氯氟醚菌唑在黄瓜上的残留及膳食风险评估

为评价氯氟醚菌唑在黄瓜中残留产生的膳食摄入风险, 于2017年-2018年进行了2年12地规范残留试验, 建立了黄瓜中氯氟醚菌唑的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析检测方法, 并对我国一般人群进行了膳食摄入风险评估。样品经乙腈提取，C18净化, UPLC-MS/MS检测, 外标法定量。结果表明:在0.01～1 mg/kg添加水平下, 氯氟醚菌唑的平均回收率为90%～108%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为3%～12%, 定量限(limit of quantification, LOQ)为 0.01 mg/kg。400 g/L氯氟醚菌唑悬浮剂按有效成分150 g/hm 2施药3次, 于末次施药后1、3、5 d采样测定, 黄瓜中氯氟醚菌唑残留量为＜0.01～0.64 mg/kg。膳食摄入风险评价结果显示:我国一般人群的氯氟醚菌唑国家估计每日摄入量(national estimates of daily intake, NEDI)为0.217 0 mg, 风险商(risk quotient, RQ)为6.9%, 表明氯氟醚菌唑在黄瓜中残留不会对一般人群健康造成不可接受的风险。     

绿豆中螺螨酯残留的HPLC/MS/MS法检测及其膳食摄入风险评估

建立了螺螨酯在绿豆和植株中残留的HPLC/MS/MS法检测方法,并对绿豆中螺螨酯残留量进行了膳食摄入风险评估。方法平均回收率分别为87%～105%和81%～86%,相对标准偏差分别为6.8%～7.1%和6.4%～7.3%。绿豆和植株中螺螨酯的最低检测浓度均为0.01 mg/kg。按本试验设计进行施药,不同采收间隔期绿豆和植株中螺螨酯的残留量分别为≤0.055 mg/kg和≤3.6 mg/kg。螺螨酯的普通人群国家估计每日摄入量是0.003 1 mg,占日允许摄入量的0.5%左右,认为对一般人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险。     

高效氯氰菊酯和吡丙醚在芥蓝中的残留消解及膳食暴露风险评估

为明确高效氯氰菊酯和吡丙醚在芥蓝上施用后的残留行为和膳食暴露风险, 研究基于规范田间残留试验、目标农药在芥蓝上残留分析方法, 得到芥蓝中2种农药的残留水平, 结合我国膳食结构不同性别/年龄组食物消费量及体重数据评估了高效氯氰菊酯和吡丙醚对各类消费人群的长期和短期膳食摄入风险。结果表明:高效氯氰菊酯和吡丙醚分别在0.01~1.0 mg/L和0.005~1.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好, 决定系数(R2)≥0.996 7。在3个添加水平下, 芥蓝中2种农药的平均回收率为70.6%~113.4%, 相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.5%~8.5%, 定量限均为0.01 mg/kg。10%高氯·吡丙醚微乳剂以推荐高剂量施药, 高效氯氰菊酯和吡丙醚在芥蓝中的消解符合一级动力学, 半衰期分别为3.9~10.1 d和4.8~6.3 d。最终残留试验结果表明, 最后一次施药3、5、7、10 d后, 芥蓝中高效氯氰菊酯的最终残留量≤0.904 mg/kg, 吡丙醚的最终残留量≤0.202 mg/kg。膳食风险评估表明, 我国不同人群的长期慢性暴露风险最大值为27.26%;短期急性暴露风险最大值为67.17%, 表明对不同年龄段、不同性别人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险。     

嘧霉胺在蓝莓中的残留行为及膳食风险评估

为明确嘧霉胺在蓝莓上施用后可能产生的膳食暴露风险,通过规范的田间残留试验,检测了蓝莓中嘧霉胺的残留量,结合GEMS/FOOD中关于中国各年龄段居民97.5%位点的浆果类农产品膳食消费量及体重调查数据、每日允许摄入量 (ADI),评估了嘧霉胺对中国各消费人群的长期膳食摄入风险。结果表明:在0.01~1 mg/kg添加水平范围内,嘧霉胺的平均回收率在97%~100%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在4.5%~12%之间;嘧霉胺在蓝莓中的检测方法定量限（LOQ）为0.01 mg/kg。露地栽培模式下,嘧霉胺在蓝莓中的消解速率符合一级反应动力学方程,消解半衰期为 3.2 d。嘧霉胺按有效成分360 g/hm2施药2次,每次间隔7 d,药后3、5、7、10 d 时蓝莓中嘧霉胺的残留量为 0.18~1.54 mg/kg。膳食风险评估表明,在膳食消费量97.5%位点处,蓝莓中嘧霉胺残留对各消费人群长期膳食摄入风险的贡献率小于0.1%,说明通过蓝莓摄入嘧霉胺残留对人体产生的长期膳食摄入风险较小。     

25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂在蓝莓中的残留行为及膳食风险评估

为评价25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂在蓝莓上施用后可能产生的膳食暴露风险，通过规范的田间残留试验，检测蓝莓中吡唑醚菌酯的残留量，结合GEMS/FOOD中关于中国的各年龄段居民浆果类农产品膳食消费量及体重调查数据、每日允许摄入量(allowable daily intake, ADI),评估了吡唑醚菌酯对中国各消费人群的长期膳食摄入风险。结果表明：在0.01～1.0mg/kg添加水平范围内，吡唑醚菌酯的平均回收率在92%～100%之间，相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.9%～9.4%之间；吡唑醚菌酯在蓝莓中的检测方法定量限(LOQ)为0.01mg/kg。露地栽培模式下，吡唑醚菌酯在蓝莓上的消解速率符合一级动力学方程，消解半衰期为4.7d。吡唑醚菌酯按有效成分150mL/hm²施药2次，每次间隔7d,药后3、5、7、10d时蓝莓中吡唑醚菌酯的残留量为0.11～0.29mg/kg。长期膳食风险评估表明，蓝莓中吡唑醚菌酯残留对各消费人群的长期膳食摄入风险的贡献率<0.1%,说明通过蓝莓摄入吡唑醚菌酯残留对人体产生的长期膳食摄入风险较小。     

虫螨腈及其代谢物溴代吡咯腈在芥菜上的残留行为与膳食风险评估

为评价虫螨腈及其代谢物溴代吡咯腈在芥菜中的残留行为与膳食摄入风险,在山西、北京、吉林、河南、安徽、贵州6地进行了规范残留试验,建立了快速、简便的检测芥菜中虫螨腈残留的气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)方法及检测芥菜中溴代吡咯腈残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法,研究了虫螨腈及溴代吡咯腈在芥菜中的最终残留和消解动态,并就两种农药对中国不同人群的长期及短期膳食摄入风险进行了评估。结果表明:在0.01~30 mg/kg添加水平范围内,虫螨腈及溴代吡咯腈的平均回收率分别在89%~105%和97%~104%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 分别在2%~4%和1%~3%之间;两种化合物在芥菜叶和根中的检测方法定量限 (LOQ) 均为0.01 mg/kg。虫螨腈在芥菜叶中的消解动态符合一级反应动力学方程,消解半衰期为4.2~5.9 d;溴代吡咯腈的消解动态因拟合曲线符合性太差无法进行一级反应动力学方程拟合。100 g/L虫螨腈悬浮剂以推荐最高剂量(有效成分105 g/hm2)施药2次、施药间隔期5 d、采收间隔期14 d,膳食消费量为97.5%位点处,芥菜叶中虫螨腈残留对3~5岁儿童和普通人群长期膳食摄入风险的贡献率分别为0.49%和2.47%,说明通过芥菜摄入虫螨腈及其代谢物残留对人体产生的长期膳食摄入风险较小;而短期膳食摄入风险评估结果表明,芥菜叶中虫螨腈对中国1~6岁儿童和普通人群均存在不可接受的短期膳食摄入风险,且对1~6岁儿童的风险远高于对普通人群。选择不同施药方式下的最终残留量数据进行评估,将可能导致风险评估结果产生较大差异,施药剂量或施药次数的增加会大幅提高农药残留的短期膳食摄入风险,建议可通过延长采收间隔期的方法降低农药的短期膳食摄入风险水平。     

马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的残留行为及膳食摄入风险评估

利用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器 (GC-FPD) 测定了马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的残留量,根据2016年湖南、山东、北京、安徽、山西和黑龙江6地马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的规范性残留试验,对中国各类人群和不同作物中的马拉硫磷进行了膳食风险评估。样品用乙腈提取,丙酮置换乙腈后,GC-FPD检测。结果表明:在0.02~8.0 mg/kg添加水平下,马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的回收率在88%~109%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为5%,定量限 (LOQ) 为0.02 mg/kg。湖南和山东的消解动态试验结果显示,马拉硫磷的半衰期为2.74~4.65 d,属于易降解农药;6地的最终残留试验结果表明,距最后一次施药3、5、7 d后,西葫芦中马拉硫磷的最终残留量在 < 0.02~0.049 mg/kg之间。针对西葫芦的膳食风险评估结果显示,中国各类人群对马拉硫磷的国家估计每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为0.115~0.207 μg/(kg bw·d),风险商值 (RQ) 为0.000 4~0.000 7;全膳食暴露风险评估结果显示,马拉硫磷在各类食物中的NEDI值为82.251 μg/(kg bw·d),RQ值为0.275 1,表明马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的长期膳食摄入风险较低。推荐中国马拉硫磷在西葫芦上的最大残留限量值 (MRL) 为0.1 mg/kg,可确保中国西葫芦的食用安全性。     

HPLC-MS/MS法快速测定氟啶胺在马铃薯和土壤中残留

建立了马铃薯和土壤中氟啶胺残留的分析方法,研究氟啶胺在马铃薯和土壤中的残留量及残留降解规律。进行2年2地田间试验。消解动态试验剂量1 125g/ha;最终残留试验剂量1 125和750g/ha,喷雾施药3～4次,施药间隔7d,距末次施药后间隔7、10、14、21d采样。高效液相色谱串联质谱法对氟啶胺进行定量分析。田间消解动态试验表明:氟啶胺在马铃薯植株和土壤中消解较快,半衰期分别为3.0～7.4d、6.7～10.0d。马铃薯最终样品中氟啶胺残留量在0.005～0.026 5mg/kg之间,土壤中氟啶胺的残留量在0.030 1～1.02mg/kg。该方法快速简便,准确可靠。马铃薯最终样品中氟啶胺残留低于欧盟(0.05mg/kg)和日本(0.1mg/kg)残留限量标准。     

异菌脲在葱上的残留行为及长期膳食风险评估

2018年在山东、安徽、广西、河北、黑龙江和河南6地进行异菌脲在葱上的规范残留试验，建立了气相色谱-质谱 (GC-MS) 测定葱中异菌脲残留的分析方法。样品经乙酸乙酯提取，N-丙基乙二胺 (PSA)、十八烷基键合硅胶 (C₁₈) 和石墨化碳黑 (GCB) 净化，GC-MS检测。结果表明:在0.02~20 mg/L范围内，异菌脲质量浓度与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系，相关系数大于0.99。在0.05、0.5和20 mg/kg添加水平下，异菌脲在葱中的平均回收率为81%~96%，相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为3%~9%，定量限为0.05 mg/kg。异菌脲在葱中的消解符合一级反应动力学方程，半衰期为12.2~15.8 d。采用255 g/L异菌脲悬浮剂按有效成分750和1125 g/hm2施药2~3次，于末次施药后3、5、7和14 d采样测定，葱中异菌脲的残留量为2.53~15.6 mg/kg。采用风险最大化的原则进行长期膳食风险评估，结果表明:一般人群异菌脲的国家估算每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为2.0650 mg，占日允许摄入量的54.6%，异菌脲在葱中的残留不会对一般人群健康造成不可接受的风险。     

乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的残留及消解动态

开展了60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂在杨梅上的残留田间试验,对乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的残留量及消解动态进行了分析,为乙基多杀菌素在杨梅上的膳食风险评估、合理使用及制定残留限量标准提供依据。建立了液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定杨梅中乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物的残留量的分析方法。当乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的添加浓度为0. 05、1. 0、2. 0mg/kg时,平均回收率82. 6%～96. 6%,相对标准偏差为3. 3%～7. 4%,符合残留检测方法的要求。消解动态试验结果显示,乙基多杀菌素在杨梅中的消解动态规律符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为0. 9～2. 6d,属易降解农药。最终残留试验表明60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂按有效成分40和60mg/kg,施药1次和2次,末次施药后1、2、3、5、7d,杨梅中乙基多杀菌素最终残留量分别为0. 05～0. 38mg/kg、0. 05～0. 39mg/kg、0. 05～0. 32mg/kg、0. 05～0. 19mg/kg、0. 05～0. 11mg/kg。建议在杨梅上使用60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂时,有效成分用药量40mg/kg,施药1次,安全间隔期7d。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.