小鼠肝再生过程中脂质代谢相关通路中基因的表达谱变化

[目的]研究肝再生过程中肝脏内脂质代谢通路相关基因的表达谱变化。[方法]建立CC l4诱导肝再生小鼠模型,从小鼠肝组织中提取总RNA,通过微阵列基因芯片技术检测在不同肝再生期间脂质代谢通路相关基因的表达变化,并进行具体功能分析。[结果]肝再生过程中,有98个脂质代谢相关基因的表达水平发生了变化,根据这些基因表达的变化趋势可以分为8组。整体上看,基因表达前期表现为抑制,后期表现为上调。其中,脂肪酸的合成通路基因表达以上调为主,分解代谢通路变化并不明显;大多数胆汁酸合成通路基因在4.5天之前表现为抑制,在4.5天和7天时表现为上调。[结论]肝再生过程中,脂质代谢相关通路间的基因表达变化并不一致,这些数据为进一步研究脂质代谢相关通路对肝再生的调控作用提供了明确的基因范围。     

小鼠肝再生过程中脂质代谢相关通路中基因的表达谱变化

1材料与方法 1．1材料 试验动物：9周龄的雄性C57BIV6小鼠，自由采食和饮水，每天光照12h，黑暗12h。试剂：TRIzol试剂（Invitrogen）；RNeasy Total RNA Mini Kit（Qiagen）；基因芯片Genechip mouse genome 43020（Affymetrix）；17启动子引物序列（Affymetrix）。     

Inhibition of experimental liver cirrhosis in mice by telomerase gene delivery

Accelerated telomere loss has been proposed to be a factor leading to end-stage organ failure in chronic diseases of high cellular turnover such as liver cirrhosis. To test this hypothesis directly, telomerase-deficient mice, null for the essential telomerase RNA (mTR) gene, were subjected to genetic, surgical, and chemical ablation of the liver. Telomere dysfunction was associated with defects in liver regeneration and accelerated the development of liver cirrhosis in response to chronic liver injury. Adenoviral delivery of mTR into the livers of mTR(-/-) mice with short dysfunctional telomeres restored telomerase activity and telomere function, alleviated cirrhotic pathology, and improved liver function. These studies indicate that telomere dysfunction contributes to chronic diseases of continual cellular loss-replacement and encourage the evaluation of "telomerase therapy" for such diseases.     

Platelet-derived serotonin mediates liver regeneration

The liver can regenerate its volume after major tissue loss. In a mouse model of liver regeneration, thrombocytopenia, or impaired platelet activity resulted in the failure to initiate cellular proliferation in the liver. Platelets are major carriers of serotonin in the blood. In thrombocytopenic mice, a serotonin agonist reconstituted liver proliferation. The expression of 5-HT2A and 2B subtype serotonin receptors in the liver increased after hepatectomy. Antagonists of 5-HT2A and 2B receptors inhibited liver regeneration. Liver regeneration was also blunted in mice lacking tryptophan hydroxylase 1, which is the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of peripheral serotonin. This failure of regeneration was rescued by reloading serotonin-free platelets with a serotonin precursor molecule. These results suggest that platelet-derived serotonin is involved in the initiation of liver regeneration.     

Loss of caveolae, vascular dysfunction, and pulmonary defects in caveolin-1 gene-disrupted mice

Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations that may play an important role in numerous cellular processes including transport, signaling, and tumor suppression. By targeted disruption of caveolin-1, the main protein component of caveolae, we generated mice that lacked caveolae. The absence of this organelle impaired nitric oxide and calcium signaling in the cardiovascular system, causing aberrations in endothelium-dependent relaxation, contractility, and maintenance of myogenic tone. In addition, the lungs of knockout animals displayed thickening of alveolar septa caused by uncontrolled endothelial cell proliferation and fibrosis, resulting in severe physical limitations in caveolin-1-disrupted mice. Thus, caveolin-1 and caveolae play a fundamental role in organizing multiple signaling pathways in the cell.     

类固醇代谢相关基因在大鼠肝再生中表达模式和作用分析

为在基因转录水平了解类固醇代谢相关基因在大鼠肝再生(Liver regeneration,LR)中作用,文章通过搜集网站资料和查阅相关论文等方法获得了参与上述代谢活动的基因,用基因芯片检测了它们在大鼠再生肝中表达情况,初步证实上述基因中83个基因与肝再生相关.肝再生启动(PH后0.5～4 h)、G0/GI过渡(PH后4...     

不同来源燕麦对ApoE-/- 小鼠降血脂功能的研究

为研究不同来源燕麦对高脂饲喂的ApoE-/- 小鼠降血脂功能的影响,将40 只雄性ApoE-/- 小鼠按照平均体重随机分为5 组,即常规饮食(Chow)组、高脂饮食(HFD)组、燕麦1 组(OAT-1)、燕麦2 组(OAT-2)以及燕麦3 组(OAT-3),每组8 只。实验0 w、4 w、8 w、12 w 时,分别测定小鼠血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、LDL胆固醇(LDL cholesterol,LDL-c)、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、HDL 胆固醇(HDL cholesterol,HDL-c) 和VLDL胆固醇(VLDL cholesterol,VLDL-c)水平;12 w 后同时观察肝组织损伤变化情况。其中,3 组燕麦组均能够显著减少ApoE-/- 小鼠血清中TC、LDL-c、TG 和VLDL-c 的含量,说明3 组燕麦均具有良好的降血脂作用,OAT-3 组降血脂效果更加明显。病理学检测结果显示,3 组燕麦组均具有减少高脂饲喂的ApoE-/- 小鼠肝脏中脂质沉积的作用。燕麦饲喂后对高脂饲喂的ApoE-/- 小鼠具有显著降低血脂及降低肝损伤作用。     

白桦木质部原生质体初生细胞壁再生过程转录组分析

  目的  木质部细胞壁的组成及特性是决定材性的重要因素,研究木质部细胞壁形成的分子调控机制对于木材改良具有重要意义。本研究探究了白桦木质部原生质体初生壁再生过程的分子调控机制,并鉴定出重要调控基因,旨在为林木材性性状研究提供数据和材料。  方法  分别以培养0 h和2 h的白桦木质部原生质体为材料,通过荧光增白剂染色观察初生壁再生过程。利用转录组分析技术研究初生壁再生前后的差异表达基因及其参与的调控途径,将检测到的差异表达基因在GO、KEGG、PlantTFDB数据库中进行比对分析。  结果  荧光显微镜观察结果显示:原生质体分离后不具有细胞壁,培养2 h再生初生细胞壁。以|log₂（FC）| ≥ 1（FC为差异倍数）且q < 0.05为标准筛选差异基因,结果显示:相较于刚分离的原生质体,培养2 h的原生质体中检测到4 396个上调表达的基因,4 056个下调表达基因,总计8 452个差异表达基因。其中GO数据库共注释到10个显著上调条目,KEGG数据库注释到10个显著差异代谢通路,PlantTFDB数据库共注释到16个家族的360个差异表达转录因子。GO注释结果表明,DNA复制、细胞周期相关基因上调表达。KEGG注释结果表明,谷胱甘肽、α-亚麻酸等与抗逆代谢相关的基因下调表达,果胶脂酶相关基因上调表达。PlantTFDB注释结果表明,bHLH、NAC、MYB、bZIP等与细胞壁合成密切相关的转录因子均差异表达。  结论  培养2 h的木质部原生质体处于细胞壁再生及分裂准备状态,DNA复制、细胞周期、多糖合成代谢等相关基因在白桦木质部原生质体培养及初生细胞壁形成过程中起调控作用。      

Control mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo

Cell division in many mammalian tissues is associated with specific times of day, but just how the circadian clock controls this timing has not been clear. Here, we show in the regenerating liver (of mice) that the circadian clock controls the expression of cell cycle-related genes that in turn modulate the expression of active Cyclin B1-Cdc2 kinase, a key regulator of mitosis. Among these genes, expression of wee1 was directly regulated by the molecular components of the circadian clockwork. In contrast, the circadian clockwork oscillated independently of the cell cycle in single cells. Thus, the intracellular circadian clockwork can control the cell-division cycle directly and unidirectionally in proliferating cells.     

Circadian rhythms. Liver regeneration clocks on

In some simple protozoans and unicellular algae, the cell cycle clock is strongly influenced by the circadian clock, such that mitotic cell division takes place only at certain times of the day. Now, as Schibler reports in his Perspective, new work on regenerating liver cells in mice (Matsuo et al.) reveals that the cell cycle clock of mammalian cells is also under the yoke of the master circadian oscillator.     

MicroRNA-499对中华鳖脂类代谢相关基因表达的影响

采用体内注射microRNA-499特异性抑制剂antagomirs的方法,揭示microRNA-499对中华鳖脂类代谢相关基因的调控作用。选取健康稚鳖15只,随机分成3组,分别设为空白对照组、注射生理盐水组和注射miR-499 antagomirs组。在同一时间点连续注射3 d后,测定中华鳖血清和肝脏中甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量,采用实时荧光定量PCR测定肝脏中microRNA-499和脂类代谢相关基因表达水平。结果表明,相对于空白对照组和注射生理盐水组,注射miR-499 antagomirs导致中华鳖肝脏甲状腺激素应答蛋白(THRSP)和钠/碘共同转运体(NIS)的表达水平升高,肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1(CPT1)表达水平降低(P<0.05)。microRNA-499影响中华鳖脂类代谢相关基因的表达水平,这可能与中华鳖脂肪生成和脂肪酸β-氧化有关。     

油脂来源及使用量对小鼠生长、健康、血脂和肝脏胆固醇代谢指标的影响

【目的】观察饲料中添加不同种类和不同剂量的油脂对小鼠生长性能、健康状态、血脂指标和肝脏胆固醇代谢关键基因相对表达量的影响,探讨日粮中不同油脂来源及使用量对肝脏胆固醇代谢的作用机制,为哺乳动物筛选较为适宜的油脂类型及其添加量提供理论参考。【方法】试验选取3周龄体重16-19 g的健康昆明种小鼠48只,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复3只。4组分别饲喂正常小鼠饲料（对照组）和添加4%豆油（B组）、4%乳化椰子粉（L组）以及8%乳化椰子粉（H组）的饲料14 d。试验期间,记录每天的饲喂次数、每次饲喂量、饲料剩余量,所有试验动物均自由采食和饮水。分析试验期间小鼠的体重变化和平均日采食量（ADFI）、平均日增重（ADG）以及料重比（F/G）等生长性能指标,分析小鼠的血液分布和健康指数等健康状态指标,测定小鼠的肝脏重以及甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）等血清脂质指标,运用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测小鼠肝脏组织中胆固醇7-α羟化酶（CYP7A1）、低密度脂蛋白受体（LDLR）和3-羟-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶（HMGCR）这3个基因的mRNA表达水平。【结果】①生长性能方面,添加4%豆油组的小鼠体重变化、平均日采食量和肝脏脏器指数与对照组差异显著（P＜0.05）,而平均日增重、料重比和肝脏重与对照组差异不显著（P＞0.05）;添加4%乳化椰子粉组的小鼠各生长性能指标与对照组差异不显著（P＞0.05）;8%乳化椰子粉显著提高小鼠的平均日采食量（P＜0.05）,其他指标差异不显著（P＞0.05）。②健康状态方面,各试验组小鼠的血液分布和健康指数与对照组相比均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。③血脂指标方面,与对照组相比,添加4%豆油显著降低了小鼠血清中TC和HDL-C含量（P＜0.05）,对TG和LDL-C的影响差异不显著（P＞0.05）,添加4%乳化椰子粉对小鼠的各项血脂指标均无显著性影响（P＞0.05）,添加8%乳化椰子粉能显著降低血清TC含量（P＜0.05）,但对TG、HDL-C和LDL-C无显著性影响（P＞0.05）;④肝脏胆固醇相关基因方面,添加8%乳化椰子粉组肝脏中CYP7A1基因mRNA表达量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,而4%豆油组和4%乳化椰子粉组与对照组相比无显著差异（P＞0.05）。肝脏HMGCR基因和LDLR基因mRNA表达水平与对照组差异不显著（P＞0.05）。【结论】日粮中添加豆油增加了小鼠日采食量和体重等指标,降低了血清总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;高剂量乳化椰子粉的添加提高了小鼠日采食量,降低了血清总胆固醇,并增加了肝脏CYP7A1基因mRNA的表达。相比于添加高剂量乳化椰子粉,低剂量乳化椰子粉在改善小鼠脂代谢方面应用效果并不好。添加油脂可能是通过调控肝脏中胆固醇代谢相关酶的基因表达量来影响小鼠肝脏胆固醇的代谢,从而维持体内的胆固醇代谢的稳态。     

Increased insulin sensitivity and obesity resistance in mice lacking the protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B gene

Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) has been implicated in the negative regulation of insulin signaling. Disruption of the mouse homolog of the gene encoding PTP-1B yielded healthy mice that, in the fed state, had blood glucose concentrations that were slightly lower and concentrations of circulating insulin that were one-half those of their PTP-1B+/+ littermates. The enhanced insulin sensitivity of the PTP-1B-/- mice was also evident in glucose and insulin tolerance tests. The PTP-1B-/- mice showed increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor in liver and muscle tissue after insulin injection in comparison to PTP-1B+/+ mice. On a high-fat diet, the PTP-1B-/- and PTP-1B+/- mice were resistant to weight gain and remained insulin sensitive, whereas the PTP-1B+/+ mice rapidly gained weight and became insulin resistant. These results demonstrate that PTP-1B has a major role in modulating both insulin sensitivity and fuel metabolism, thereby establishing it as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.     

育成期高能饲喂下开产与未开产蛋鸡肝脏miRNA表达谱差异分析

【目的】对育成期高能饲喂下开产与未开产蛋鸡的肝脏进行miRNA高通量测序分析,探明高能饮食状态下蛋鸡肝脏中影响其开产的miRNA,为提高产蛋性能打下基础。【方法】以代谢能水平为12.14 MJ/kg的高能饲粮饲喂育成期蛋鸡,通过Illumina NextSeq500高通量测序平台对开产与未开产蛋鸡肝脏进行small RNA测序,使用DESeq分析miRNA表达量,并以实时荧光定量PCR进行验证;采用miRanda对差异表达miRNA进行靶基因和靶位点预测,同时以超几何分布对差异表达的靶基因进行GO功能注释分析和KEGG信号通路富集分析。【结果】 6个样本（3个开产蛋鸡样本,3个未开产蛋鸡样本）能注释到的miRNA均超过300个,约占miRBase中已鉴定鸡miRNA的30.00%,且前体鉴定结果显示各样本注释到的miRNA有部分定位在同一前体上。与未开产组样本相比,开产组样本有9个miRNA表达上调、3个miRNA表达下调。其中,gga-miR-132c-5p、gga-miR-132b-5p、gga-miR-2184a-5p、gga-miR-132c-3p、gga-miR-132b-3p及gga-miR-2184a-3p属于同一miRNA基因簇,且gga-miR-1682、gga-miR-132b-3p和gga-miR-2184a-3p等3个上调miRNA在未开产蛋鸡样本中不表达。通过miRanda共预测得到129个差异表达潜在靶基因,以miR-203a预测得到的靶基因最多,为32个;其次是gga-miR-2184a-5p、gga-miR-148a-5p和gga-miR-12211-5p,分别预测到30、25和23个靶基因;而miR-132c-5p预测得到的靶基因最少,仅为9个。129个靶基因显著注释到8条GO功能条目上,生物学过程（Biological process）主要注释到脂质代谢过程、细胞脂质代谢过程、脂质生物合成过程、磷脂生物合成过程、磷脂代谢过程、甘油磷脂生物合成过程和解剖学结构发育,分子功能（Molecular funcion）仅注释到1条GO功能条目,即利钠肽受体活性,未发现涉及细胞组分（Cellular component）的GO功能条目;在注释到的8条GO功能条目中有6条与脂质代谢相关,涉及的靶基因有22个,占总潜在靶基因的17.10%。KEGG信号通路富集分析结果显示共显著富集到7条KEGG信号通路,其中脂肪酸降解、脂肪酸生物合成、酮体合成与降解及PPAR信号通路等4条信号通路与脂质代谢相关。【结论】育成期高能饲喂下开产与未开产蛋鸡中共存在12个差异表达miRNA,涉及129个差异表达潜在靶基因,且主要富集在肝脏脂质代谢相关过程和信号通路,说明miRNA是通过调控脂质代谢及其相关基因表达而影响蛋鸡开产。     

机械伤害和茉莉酸对豌豆幼苗膜脂过氧化的影响

 切割后离体芽苗极易受病菌侵染而发生腐烂变质，严重影响着当前芽菜采后运输和销售。为此,本试验以豌豆芽苗为试材,研究了机械伤害和外施不同浓度（±）茉莉酸（JA）处理对豌豆幼苗膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明，伤害和1～100 μmol·L-1 JA处理可以显著提高苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性，同时使活性氧代谢加强，O2-·产生速率和H2O2含量迅速增加，相应的抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT、APX、POD）活性提高。适宜浓度JA（1～10 μmol·L-1）处理可有效诱导防御反应产生，同时，通过提高抗氧化酶活性使膜脂过氧化程度减轻；高浓度JA（100 μmol·L-1）处理造成植物活性氧代谢失调，膜脂过氧化加剧。综合分析认为，10 μmol·L-1JA是诱导豌豆幼苗防御反应产生的适宜处理浓度。     

鸡原代肝细胞培养及叶酸对脂质代谢相关基因表达的影响

【目的】腹脂沉积是目前家禽养殖过程中的一个普遍现象。与哺乳动物不同,家禽的脂质代谢主要发生在肝脏,前人很多研究发现叶酸和IGF2均参与调控动物的脂质代谢,因此,试验旨在建立鸡原代肝细胞培养条件,并研究叶酸对鸡原代肝细胞脂质代谢相关基因表达的影响,为体外探究叶酸调控家禽脂质代谢机制提供依据。【方法】采用胶原酶消化配合鸡淋巴细胞分离液纯化法分离得到鸡原代肝细胞,用高碘酸希夫氏染色方法进行肝细胞鉴定;同时分离得到的肝细胞用正常培养基培养36 h后,更换含不同叶酸浓度的培养基(0,1,5,10,15,和20 mg·L~(-1)),每个叶酸浓度6个重复,处理12 h后收集上清液,并收集细胞提取总RNA,用RT-q PCR法检测基因相对表达量,MTT法检测细胞增殖,商业试剂盒方法检测上清液中LDH含量。并分析基因表达之间的相关性以及叶酸剂量与基因表达之间的回归关系。【结果】采用胶原酶消化配合鸡淋巴细胞分离液纯化法可以获得分离效果好且纯度高的鸡肝细胞;不同剂量的叶酸没有影响肝细胞培养液中的LDH活性(P0.05),也没有对肝细胞的增殖产生影响(P0.05);与1 mg·L~(-1)剂量的叶酸对照组相比,10、15和20 mg·L~(-1)的叶酸显著降低了肝细胞IGF2以及与脂质合成代谢有关的ACC和FAS基因的表达(P0.05),但叶酸并没有对鸡肝细胞中与脂质分解代谢有关的CPT1和PPARα基因的表达产生影响(P0.05);并且鸡肝细胞中ACC和FAS基因的表达与IGF2存在一定的正相关(P0.05);除此之外,鸡肝细胞IGF2,FAS和ACC的表达与叶酸剂量也存在着线性和二次曲线的回归关系(P0.05)。【结论】叶酸的添加可降低鸡原代肝细胞中与脂肪酸合成相关基因的表达,并且FAS和ACC基因的表达可能与IGF2具有正相关关系;本试验中叶酸的最适剂量为15 mg·L~(-1)。     

Metabonomic study of the biochemical profiles of heterozygous myostatin knockout swine

Myostatin is a transforming growth factor-βfamily member that normally acts to limit skeletal muscle growth. Myostatin gene(MSTN) knockout(KO) mice show possible effects for the prevention or treatment of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.We applied chromatography and mass spectrometry based metabonomics to assess system-wide metabolic response of heterozygous MSTN KO(MSTN+/–) swine. Most of the metabolic data for MSTN+/–swine were similar to the data for wild type(WT) control swine. There were, however,metabolic changes related to fatty acid metabolism,glucose utilization, lipid metabolism, as well as BCAA catabolism caused by monoallelic MSTN depletion.The statistical analyses suggested that:(1) most metabolic changes were not significant in MSTN+/–swine compared to WT swine;(2) only a few metabolic properties were significantly different between KO and WT swine,especially for lipid metabolism. Significantly, these minor changes were most evident in female KO swine and suggested differences in gender sensitivity to myostatin.     

A portal blood factor as the humoral agent in liver regeneration

It was demonstrated, by use of extracorporeal cross-circulation, that a humoral factor responsible for liver regeneration does not arise from the liver remnant. While intact livers of normal rats incorporated [methyl-(3)H]- thymidine in proportion to the amount of liver removed in the partner, the greatest response occurred after a total hepatectomy. Evidence from portacaval-shunted,partially hepatectomized animals connected to normal members indicates that the factor is in portal blood and that the onset of regeneration is the result of a quantitative imbalance between the available portal blood factor and the number of liver cells present.     

荞麦多酚干预对高脂膳食诱导小鼠的降脂作用及其调控机制

【背景】目前已有相关动物实验证实荞麦对于高脂膳食引起的肥胖和脂代谢紊乱具有良好的干预作用。同时研究表明,棕色脂肪适应性产热可以有效改善人体能量新陈代谢。因此,增加棕色脂肪活性、促进白色脂肪棕色化可作为一种预防肥胖和改善能量代谢疾病的有效途径。【目的】采用原粮及从荞麦中鉴定出的4种主要酚类物质按在原粮中的含量比例配制成多酚干预物进行干预,研究荞麦多酚通过调节白色脂肪棕色化对高脂膳食小鼠的干预及改善作用,系统研究荞麦中发挥降脂功能的主要酚类物质及其对脂代谢的调控机制。【方法】通过UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap质谱结合数据库对荞麦多酚提取物中的酚类物质进行鉴定,并通过相对定量将其中含量最多的主要多酚按其在荞麦原粮中的含量比例配制成多酚复合物。通过添加荞麦饲料以及荞麦多酚复合物干预C57BL/6J小鼠饮食,研究荞麦酚类物质改善脂质代谢的作用。以10%、20%、40%比例的荞麦替换基础饲料和2.5 mg·mL^-1荞麦多酚复配物对小鼠进行饮食干预,探究荞麦对小鼠体重、脏器指数和血脂水平的调节作用。并通过Western-blot和q-PCR探究荞麦饲料及多酚干预对小鼠皮下脂肪...