红汁乳菇多糖提取方法初探

本文研究了以稀酸、稀碱和蒸馏水为提取剂对红汁乳菇粗多糖得率的影响 ,得出合适的提取剂为蒸馏水。进一步的正交试验表明 ,红汁乳菇粗多糖的最适提取工艺为 :加水量 1∶2 0 ,95～ 10 0℃水浴 4h ,浸提上清液浓缩比 4∶1,乙醇加入的倍数为 4。     

野生松乳菇和野生红汁乳菇蛋白多糖的研究

 选用合适的溶剂、方法、条件从野生松乳菇和野生红汁乳菇中提取蛋白多糖。粗多糖经Sevage法脱游离蛋白、DEAE - 纤维素柱、SephadexG-100柱层析分离、纯化, 纯化的蛋白多糖进行紫外及红外光谱分析并测定蛋白质、多糖的含量及抗氧化能力。结果表明, 松乳菇蛋白多糖中蛋白质和多糖含量分别为24.53%和68.83%; 红汁乳菇中分别为15.53%和66.52% , 两蛋白多糖均具有体外抗氧化的能力。经鉴定松乳菇蛋白多糖中单糖组成主要是葡萄糖、果糖和甘露糖, 红汁乳菇蛋白多糖中单糖组成主要是葡萄糖、果糖和半乳糖。     

液态发酵红汁乳菇多糖提取工艺的优化

对经过液体发酵得到的红汁乳菇菌丝体中的多糖进行提取,并选用了响应曲面法对其多糖的提取工艺做了分析和优化。结果表明最佳多糖提取工艺为提取时间为34.0 min,料液比为1:35.2,提取温度为39.5℃时,红汁乳菇中多糖的提取率能最大达到6.61%。     

红汁乳菇菌丝在不同培养基上生长情况初报

对红汁乳菇菌丝在不同培养基上的生长情况进行了研究。结果表明：红汁乳菇菌丝生长初始酸碱度以pH6．5～7．0为宜；加入红汁乳菇发生地上壤及干松针浸出液对红汁乳菇菌丝生长有促进作用；而干栎树叶、鲜松针浸出液及发生地腐殖层浸出液对红汁乳菇菌丝的生长没有促进作用。     

黑木耳多糖的酶法提取工艺、优化

探讨提取方法对黑木耳多糖得率的影响，对其提取工艺进行优化，并分析Seveg法脱除蛋白质的效果。通过实验优选纤维素酶为最佳提取方法，其工艺条件为，按1：50料液比，在pH4．5，0．05mol／L柠檬酸一柠檬酸钠缓冲溶液中加入2％的纤维素酶（加酶量，木耳千重），50℃反应90rain后用NaOH调节中性，迅速升温至85℃反应2h，在此条件下黑木耳多糖得率达10．06％。采用Seveg~脱除蛋白质，最佳条件为，按溶液体积的1／5加入Seveg试剂（氯仿：正丁醇=4：1），萃取5次。     

红汁乳菇及近缘种的分子鉴定及遗传距离分析

采集野生红汁乳菇及其近缘种子实体,经组织分离、纯化筛选后获得7个菌株,利用PAuP4．0构建系统发育树,通过树图分析,鉴定出组织分离茵株L1、L3、L5、L7为红汁乳菇（Lactarius hatsudake）,L2、L6为橙色乳菇（Lactarius akahatsu）,IA可能为乳菇属一未知种（Lactariussp．）,对4株红汁乳菇菌株用HKY85距离测量法分析遗传距离,结果表明,采自丽水市缙云与丽水城郊百果园的菌株序列完全一致,其遗传距离为0,而湖南的标本与上述标本存在一定的遗传距离。从这些结果推测,地理隔离可能会对红汁乳菇遗传产生一定的影响。     

大白菇菌丝体多糖提取工艺的优化

用发酵法培养大白菇菌丝体,并对菌丝体进行多糖提取工艺优化试验.通过单因素和正交实验方法,测定粗多糖含量,摸索大白菇菌丝体多糖提取的最佳时间、温度、料液比、提取次数、浸提液最终浓度.结果表明:大白菇菌丝体多糖提取的最佳条件为:浸提液浓度80％,浸提时间1h,浸提温度25℃,浸提比为1:50.     

滑菇胞内多糖去蛋白工艺研究

采用Sevage法,以氯仿与正丁醇的体积比、Sevage试剂用量及脱蛋白次数为因素,设计正交试验,优化滑菇胞内多糖脱蛋白工艺,提高滑菇胞内多糖的纯度。试验结果为:当氯仿与正丁醇的体积比为6︰1,试剂与样液比为2.5︰1,脱蛋白次数5次时,其纯化效果最佳,去除蛋白质率可达62.59%、多糖损失为22.22%。     

榆黄菇发酵全液多糖提取工艺的优化

以新鲜榆黄菇发酵全液为材料，对多糖提取的最优化工艺进行了研究。在单因素试验的基础上，应用正交设计试验方法，得到榆黄菇发酵全液多糖提取的最优化工艺为：超声波破壁时间8min，浸提温度70℃，浸提时间2h。     

湖南的松菌

湖南的松菌是深受当地群众欢迎的一种野生食用菌。可是长期以来，湖南的松菌都被误指为松乳菇[Lactarius deliciosus(L．：Fr．)Gray]。我们调查研究后认为，湖南的松菌应是红汁乳菇(Lactarius hatsutake Tanaka)，而非松乳菇。湖南的松菌主要发生在马尾松林下，与马尾松形成共生关系。红汁乳菇的菌根平滑，二叉状，紫红色。     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。