菇、彩色豆马勃。四种菌对湿地松苗生长效果均高于对照。     

四川松树、桉树外生菌根菌种类调查

对四川省马尾松、湿地松、火炬松、桉树等人工幼林及少数天然林的外生菌根菌进行了调查研究。研究表明,我省松树林下外生菌根真菌资源丰富,鉴定出9科18属50种,其中马尾松林下有40种,占80％,松、桉幼林下的种类单一、采色豆马勃、多根硬皮皮勃、黄色须腹菌为松类人工幼林下的优势菌根菌,随着树龄的增加,菌根种类也不断增加。桉树林下仅发现大孢硬皮马勃。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.