小麦淀粉合成酶SSⅡa基因克隆及生物学分析

淀粉合成酶SSⅡa基因是小麦淀粉合成中的关键酶基因。为了从分子水平上了解造成不同小麦品种（系）淀粉含量差异的原因,本研究根据GeneBank中的SSⅡa基因序列AF155217.2设计引物,对8个不同抗性淀粉含量的小麦品种（系）SSⅡa基因进行克隆和多态性分析,并对其氨基酸序列进行结构域预测。结果表明,8个品种的SSⅡa基因序列高度保守,与GeneBank中已发表的序列相似度达98.19%以上,共发现40个单核苷酸变异,导致20个氨基酸发生了变异。蛋白结构域分析发现这些变异位点均位于α-淀粉催化酶氨基N-末端外侧,而在α-淀粉催化酶的催化区域并未发现变异位点。另外,在新春12中,还发现了一个缺失位点,缺失片段为249 bp,该缺失片段包含了糖基转移酶的部分位点。本研究为进一步从分子水平理解SSⅡa基因的结构与抗性淀粉含量之间的关系及开发分子标记辅助选择育种提供了序列信息。     

磷素对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成及其链长分布的影响

为探究不同磷水平对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成与支链淀粉精细结构的影响。以新冬20号（南疆主栽）和新冬23号（北疆强筋面包小麦）为材料,研究了3种施磷(P₂O₅)量 0 kg·hm^-2（CK ）、105 kg·hm^-2（CP ）和210 kg·hm^-2（HP）对小麦籽粒支链淀粉合成相关酶基因表达、相关酶活性、籽粒支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉链长分布以及籽粒全磷含量的影响。结果表明,施磷显著提高了支链淀粉合成相关酶基因（ sbe1、 sbe2a、 sbe2b、 iso1）的表达量和籽粒支链淀粉含量。CP处理提高了支链淀粉B链段的比例,但降低了A链段的比例。两个参试小麦品种籽粒中支链淀粉合成关键酶的活性对磷素的敏感性不同,新冬 20号受磷水平影响较大。施磷提高了新冬20号胚乳中蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性和酶活高峰期的淀粉分支酶（SBE）活性,提前了新冬20号胚乳中淀粉去分支酶（DBE）活性峰值的出现时间。     

小麦G6PDH基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)是磷酸戊糖途径中的关键限速酶,在植物生长发育及非生物胁迫响应中发挥重要作用。本研究利用生物信息学对小麦 G6PDH基因家族成员进行鉴定,并对该家族基因编码蛋白的理化性质、进化关系、亚细胞定位、基因复制事件以及在不同组织和不同胁迫下的表达模式进行分析。结果表明,在小麦基因组中共鉴定到14个 G6PDH基因家族成员,分布在小麦2A、2B、2D、4A、4B、4D、6A、6B和6D染色体上,其中5个基因编码的蛋白为胞质型,9个为质体型。亚细胞定位预测表明,胞质型G6PDH蛋白主要定位于细胞质上,而质体型G6PDH蛋白主要定位于叶绿体上。根据系统进化和保守结构域特征,可将14个小麦G6PDH蛋白分为Cy、P0、P1和P2四个亚组。共线性分析表明,小麦 G6PDH基因家族成员存在17对片段重复基因。RNA-seq分析结果表明,小麦 G6PDH基因家族成员在不同组织中存在明显的表达差异,其中 TaG6PDH1-2A/2B/2D基因在根中的表达量最高; TaG6PDH2-2A和 TaG6PDH2-2B基因在干旱胁迫后1 h以及热胁迫后6 h均上调表达。进一步利用qRT-PCR检测6个小麦 G6PDH基因在干旱和盐胁迫下的表达模式,发现分别有5个基因在小麦根中均上调表达,推测小麦 G6PDH基因在非生物胁迫响应过程中发挥着重要功能。     

小麦DNA去甲基化酶基因全基因组鉴定及其在籽粒发育中的表达分析

DNA去甲基化酶（dMTase）是一种高度保守的表观遗传修饰因子,涉及许多生物学过程,包括生长发育、应激反应和次生代谢。本研究基于小麦基因组数据,对小麦 DNA去甲基化酶基因（TadMTase）进行了全面鉴定和生物信息学分析。结果表明,小麦基因组中包含18 个TadMTase基因,分布于小麦15条染色体上。系统进化分析将TadMTase分为 ROS、DML3、DML4 和 DML5等 4个亚家族,亚家族之间的TadMTase基因序列长度和内含子数量存在差异,但同一个系统进化树分支中的亚族成员具有高度相似的基因结构、保守 motifs 和结构域,为植物dMTase基因家族的直系同源基因,在进化方面具有保守性。亚细胞定位预测TadMTase均定位于细胞核中;通过与小麦祖先物种的进化及共线性分析,发现在小麦异源六倍体形成过程中存在部分TadMTase基因丢失;TadMTase基因家族启动子区域包含大量光信号、植物激素、胁迫响应和生长发育等相关顺式作用元件;转录组数据分析表明TadMTase基因在不同组织器官和籽粒发育不同时期表达模式不同,有一定的组织特异性。进一步RNA-Seq和荧光定量PCR分析表明TaROS1b-1A.1和TaROS1a-5A/D分别在籽粒的种皮和胚乳发育时期显著上调表达,且在强筋和弱筋小麦品种中表达存在差异。结果为TadMTase 基因在调控小麦籽粒生长发育及其品质形成中的调控机制提供参考。     

小麦 BES1基因家族的比较基因组学分析

BES1基因是植物体内一类重要的转录因子。本研究利用基因组测序数据,在小麦基因组中鉴定到20个 BES1基因家族成员,它们分布在14条染色体上。为进一步研究 BES1基因在小麦以及其他禾本科作物（水稻、玉米、高梁、谷子和大麦）中的功能和进化关系,对小麦等6种禾本科作物以及十字花科模式植物拟南芥的 BES1基因家族进行系统发育关系、结构特性和共线性关系分析,结果发现,系统发育分析将该家族成员分为Group A、Group B、Group C和Group D四类,大部分小麦 BES1基因集中在Group A;大部分小麦 BES1基因家族成员有2个外显子,最多有10个外显子;小麦与水稻 BES1基因之间存在更多的共线性关系。此外,在小麦根和穗中还鉴定到3个具有较高表达水平的 BES1基因（ TaBES1-3A-2、 TaBES1-3B-2和 TaBES1-3D-2）,表明 BES1基因在小麦生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用。     

新疆小麦品种Wx基因组成及其淀粉糊化特性研究

为了给新疆小麦淀粉品质改良和优质面条小麦新品种选育提供理论依据,利用WxA1、WxB1和WxD1位点的3个STS标记（MAG264、BDFLBRD和MAG269）对250份新疆小麦品种（包括157份冬小麦品种和93份春小麦品种）Wx基因的组成进行了鉴定,同时测试了185份冬、春小麦品种的淀粉糊化特性。结果表明,新疆小麦品种（系）Wx基因组成比较单一,以野生型（WxA1a/WxB1a/WxD1a）为主,占参试品种总数的84.0%,除了在WxB1位点发现亚基缺失的品种（缺失比例为13.6%）外,没有发现其他亚基缺失类型。WxB1蛋白亚基缺失比例在冬、春小麦间差异较大,春小麦品种WxB1亚基缺失比例（21.5%）要高于冬小麦品种（8.9%）;农家品种、引进品种和育成品种中WxB1亚基缺失比例也各不相同,依次为0%、5.6%和22.6%。分析表明,新疆小麦品种淀粉糊化特性变异范围相当广泛,冬、春小麦品种在峰值黏度、稀澥值和反弹值等主要淀粉指标上均达到极显著差异,春小麦品种的淀粉特性优于冬小麦品种,并且WxB1亚基缺失体淀粉糊化特性的平均表现总体优于非缺失体。本研究所用3个分子标记对小麦基因组DNA扩增的稳定性、重复性较好,检测结果准确、可靠,可以用于小麦品种Wx基因组成的鉴定和糯质专用小麦的分子标记辅助选育。     

小麦DEAD-box基因家族鉴定及其低温下的表达模式分析

DEAD-box RNA解旋酶是RNA代谢途径中的关键酶,在RNA代谢过程中调控植株的生长发育和抗逆性。目前,尚未见有人对小麦DEAD-box基因家族进行系统鉴定与分析。为探究小麦DEAD-box基因的功能,本研究以水稻DEAD-box基因家族基因为参照,从小麦全基因组数据库中共鉴定到134个小麦DEAD-box家族基因,并利用生物信息学对其家族成员的理化性质、基因结构、进化树和共线性进行分析。结果表明,小麦DEAD-box蛋白多数为弱碱性蛋白,亚细胞定位分布广泛,核分布最多;小麦与水稻DEAD-box家族基因亲缘性较高,小麦DEAD-box蛋白结构域与核心基序排列有序稳定,高度保守;小麦DEAD-box家族基因在进化过程中可能发生了节段性复制事件,水稻与小麦DEAD-box基因无序共线性连线,说明DEAD-box基因在进化过程中可能存在染色体异位突变。进一步以强抗寒冬小麦品种东农冬麦1号(Dn1)和东农冬麦2号(Dn2)为材料,对其转录组库中低温差异表达的7个DEAD-box基因进行qRT-PCR分析,结果表明,这7个基因在不同品种和不同组织中表达量均有差异。Dn1中DEAD-box基因的表达量在 -10 ℃达到峰值,而Dn2中DEAD-box基因的表达量在-25 ℃达到峰值。     

小麦 TaCSL1基因的克隆及表达模式分析

Clavaminate Synthase-Like（CSL）是生物体内的一种氧化还原酶,可催化氨基酸羟基化。为初步了解小麦CSL基因并探究其相关生物学功能,利用同源克隆的方法,以拟南芥 At3g21360（GenBank Accession：NC_003074.8）基因CDS序列为探针搜索小麦基因组核酸序列数据库,得到小麦A、B、D三个亚基因组上的部分同源基因序列。对上述三条序列的全长与编码区进行克隆和测序,经生物信息学分析,发现这三个基因编码的蛋白属于CSL家族。命名该基因为 TaCSL1,来自A、B、D三个亚基因组的部分同源基因分别命名为 TaCSL1-3A、 TaCSL1-3B、 TaCSL1-3D。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,这三个部分同源基因在小麦不同生长发育阶段和不同组织部位均有表达,除叶鞘组织外,其相对表达水平在各时期叶片中均高于其他组织。分析该基因在小麦不同生长发育时期叶片的相对表达水平发现,该基因的相对表达量在幼苗期至孕穗期持续提高,抽穗期显著下降,开花后再次提高,生育末期降低。就三个部分同源基因的表达水平而言, TaCSL1-3A相对表达量均较低,而 TaCSL1-3B的相对表达量在孕穗期之前最高, TaCSL1-3D在孕穗期之后最高。本研究明确了 TaCSL1的时空表达特征,可为深入研究小麦氨基酸羟基化过程和植物抗病机理研究提供新思路。     

小麦EPF/EPFL基因家族的全基因组鉴定及 TaEPF1-2B与气孔性状的关系分析

表皮模式因子EPF/EPFL基因家族编码一类植物中特有的分泌类蛋白,在植物生长发育特别是形态建成过程中发挥着重要作用。为挖掘和利用小麦EPF/EPFL家族基因,对小麦该家族基因进行了系统鉴定,并利用生物信息学技术对其基因结构、蛋白质结构域、系统进化及表达特性进行分析。结果表明,在小麦全基因组水平共鉴定到35个TaEPF/EPFL基因家族成员,含有1~4个外显子,分布在除1A、5B外的19条染色体上,全基因组复制事件是导致该基因家族扩张的主要原因。蛋白结构分析显示,其编码蛋白的C端包含6个相对保守的半胱氨酸残基,N端存在信号肽剪切位点,且亚细胞定位在胞外基质中,属于一类胞外分泌蛋白。系统进化分析发现,TaEPF/EPFL基因在单子叶和双子叶植物分化之前就已形成。表达模式分析发现,大多数TaEPF/EPFL基因在小麦幼嫩组织和穗部表达量较高,部分TaEPF/EPFL基因响应干旱、高温等非生物胁迫。进一步分析 TaEPF1-2B不同单倍型与气孔性状的相关性,发现TaEPF1-2B不同单倍型的气孔密度、气孔长度、气孔宽度和气孔面积均存在极显著差异,净光合速率存在显著差异,其中单倍型Hap A具有较低的气孔密度和较高的光合速率,是优势单倍型。本研究结果为进一步改良小麦的抗旱性和光合效率提供了候选基因。     

陕西小麦黄色素含量基因 TaZds-A1和 TaZds-D1的组成与分布

面粉或面制品色泽是小麦重要的品质评价指标,ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶(ζ-carotene desaturase, ZDS)活性基因是控制小麦籽粒或面粉中黄色素(Yellow pigment, YP)含量的重要基因。为给陕西小麦品质改良提供参考依据,利用2A和2D染色体上的 YP2A-1和 YP2D-1标记,对陕西194份小麦品种(系)分别进行检测,分析 TaZds-A1和 TaZds-D1两位点等位变异的组成和分布特点。结果表明,在陕西小麦中, TaZds-A1位点存在 TaZds-A1a和 TaZds-A1b两种等位变异类型,分别占43.3%和56.7%;而在 TaZds-D1位点,全为 TaZds-D1a等位变异类型。陕西小麦两位点存在 TaZds-A1a/ TaZds-D1a和 TaZds-A1b/ TaZds-D1a两种等位变异的组合类型,在不同地区小麦中的分布不同：在陕西渭北旱塬和关中地区小麦中,两种组合类型的频率相当,约各占一半;在陕南地区小麦中,高YP含量的 TaZds-A1b/ TaZds-D1a组合类型占三分之二。ZDS活性基因的选择将成为以后陕西小麦色泽品质遗传改良研究中的一个重要部分。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

转小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥植株的主要抗旱性研究

核氧还蛋白（nucleoredoxin,NRX）可通过还原目标蛋白的二硫键来调控其生物活性,在植物的生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。蛋白质二硫键异构酶（protein disulfide isomerase,PDI）、h型硫氧还蛋白（h-type thioredoxin,TRXh）和蛋白磷酸酶2A催化亚基（protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit,PP2Ac）是小麦核氧还蛋白TaNRX1的互作蛋白。为了明确TaNRX1互作蛋白的抗旱性功能,本研究在拟南芥中过表达了小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因,对野生型和转基因拟南芥的表型和抗旱相关生理指标进行了鉴定。结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的根长、存活率、脯氨酸含量均大于野生型,离体叶片失水率、丙二醛（MAD）含量均小于野生型。二氨基联苯胺（diaminobenzidine,DAB）对H₂O₂组织定位染色结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的H₂O₂含量均低于野生型。上述结果说明,TaNRX1的互作蛋白基因 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D增强了拟南芥对于干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。本研究可为小麦抗旱育种提供候选基因和理论基础。     

玉米灌浆期3种鳞翅目害虫的空间分布

采用网格式取样200株玉米,整株剖秆调查亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和棉铃虫在玉米上的数量,用地统计学的方法分析和模拟它们在田间的水平分布;采用生态位理论分析3种害虫在玉米植株上的生态位和种间竞争。结果表明,亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和3种鳞翅目害虫整体在玉米田中的水平分布分别适合球形、高斯、球形模型拟合,均属于聚集分布。Kriging插值模拟图显示,亚洲玉米螟和桃蛀螟为核心分布型;在垂直分布上,雌穗上3种害虫数量最多,占总虫量的69.82%。亚洲玉米螟的基础生态位宽度最大,在整株玉米上都可危害;桃蛀螟则主要在玉米中、上部;棉铃虫基础生态位最窄,只在雌穗附近危害。3种害虫在玉米茎秆上种间竞争激烈,异种害虫无法共存;雌穗上种间竞争程度小于茎秆,异种害虫可以共存。