艾氟迪(AFD)在棉花上的应用效果

棉花花芽分化剂艾氟迪(AFD)是中国农业科学院棉花研究所研制的棉花生长调节剂[1,2],其原理是通过在棉花生长旺盛时期,调节植株体内内源激素的构成比例,以促进棉花花芽分化、提高成铃率、减少脱落,从而增加产量.作者于2010年在湖北省黄冈市农业科学院梅家墩试验农场进行艾氟迪(AFD)与缩节安(DPC)在棉花上应用对比试验,以研究艾氟迪对棉花产量和农性状的影响,为艾氟迪的大面积推广应用提供理论依据以及鄂东地区的棉花高产创建提供技术支持.     

“艾氟迪”在山东聊城的应用效果

 试验研究了喷施艾氟迪（AFD）对棉花生长发育的影响。结果表明：AFD在调节棉花植株生长方面类似于缩节胺,喷施后株高变矮,果枝节间长度变小、果枝平均长度变短。在初花期、盛花期分别喷施AFD对控制棉花旺长,塑造理想株型,增加双铃、亚铃数,提高棉花结铃性方面效果明显;子棉产量较对照增产6.13%。     

艾氟迪在南疆棉花上的应用效果

以喷施植物生长调节剂缩节胺为对照，在南疆研究滴施新型植物生长调节剂艾氟迪对棉花生长、产量、品质的影响，旨在为棉花优质高产高效化控提供理论依据和技术指导。结果表明：棉花滴施艾氟迪后株高变矮，单株果枝数增加，单株铃数、铃重增加，籽棉产量增加6.8%，皮棉产量增加7.9%，对棉花品质无明显影响。     

艾氟迪(AFD)在棉花上的应用

棉花的蕾铃脱落已经成为国际棉花栽培界公认的世界性难题.艾氟迪(AFD)通过调节植物营养平衡,影响棉株体内脱落酸的生成,从而达到减少落蕾、落花、落铃的功效,而且可以从植物内源激素水平上调节棉花从库到源的输送方向,提高棉花花芽分化率,出现赘芽成蕾、脱落再生、双铃并生等现象.艾氟迪是一种复配型制剂,可重组植物体内蛋白组分,以达到抗高温、耐水涝等抗逆境胁迫功效.艾氟迪能够降低棉花蕾铃脱落率和增加铃重是夺取高产的主要途径.介绍了长江流域棉区艾氟迪的使用方法和配套栽培措施.     

缩节胺对转基因抗虫棉生长发育的影响研究

通过两年试验研究结果分析，缩节胺化控对转基因抗虫棉比较敏感，过早高剂量使用缩节胺化控能严重抑制棉花营养生长，使植株生长缓慢，株型紧凑，株高比对照低28.1cm，皮棉产量比对照减产28.46％。适时适量使用缩节胺化控，有利于棉花生长发育，对控制徒长减少蕾铃脱落、提高棉花产量，改善纤维品质和种子质量都具有良好的作用，皮棉及霜前皮棉分别比对照增产13.59％和22.41％，增产达极显著水平。     

艾氟迪（AFD）在辽河流域棉田应用效果

 艾氟迪不同施用量的对比试验结果表明,施用艾氟迪能协调棉花生长,提高单株有效铃数、平均铃重、衣分等产量指标,提高棉花产量。但是,艾氟迪用量过大会造成棉花贪青晚熟,棉铃吐絮不畅。施用艾氟迪在本次试验中对纤维品质的影响不大。     

喷施艾氟迪对杂交棉农艺性状的影响

通过设初花期喷艾氟迪（AFD）一次、初花期和盛花期各喷AFD一次、以缩节胺常规化控和喷清水为对照的4个处理，研究喷施艾氟迪后杂交棉农艺性状变化。结果表明：初花期喷AFD1050ml／hm^2比清水对照株高降低、后期花蕾数增加、单株结铃数减少、脱落数增加，与缩节胺常规化控相近似；初花期和盛花期均喷施AFD1050ml／hm^2的农艺性状表现，介于清水对照与初花期喷AFD1050ml／hm^2之间，比初花期喷施的单株果节数、果枝层数、花蕾数减少，而株高、单株成铃数和脱落数则增加。     

艾氟迪和缩节胺不同处理对黄河流域棉花产量的影响

为简化化学调控,探索适宜的棉花化学调控方式,分别在棉花生育期内施用艾氟迪(AFD) 1次、2次、3次和缩节胺（DPC）3次,研究其对棉花产量的影响。结果表明,分别喷施AFD 3次和2次的处理,棉花花铃期棉铃脱落率较低;AFD 2次化控的处理较对照铃重显著提高,皮棉产量较其他处理亦有一定的提高;同时AFD化控对纤维品质影响不大。因此,在黄河流域棉区应用 AFD进行2次化学调控是较为适宜的化控方式。     

缩节胺调控棉花生长依据概述

 目前缩节胺在国内和国外棉花生产上已得到了普遍应用,也是棉花增产的措施之一,但如何正确使用并让其发挥有效的作用仍旧是一个值得关注的问题。本文简列了国内外不同棉区缩节胺调控棉花生长的田间评判标准,进而指导我国缩节胺控制棉花的合理喷施。     

缩节胺与赤霉素在棉花上的互作效应试验

通过喷缩节胺和缩节胺加赤霉素两种处理的对比试验,研究缩节胺加赤霉素在棉花上的互作效应,结果表明,喷缩节胺加赤霉素处理对棉花单株铃数、衣分、单株果节数、果枝数都有互作正效应,其中单株铃数和衣分尤为明显。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。