陆源排污口对石门澳水域的影响

本文通过对石门澳内一个综合陆源入海排污口及排污口临近海域水质因子调查,表明陆源入海排污口存在较为严重的超标排放,但该海域水体交换能力较强,监测海域的各项指标均值优于二类海水水质标准;该海域主要污染物项目为pH值和无机氮。海底沉积物监测指标均达沉积物质量一类标准。     

种蛋的生理结构及其作用

<正>1外壳膜蛋壳表面覆盖着一层蛋白质的胶状保护薄膜,它的主要作用是保护种蛋,防止细菌通过蛋壳气孔浸入蛋内,当种蛋在种鸡体内时,外壳膜允许液体通过,当鸡蛋产出后,该膜逐渐变干、紧缩,防止细菌穿透,它对孵化期间气体交换起的作用不大,而对孵化期间种蛋的失重起着重要的作用,种蛋的储存时间和储存条件对它的影响不大,正确的储存条件不必过多考虑对壳膜的损伤;干擦、刮擦种蛋会对壳膜造成伤害。     

缢蛏外套膜的组织学和组织化学研究

解剖壳长(53.24±2.23)mm缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta的外套膜组织,经H·E染色和特殊染色等组织学和组织化学方法研究了外套膜组织结构与细胞化学成分。组织学观察表明:外套膜由边缘膜和中央膜组成,无边缘膜突起;边缘膜由内外侧上皮、结缔组织、肌纤维及分布在其中的粘液细胞组成。组织化学研究显示:上皮细胞和分泌细胞内含物中含有丰富的糖类;外侧上皮和肌纤维蛋白质含量较高;在外侧上皮中检测到较强的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。本研究结果可为解决缢蛏贝壳易破损、运输中大量死亡等问题提供参考。     

人工鱼礁表面分离细菌形成单一生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响

为探讨存在于人工鱼礁表面的海洋细菌与贝类附着之间的互作关系,本研究从自然海域中的人工鱼礁表面上分离了9株海洋细菌,并分别构建单一细菌生物被膜,探索不同细菌种属形成的生物被膜特性与厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)稚贝附着之间的关系。结果显示,9株人工鱼礁表面细菌形成的生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的诱导活性存在显著差异,其中,Mesoflavibacter sp.2对稚贝附着的诱导活性最高,Phaeobacter sp.2的诱导活性最低。Sutcliffiella sp.1和Jeotgalibacillus sp.1的细菌密度与诱导活性呈显著正相关,Cytobacillus sp.1和Phaeobacter sp.2的细菌密度与诱导活性呈显著负相关。通过比较分析Mesoflavibacter sp.2和Phaeobacter sp.2生物被膜的蛋白质及多糖含量发现,生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的诱导活性与多糖含量呈显著负相关,与蛋白质含量呈正相关。本研究初步探索了人工鱼礁表面细菌形成的生物被膜对厚壳贻贝稚贝附着的影响,为后续在自然海区进一步解析人工鱼礁表面生物被膜与海洋无脊椎动物附着的互作关系具有重要理论研究意义,同时,对于人工鱼礁表面海洋生物附着机制的研究具有重要的实践价值。     

中国毛虾营养成分分析与评价

分析了中国毛虾的一般营养成分、蛋白质的氨基酸组成、无机质及维生素等的含量并进行了营养学评价。结果表明,其蛋白质含量高达72.9％(干基),氨基酸组成中,Gu、Asp、Gly、Ala、Lys、Arg等含量丰富,氨基酸价达83。此外还富含钾、钙、镁、铁、磷、硒等无机元素及维生素B_5和维生素E。     

养殖常用消毒药物对凡纳滨对虾NAGase活力的影响

研究几种消毒药物对来源于凡纳滨对虾壳膜与内脏的N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAcase,EC 3.2.1.52)活力的影响.结果表明,次氯酸钠和三氯异氰尿酸对2种来源的NAGase活性均有较强的不可逆抑制作用;双链季铵盐对壳膜NAGase活性起强的激活作用,而对内脏NAGase有轻微的抑制作用;戊二醛对壳膜NAGase没有明显作用,对内脏NAGase具有轻微的激活作用.     

超滤法浓缩鳀加工蒸煮液的工艺研究

文章以鳀（Engraulis japonicus）蒸煮液为原料,采用聚醚砜超滤膜浓缩回收蒸煮液中有效成分,对样品预处理方法、膜截留孔径的大小、操作压力、进样流速、样品pH与膜通量等的关系进行了研究。结果表明,预处理采用0.2μm的微滤膜过滤,样品中营养物质损失较小且固体颗粒去除彻底;同时,确定了最佳的超滤操作条件为膜孔径30kDa,操作压力137.90kPa,进样流速2.5mL·s^-1,pH8.5,温度30℃。将200mL样品蒸煮液进行浓缩,体积浓缩倍数为1时,蛋白质浓缩倍数为1.61,蛋白质的截留率为80.58%,膜通量达94.4L·（m^2·h）^-1。     

养殖水体中的氨氮

一、水体中的氮氮是构成生物体蛋白质的主要元素之一。水体中的氮包括无机氮和有机氮两大类。有机氮包括氨基酸、蛋白质、核酸和腐殖酸中所含的氮,某些藻类和微生物可直接利用有机氮。在工厂化育苗池、温室精养鱼池中有机氮占有较大的比例。无机氮包括溶解氮气、总铵(包括离子铵和非离子氨)、硝态氮、亚硝态氮,溶解于水的氮气只有被     

养殖水体中亚硝酸盐的来源、危害和控制

正在养殖水体环境中,氮元素以-3至+5多种不同价态存在,在生物及非生物因素的共同作用下,在无机氮和有机氮之间相互转化。无机氮形式主要有溶解分子态氮(N_2)、氨氮(NH_3-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)以及一些中间产物等;有机氮形式主要有氨基酸、蛋白质、尿素和腐植酸等。亚硝态氮即常说的亚硝酸盐,可以被水体中的藻类作为氮肥吸收同     

浅谈养殖水体中的氨氮

正一、水体中的氮氮是构成生物体蛋白质的主要元素之一。水体中的氮包括无机氮和有机氮两大类。有机氮包括氨基酸、蛋白质、核酸和腐植酸中所含的氮。某些微生物可直接利用有机氮。在工厂化育苗池、温室精养鱼池中有机氮占有较大的比例。无机氮包括溶解氮气、总氨(包括离子铵和非离子氨)、硝态氮、亚硝态氮,溶解于水的氮气只有在被水     

Aquaculture wastewater treatment and reuse by wind-driven reverse osmosis membrane technology: a pilot study on Coconut Island, Hawaii

Nitrogen in aquaculture wastewater may cause many environmental problems to the receiving water. To protect its pristine coastal water, the State of Hawaii established stringent water quality limits for aquaculture wastewater. Effluents from aquaculture facilities in Hawaii generally exceed these limits—sometimes by one to two orders of magnitude. Development of cost-effective treatment technology would be one of the most important factors for a profitable aquaculture industry in Hawaii. Furthermore, recirculating of aquaculture wastewater is highly desirable for environmental protection and resource conservation. To achieve these goals, a wind-driven reverse osmosis (RO) technology was developed and applied for the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the culture water of tilapia on Coconut Island, the home of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa. A conventional multi-blade windmill is used to convert wind energy directly to hydraulic pressure for RO membrane operation. Aquaculture wastewater passing through the RO membrane is separated into permeate (freshwater) and brine (concentrated wastewater). The permeate is recirculated to the fish tanks, while the brine is collected for possible treatment or reuse. As a result, no wastewater discharge is made to the ambient coastal water. Testing results indicated that the prototype wind-driven RO system can process and recycle freshwater at a flux of 228–366 L/h, depending on wind speed. The nitrogen removal rate ranges from 90% to 97%, and the recovery rate of the RO membrane is about 40–56%. A preliminary cost analysis shows that the production of 1.0 m³ permeate from aquaculture wastewater would cost US$ 4.00. Further study will focus on the reuse of concentrates and on further enhancement of cost-effectiveness.     

6种改性剂对生物膜附着基质亲水性及其虾池挂膜效果的影响

文章旨在研究提高生物膜附着基质亲水性能、缩短挂膜时间的相关改性处理方法，为该项技术应用于水产养殖废水处理工艺提供相关数据参考。研究选择筛绢网（40目）作为生物膜附着基质，选取氢氧化钠（NaOH）、氢氧化钙[Ca（OH）2]、盐酸（HCl）、高锰酸钾（KMnO4）、重铬酸钾（K2Cr2O7）和无水乙醇（C2H5OH）共6种试剂作为试验改性剂。通过基质吸附芽孢杆菌（Bacillusspp．）数量和对虾养殖池内挂膜效果来评价6种改性剂的改性效果。结果表明，10％HCl处理6h后的基质亲水性更好，虾池挂膜效果最优，为该试验条件下生物膜附着基质亲水性改性的最适改性剂。     

Evaluation of membrane filtration and UV irradiation to control bacterial loads in recirculation aquaculture systems

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is commonly used to control pathogen loads in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS), although these micro-organisms can be shielded by particles in the water, and some species tolerate very high UV doses. The objective of this study was to evaluate membrane filtration (MF) as an alternative, or complimentary, treatment to UV irradiation for pathogen control in RAS, as well as examine the operation and cost of each treatment. In a pilot-scale RAS, both MF and UV were used to treat wastewater for 30 days and water samples were collected biweekly and analysed for culturable bacteria, suspended solids, UV transmittance and other parameters. Bacterial control efficiencies were similar between both MF and UV treatments, which removed 99% of total bacteria and 98% of heterotrophic bacteria, respectively. Surface fouling was negligible for the UV while MF required biweekly cleaning to maintain operation. However, MF had the additional benefit of removing 96% of suspended solids, which resulted in increased UV transmittance. Capital and operating costs of MF were similar to UV, but only when MF treated a fraction of the wastewater compared with UV. We conclude that MF represents a potential complimentary technology to enhance UV irradiation, especially to minimise pathogens in RAS that are shielded by particles or tolerate UV.     

硫酸铝混凝法处理页岩气钻井废水的实验研究

通过探究混凝法处理页岩气钻井废水处理效果,可为水净化处理实际应用提供科技支撑。以川西地区某平台聚合物泥浆页岩气钻井废水为研究对象,比选了4种不同混凝剂,确定投加混凝剂硫酸铝[Al2(SO4)3]和助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对钻井液废水进行处理,采用单因素和正交实验筛选出最佳工艺条件,通过计算化学需氧量（CODCr）的去除率、色度变化、紫外-可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱,研究了Al2(SO4)3和PAM复合混凝钻井液废水的特性与污染物去除原理。结果表明,硫酸铝混凝法处理页岩气钻井废水的最佳混凝条件为Al2(SO4)3投加量1.0 g/L,PAM投加量50 mg/L,pH值8左右,搅拌时间为3 min,此时钻井液废水CODCr、色度和UV254去除率分别可达到为81.92%、99.4%和81.02%。紫外-可见光谱显示,混凝能明显降低钻井废水的有机物浓度;三维荧光光谱表明,混凝能去除钻井废水中结构较为稳定的羧甲基纤维素（CMC）,极大程度地降低钻井废水中有机污染物的量。处理后废水中的各项污染指标均有较大降幅,且经混凝处理后钻井液废水的分子结构趋于简单,为后续的进一步处理减轻了负荷。需要进一步探究去除过程中烃类物质的荧光吸收峰在一段时间内增强的原因,以及混凝法与其他净水方法协同处理废水技术。     

CO2体积浓度对酒精废水培养微藻及其净化效果的影响

从4种常见微藻中筛选出能够充分利用木薯酒精废水及CO2废气生长的种类,并探究CO2体积浓度对其生长及净化废水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(CODCr)能力的影响。通过微藻在废水中生长的干重变化及叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量判断其生长情况,筛选出最适合的微藻。通过单因子试验,研究不同CO2体积浓度对筛选微藻的干重及叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量,以及CO2固定速率的影响,来寻找最适合生长的质量浓度。通过测定废水中TN、TP、CODCr的变化来评估净化作用。筛选试验结果表明,钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)能适应酒精废水和CO2废气中的生长环境,在未经稀释的酒精废水中,其干重和Chl-a均显著高于波吉卵囊藻、普通小球藻和四尾栅藻(P<0.05)。单因子试验结果显示,当通入体积浓度2.5%的CO2,在酒精废水中培养的钝顶螺旋藻的干质量为(1.62±0.05)g/L、Chl-a为(12.1±0.7)mg/L,均高于其他试验组(P<0.05)。同时其对酒精废水中TN、TP、CODCr的去除率显著最高,分别为(50.5±2.1)%、(73.2±2.0)%及(24.9±0.6)%。钝顶螺旋藻能够适应酒精废水的生长环境,能吸收利用CO2废气,并有不错的净化效果。最适合其生长的CO2体积浓度是2.5%。     

钝顶螺旋藻在养虾废水中的生长研究

研究了钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)在养虾废水中的生长情况。结果表明,钝顶螺旋藻不能直接在该养殖废水中生长,但在废水中添加5%比例的Zarrouk培养液后,钝顶螺旋藻能在其中较好地生长。通过正交试验获得了钝顶螺旋藻在含5%Zarrouk培养液的废水中的生长最佳条件:pH=8,初始密度A560为0.3,光强2500lx。在该条件下,钝顶螺旋藻对废水中的氮、磷均有较好的清除效果,氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和活性磷的清除率分别达到64.5%、41.9%、67.1%和43.9%。     

Growth and potential purification ability of Nitzschia sp. benthic diatoms in sea cucumber aquaculture wastewater

The growth patterns and water treatment capacity of Nitzschia sp. benthic diatoms in different concentrations of sea cucumber aquaculture wastewater (0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 80% and 100%) and f/2 medium were studied. Nitzschia sp. grew in different concentrations of aquaculture wastewater and showed remarkable differences in their rate of growth among the treatment groups. Nitzschia sp. grew most quickly (0.83 ind/day) and showed the greatest total chlorophyll‐a content in 30% wastewater. The total chlorophyll‐a content and growth rate of Nitzschia sp. were strongly correlated (R² > 0.98). The total lipid (TL), total protein, exopolysaccharide (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) contents of the diatoms were highest in 100% wastewater and showed significant differences among the experimental groups (p < 0.05). Total nitrogen (TN), ammonium‐nitrogen (NH₄‐N) (AN), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃‐N) (NN), nitrite nitrogen (NO₂‐N) (NIN) and total phosphate (TP) contents were significantly reduced after cultivation. TN uptake peaked at 54.58% in 30% wastewater. AN uptake exceeded 95% in 30% wastewater and 100% wastewater. NN uptake peaked at 56.42% in 80% wastewater, whereas TP uptake ranged from 16.80% to 27.69%. These results suggest that Nitzschia sp. biomass can be enhanced via cultivation in low‐concentration (30%) wastewater, after which their cultivation may be continued in high‐concentration (100%) wastewater, increasing their nutritional value and aiding in the removal of surplus nitrogen and phosphorus in sea cucumber aquaculture wastewater. Application of Nitzschia sp. using the recirculating wastewater‐treatment methods described has the potential to reduce environmental harm caused by sea cucumber cultivation and thus achieve sustainable aquaculture.     

Water pollution by Pangasius production in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam: causes and options for control

In this paper, we analyse water pollution caused by farming and processing Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The results show that 1 tonne of frozen fillets releases 740 kg BOD, 1020 kg COD, 2050 kg TSS, 106 kg nitrogen and 27 kg phosphorus, of which wastewater from fish ponds contributes 60–90% and sludge from fish ponds and wastewater from processing facilities contributes 3–27% of the total emissions. Overall, the combined waste emissions from Pangasius production and processing account for <1% of the total TSS, nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Mekong Delta. Despite the relatively low contribution to water pollution, further reductions are possible through more efficient use of inputs and low-cost treatment and re-use of effluent streams. The use of cleaner production technologies and the development of wastewater treatment plants could be applied to large farms and processing facilities to reduce water pollution in Pangasius processing. Low-cost options for small-scale farms include the optimization of the discharge design for the re-use of wastewater.     

养殖池排污水循环处理技术的研究

养殖排污水循环处理系统由轮虫净化池、沉淀净化池、反冲式物理过滤装置和生物净化池组成。物理过滤系统主要是通过水流的反冲式流动,使大量的污物停留在系统的下层,利于从系统中排除;化学处理主要是通过低值、高效的化学絮凝剂;生物净化主要是通过细菌、微藻和轮虫等生物群落综合处理来实现。经净化的养殖污水可进入虾池循环使用或排放外海。     

In situ hypochlorous acid generation for the treatment of brackish shrimp aquaculture wastewater

This study presents an unconventional framework for treating shrimp aquaculture wastewater based on in situ hypochlorous acid (HOCl) oxidation. The in situ oxidation process makes use of the salinity present in aquaculture wastewater to generate HOCl. The undivided electrolytic cell consisted of two sets of graphite as the anode and stainless sheets as the cathode. The electrochemical oxidation of shrimp aquaculture wastewater was carried out for an influent COD concentration of 1730 mg L^?1 at current densities of 37.2 and 74.5 mA cm^?2. The results showed that in order to achieve a residual COD concentration of 50±5 mg L^?1 at current densities of 37.2 and 74.5 mA cm^?2, electrolysis periods of 60 and 30 min are required respectively. Hence, for the above‐mentioned current densities, the corresponding energy requirements were found to be 19.4 and 13.3 W h L^?1. The cost incurred in treating 1 m³ of shrimp aquaculture wastewater was found to be RM 4 and 3 when the electrolytic reactor was operated at a current density of 37.2 and 74.5 mA cm^?2 with a salinity of 23‰. The foregoing study highlights the potential of in situ HOCl oxidation in treating brackish shrimp aquaculture wastewater.