条锈菌诱导的小麦bZIP转录因子基因的克隆及表达分析

采用电子克隆和RT-PCR方法,从条锈菌诱导的小麦品种水源11的cDNA中分离到一个编码bZIP转录因子基因的cDNA序列,暂被命名为TabZIP。TabZIP包含一个完整的1 071 bp的开放阅读框,编码356个氨基酸,具有典型的bZIP保守结构域;与水稻、玉米、拟南芥等植物bZIP蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性较高;TabZIP基因在小麦根中的表达量丰富,而在茎和叶中表达量很小;在小麦与条锈菌非亲和组合中,TabZIP基因高水平表达,而在亲和组合中没有明显的变化;防卫相关激素乙烯、茉莉酸也可诱导该基因的快速上调表达,表明TabZIP可能通过乙烯、茉莉酸信号途径介导小麦对条锈病的防御反应。     

含CBS结构域的小麦TaCDCP1基因的克隆及其表达分析

利用电子克隆和RT-PCR技术,在本实验室前期构建的非亲和互作的SSH文库基础上,从条锈菌侵染的小麦水原11叶片中首次分离出一个含CBS结构域蛋白的基因,暂命名为TaCDCP1(Triticum aestivum CBS domain containing protein 1)。TaCDCP1包含一个完整的654 bp的开放阅读框,编码217个氨基酸。推测该基因拟编码的蛋白具有2个CBS保守结构域,不含跨膜区且无信号肽,定位在叶绿体基质内;经过同源比对,小麦TaCDCP1氨基酸序列与大麦、水稻和玉米等的同源序列的相似性较高;该基因表达量在小麦叶中显著高于在根和茎中;在小麦与条锈菌的非亲和、亲和组合中,TaCDCP1基因均受到条锈菌诱导,分别在接种后18 h和96 h达到表达高峰,非亲和组合表达量在侵染前期(接种后18~48 h)高于亲和组合,而在侵染后期(接种后96~120 h)低于亲和组合;外源植物激素脱落酸诱导该基因上调表达,苄基腺嘌呤,乙烯,赤霉素,茉莉酸甲酯和水杨酸处理后其表达量在不同程度上受到抑制;TaCDCP1在低温和干旱条件下表达量上升,在机械伤害和高盐处理下表达量无明显差异。表明TaCDCP1可能通过脱落酸等信号途径参与小麦对条锈菌的防御反应,同时参与低温和干旱环境下的信号转导途径。这些结果对于明确CBS结构域的功能以及CBS结构域蛋白尤其是TaCDCP1在小麦与条锈菌互作中的作用奠定了基础。     

小麦钙调素新亚型TaCaM5的克隆及表达分析

利用RT-PCR技术,从条锈菌诱导的小麦叶片中分离出一个编码CaM基因的cDNA序列, 经氨基酸序列分析确定其为一个新的小麦CaM亚型,暂被命名为TaCaM5。TaCaM5包含一个完整450 bp的开放阅读框,编码149个氨基酸;编码的蛋白不含跨膜区、无信号肽、定位在胞内,具有4个EF-hand保守结构域。在目前已知的CaM基因中,TaCaM5与玉米CaM基因的亲缘关系最近,相似性高达97%。该基因在根、茎、叶等组织中均有不同程度的表达;并且受条锈菌诱导表达,在非亲和组合与亲和组合中,分别在接种后6 h和24 h表达量最高。外源植物激素脱落酸、茉莉酸甲酯和乙烯诱导TaCaM5上调表达,水杨酸诱导其下调表达。TaCaM5在机械伤害、干旱和低温条件下表达量上升,在高盐环境下表达量降低。表明TaCaM5可能通过茉莉酸和乙烯等信号途径参与小麦对条锈菌的防御反应,同时参与机械伤害、低温和干旱环境下的Ca²⁺-CaM信号转导途径。     

小麦TaLTP5参与小麦与条锈菌的非亲和互作反应

为明确非特异性脂质转移蛋白基因Ta LTP5在小麦抗条锈性产生过程中的作用,本研究对该基因进行了染色体定位分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)技术分析了其转录表达特征。研究结果显示,小麦Ta LTP5基因定位在小麦3B染色体的短臂上,位于3BS8-0.78-1.00染色体区段;Ta LTP5在小麦与条锈菌的非亲和过程前期表达量显著升高,而在亲和过程中没有明显变化;Ta LTP5的表达受到外源水杨酸(SA)、聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟的干旱和外源脱落酸(ABA)的胁迫强烈诱导,而外源茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)、乙烯(ET)和低温在一定程度上抑制基因的表达。研究结果表明,在小麦-条锈菌非亲和互作中,Ta LTP5可能是小麦对条锈菌的抗性产生信号转导途径的正调控因子,而且参与了小麦的非生物胁迫应答过程。本研究结果对于调控植物抗性和培育抗病品种均有重要意义。     

小G蛋白Rab2基因参与小麦抗叶锈病反应的研究

为了解叶锈菌侵染小麦后小G蛋白Rab2基因的表达情况,明确其与抗病性的关系,从分子水平上探讨小麦的抗叶锈病机制。以普通六倍体小麦近等基因系TcLr1和叶锈菌小种05-22-64①和05-8-63①为试验材料,构建小麦亲和与非亲和组合,利用实时定量PCR技术对小麦小G蛋白Rab2基因的表达情况进行检测。结果表明:在小麦叶锈菌侵染过程中,Rab2基因主要在侵染的前期表达迅速,随着时间的推移表达量有所下降。非亲和叶锈菌菌株可以诱导小G蛋白Rab2基因表达量的升高,而亲和叶锈菌菌株抑制小G蛋白Rab2基因的表达。由此表明,小G蛋白可能与寄主和病原物的亲和程度有着直接的关系。     

CaM及各亚型基因参与小麦抗叶锈病反应的研究

采用实时荧光定量PCR法,对小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr15接种亲和或非亲和性叶锈菌后,CaM及其亚型的mRNA表达差异进行相对定量分析.结果表明,小麦接菌后12 h内CaM 的4个亚型基因表达量与不接菌对照相比相差不大.小麦接种非亲和叶锈菌,48,72,96 h后,CaM SF-1表达量分别比亲和组合高 24.6%,26.6%,38.8%;接种24,48 h后,CaM SF-4表达量分别高出亲和组合26.8%和28.0%;在接种后24~96 h这一过程中,CaM SF-2表达量均低于亲和组合中, 而CaM SF-3表达量与亲和组合表达量相差不大.接种非亲和叶锈菌后,在第24 h 、第 48 h小麦CaM表达量分别高于亲和组合18.1% 和 47.9% ,而在第72 h和第96 h CaM表达量又低于亲和组合.上述结果暗示,CaM可能参与了小麦抗叶锈病反应,并且具有亚型特异性.小麦中CaM SF-1和 CaM SF-4可能与小麦抗叶锈病相关,CaM SF-2可能与小麦感叶锈病相关,而CaM SF-3可能不参与小麦抗叶锈病反应.     

小麦与叶锈菌互作体系中G蛋白α、β亚基的表达及其与抗病蛋白和活性氧代谢的关系

为了从基因表达水平和抗病生理水平上了解小麦与叶锈菌互作过程中G蛋白的α、β亚基的作用,进一步揭示小麦的抗叶锈病分子机制和信号转导途径,以小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr1和叶锈菌05-22-64/05-8-63①为材料,构建了小麦与叶锈菌互作的亲和与非亲和组合,利用实时定量PCR技术对小麦G蛋白α、β亚基的基因表达量进行了检测。另外,以清水为对照,检测亲和与非亲和互作组合中,以及G蛋白抑制剂百日咳毒素PTX处理后再接种无毒性菌株的处理中,几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶以及活性氧产生速率的变化。结果发现,G蛋白的α亚基和β亚基都参与了小麦抗叶锈病的反应,并且可能在信号传递过程中起重要作用。无毒性叶锈菌可诱导G蛋白基因表达量的升高,而毒性叶锈菌会抑制G蛋白基因的表达。G蛋白α、β亚基在抗病反应信号传递过程中先后次序不同,β亚基基因的表达先于α亚基基因且表达量高于α亚基基因。另外,G蛋白可能通过诱导防卫酶和活性氧产生的增加来提高小麦对叶锈病的抗性。     

TaCDPK2基因在小麦与叶锈菌互作过程中的表达分析

在本实验室前期构建的非亲和互作的SSH文库基础上,从叶锈菌侵染的小麦叶片中发现在接种后8 h表现高表达量的CDPK2-EST。CDPKs即钙离子依赖蛋白激酶,是植物细胞应对各种生物和非生物胁迫过程中承接Ca2+流变化的重要因素。为进一步研究CDPK2在小麦与叶锈菌互作过程中的表达特性,采用RT-PCR和Western-Blotting技术分别在mRNA水平和蛋白质水平对小麦受叶锈菌侵染后不同亲和性组合中CDPK2的表达谱进行了检测。结果表明,小麦CDPK2基因受叶锈菌侵染诱导,不亲和组合在接种后4 h无论在mRNA水平还是蛋白质水平该基因均表现上调表达,而转录水平的表达量在接种后16 h降至对照水平;而在蛋白水平其表达量在接种16 h达到最大,之后又恢复至对照水平。亲和组合中该基因在接种后8 h在mRNA水平略有表达,在蛋白水平其表达量在接种后8 h和16 h有上调表达但其表达量低于不亲和组合,之后又趋于对照水平。这一结果表明,小麦CDPK2基因参与了小麦与叶锈菌的互作过程,并在该过程中对提高小麦抗叶锈能力有一定作用。这一结果为深入探讨小麦CDPK2基因在小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染中的作用及作用机制奠定了基础。     

病原诱导的中间偃麦草ERF转录因子基因的克隆及其表达特性

应用RT-PCR、RACE技术，从病原诱导的中间偃麦草叶片cDNA中，分离出1个编码ERF基因的全长cDNA序列，该基因暂命名为TiERF1a，编码由292个氨基酸组成的蛋白质，具有ERF转录因子典型的结构，即保守的AP2/ERF DNA 结合域、核定位位点和酸性激活区。TiERF1a的氨基酸序列与一个水稻ERF蛋白OsBIERF3具有66%的同源性，与拟南芥AtERF1同源性仅39.7%，为植物ERF转录因子家族B3亚群的一个新成员。表达分析结果表明，纹枯病菌、赤霉病菌侵染可诱导TiERF1a基因的上调表达，与防卫相关的激素乙烯、茉莉酸也可诱导该基因上调表达，且TiERF1a对外源乙烯、茉莉酸的响应时期早于对纹枯病菌、赤霉病菌响应时期，说明TiERF1a可能通过乙烯、茉莉酸信号途径参与寄主调控对纹枯病菌、赤霉病菌的防御反应。     

黄毛草莓丝氨酸/苏氨酸基因FnSTPK1和启动子克隆及表达分析

为探究丝氨酸/苏氨酸基因STPK1在黄毛草莓(Fragaria nilgerrensis Schltdl.)抗炭疽病中的作用,采用RT-PCR技术从黄毛草莓中克隆了FnS TPK1基因的cDNA (GenBank登录号:MN709781)及其启动子序列(GenBank登录号:MN709783),序列分析结果表明:FnSTPK1基因开放阅读框长为1581 bp,编码526个氨基酸,包含1个STKc结构域,该基因起始密码子上游启动子pFnSTPK1序列为752bp,预测包含TATA-box、CAAT-box、激素响应元件、光响应元件、环境胁迫顺式作用元件等.同源性分析结果显示:FnSTPK1基因编码的氨基酸序列与森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)编码的氨基酸序列相似性为97.92％.RT-qPCR结果表明,黄毛草莓叶片接种胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosprioides)后,FnS PK1基因在接种后不同时间点的相对表达量均显著增加,且在接种48 h时达到最高值,为0 h的10.3倍;黄毛草莓叶片在外源喷施水杨酸(SA) 12 h时,FnSTPK1基因的相对表达量达到峰值,为0 h的2.9倍.因此,FnSTPK1可能在草莓抗炭疽病和SA诱导等过程中发挥重要的作用.本研究为进一步探究STPK1基因在野生黄毛草莓抗炭疽病中的功能提供了参考.     

Genetics of resistance to Puccinia graminis tritici and Puccinia recondita tritici in Kenya Plume wheat

Summary Seven genes, viz. Sr5, Sr6, Sr7a, Sr8a, Sr9b, Sr12 and Sr17 were associated with seedling resistance to Puccinia graminis tritici in Kenya Plume wheat. The predominant field cultures were avirulent on seedlings with Sr7a, but possessed virulence for the other six genes. However, Sr7a did not confer adult-plant resistance when present on its own. Adult-plant resistance was attributed to Sr2 and possibly also to the interaction of Sr7a and Sr12.Two genes, Lr13 and Lr14a, were identified in seedling tests with various cultures of Puccinia recondita tritici. Lr13 conferred adult-plant resistance to the predominant field strains. Genetic recombination between Lr13 and Sr9b was estimated at 17.6±3.1%.     

Identification and chromosomal locations of novel genes for resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust in a wheat line 101-3

Wheat powdery mildew and stripe rust, caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici (syn. Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici) and Puccinia striiformis Westend., respectively, are two important fungal diseases of wheat in many regions in the world that cause significant annual yield losses. In the present study, a dominant powdery mildew and a dominant stripe rust resistance gene in wheat line 101-3 which derived from the progenies of the wide cross between common wheat and Dasypyrum villosum Candary L., was located on chromosome 6B and 1B, respectively, by monosomic analyses. The two genes are different from known resistance genes on chromosome 6B for powdery mildew and 1B for stripe rusts, suggesting that the two genes might be novel resistance genes for powdery mildew and stripe rust, respectively. It is uncertain whether the two genes are allelic or lined with other resistance genes located on chromosome 6B for powdery mildew and 1B for stripe rust. Further allelism tests are necessary to determine the relationships between the resistance gene and other genes located on chromosome 6B for powdery mildew and 1B for stripe rust through molecular markers.     

Analysis of durable resistance to stem rust in barley

Summary Since the mid-1940's, barley cultivars grown in the northern Great Plains of the USA and Canada have been resistant to stem rust caused byPuccinia graminis f. sp.tritici. This durable resistance is largely conferred by a single gene,Rpg1, derived from a single plant selection of the cultivar Wisconsin 37 and an unimproved Swiss cultivar. At the seedling stage, barley genotypes withRpg1 generally exhibit low mesothetic reactions at 16–20° C and slightly higher mesothetic reactions at 24–28° C to many stem rust pathotypes. This resistance is manifested by a low level of rust infection and mostly incompatible type uredia on adult plants.Rpg1 reacts in a pathotype-specific manner since some genotypes ofP. g. f. sp.tritici are virulent on cultivars carrying this gene in the field. Several factors may have contributed to the longevity of stem rust resistance in barley, a) since barley is planted early and matures early, it can sometimes escape damage from stem rust inoculum carried from the south; b) one or more minor genes may augment the level of resistance already provided byRpg1; c) the cultivation of resistant wheat cultivars and eradication of barberry have reduced the effective population size and number of potential new pathotypes ofP. g. f. sp.tritici, respectively; and d) virulent pathotypes ofP. g. f. sp.tritici andP. g. f. sp.secalis have not become established. This situation changed in 1989 when a virulent pathotype (Pgt-QCC) ofP. g. f. sp.tritici became widely distributed over the Great Plains. However,Rpg1 may still confer some degree of resistance to pathotype QCC because stem rust severities have been low to moderate and yield losses light on barley cultivars carrying the gene during the last four seasons (1989–1992). Several sources of incomplete resistance to pathotype QCC have been identified in barley. To facilitate the transfer of resistance genes from these sources into advanced breeding lines, molecular marker assisted selection is being employed.     

Development and characterization of a new 1BL.1RS translocation line with resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew of wheat

The 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation from Petkus rye has contributed substantially to the world wheat production. However, following the breakdown of disease resistance genes in 1RS, its importance for wheat improvement decreased. We have developed a new 1BL.1RS line, R14, by means of crossing rye inbred line L155, selected from Petkus rye to several wheat cultivars. One new gene each, for stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance, located on 1RS of the line R14, are tentatively named YrCn17 and PmCn17. YrCn17 and PmCn17 confer resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotypes that are virulent on Yr9, and Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici pathotypes virulent on Pm8. These two new resistances, YrCn17 and PmCn17, are now available for wheat improvement programs. The present study indicates that rye cultivars may carry yet untapped variations as potential sources of resistance.     

Race-specific aspects of partial resistance in wheat to wheat leaf rust,Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici

Summary Partial resistance (PR) in wheat to wheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) is characterized by a slow epidemic build-up despite a susceptible infection type. Two greenhouse tests and two field tests, in which 11 spring wheat cultivars were exposed to five wheat leaf rust races, revealed some indication for race-specificity of PR.In the greenhouse, the expression of PR was highly dependent on the environment. Significant cultivar-race interactions in the first experiment were lost in the second experiment probably due to cultivar-environment and cultivar-race-environment interactions.In the polycyclic field tests several factors played a role in explaining the inconsistency of the cultivar-race interactions, such as differences in initial inoculum, genotypic differences in earliness, interplot interference or environmental conditions.One cultivar-race combination showed a significant but small interaction towards susceptibility in both field experiments. The interaction was probably too small to detect in the monocyclic greenhouse tests. The results do not conflict with the idea that a gene-for-gene relationship could exist between PR-genes in the host and genes in the pathogen.Some problems with regard to the selection of PR in wheat to wheat leaf rust are discussed.     

A wheat–Thinopyrum ponticum–rye trigeneric germplasm line with resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust

An individual plant, line 0-123-1-1 with the chromosome number 2n?=?42 was obtained in the BC₃F₄ progeny of a cross between a wheat 1BL.1RS translocation line 48112 and wheat?CThinopyrum ponticum partial amphiploid BE-1. Molecular markers specific for 1RS, Glu-B3, and the T. ponticum genome specific marker SCAR₉₈₂ revealed that the line was trigeneric having alien chromatin from both T. ponticum and rye. Resistance tests with mixed races of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and an individual race of Puccinia striiformis at the seedling and adult stages revealed that 0-123-1-1 was immune to powdery mildew and stripe rust for the whole growth period. High levels of disease resistance and good and stably agronomic traits make the 0-123-1-1 line a good germplasm for breeding in wheat.     

Genes for resistance to wheat powdery mildew in derivatives of Triticum timopheevi and T. carthlicum

Summary The winter wheat line TP 114 derived from CI 12633, a Triticum timopheevi derivative, has two unlinked dominant genes conditioning resistance to the powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici). One of the genes is identical to gene Pm2 (Ml _u ). The other gene differs from the eleven Pm and/or Ml designated genes; a temporary designation, Ml _f ,is proposed for this gene. Gene Ml _f is closely associated with a gene conditioning resistance to the stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), probably gene Sr9c.The winter wheat line TP 229 derived from Triticum carthlicum has one dominant mildew resistance gene identical to gene Ml _e in Weihenstephaner M 1.     

小麦品种中梁22抗条锈病基因的遗传分析和分子作图

对中梁22/铭贤169杂交F₂群体苗期抗条锈病鉴定及中国春单体系抗病基因的染色体定位发现, 中梁22携带1个显性(暂命名YrZhong22)和1个隐性抗病基因, 前者位于5B染色体。由中梁22´铭贤169的F₂群体构建抗病、感病池, 用SSR标记结合集群分离分析法(BSA), 建立了与YrZhong22连锁的4个微卫星标记Xwmc289、Xwmc810、Xgdm116和Xbarc232, 并将YrZhong22定位于小麦5BL染色体。YrZhong22与相邻微卫星位点Xwmc810和Xgdm116的遗传距离分别是2.7 cM和4.4 cM。系谱分析及分子标记分析表明, YrZhong22可能是一个来自中间偃麦草的新抗条锈病基因。