贵州威宁黄牛线粒体DNA D-loop区全序列分析

为了解贵州威宁黄牛的遗传多样性及遗传背景，测定了19个个体的线粒体DNAD-loop区全序列。威宁黄牛D-loop区全序列中，A＋T平均含量为61．4％，G＋C含量为38．6％。经比对，共检测到威宁黄牛D-loop区8种单倍型，核苷酸多态位点45个，其中7种为普通牛血统的单倍型，1种为瘤牛血统的单倍型，表明威宁黄牛同时受到普通牛和瘤牛的影响。在威宁黄牛19个个体中，其单倍型多样度为0．715，核苷酸歧异度（π值）为2．415％，表明威宁黄牛品种的遗传多样性丰富。     

广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区序列多态性及起源分析

【目的】探究广西3个地方黄牛品种线粒体DNA控制区（mtDNA D-loop区）序列的多态性及其母系起源,为广西地方黄牛品种的选育、系统分类和开发利用提供科学依据。【方法】利用PCR扩增、测序和生物信息学方法对广西3个地方黄牛品种（南丹黄牛、隆林黄牛和涠洲黄牛）mtDNA D-loop序列进行多态性分析与系统发育进化树构建。【结果】从广西3个地方黄牛品种127个个体mtDNA D-loop区序列中检测到27种单倍型,其核苷酸多态位点65个,多态位点占所测核苷酸总长（908~912 bp）的7.143%,其中有61个转换、3个颠换和1个转换/颠换共存。广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区单倍型多样度（H）为0.339~0.795,核苷酸多样度（π）为 0.31%~2.54%,表明广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区的遗传多样性存在较大差异,其中,南丹黄牛具有更丰富的遗传多样性,隆林黄牛次之,涠洲黄牛的遗传多样性较贫乏。聚类分析结果表明,广西3个地方黄牛品种具有普通牛和瘤牛2大母系起源,受瘤牛起源影响更明显。【结论】广西3个地方黄牛品种具有瘤牛和普通牛两大母系起源,但受瘤牛影响更明显。隆林黄牛与南丹黄牛为瘤牛和普通牛的混合母系起源,而涠洲黄牛为纯正的瘤牛母系起源,因此,应加强对广西地方黄牛品种资源,尤其是对涠洲黄牛品种资源的保护力度。     

中国西南地区5个地方绵羊群体mtDNA遗传多样性及系统进化研究

采用PCR—SSCP技术及mtDNA D-loop序列分析相结合的方法，对我国云南昭通绵羊、腾冲绵羊、宁蒗绵羊及西藏的多玛绵羊、江孜绵羊5个地方绵羊群体共232个个体进行遗传多样性及系统进化分析。PCR-SSCP分析显示，在西藏的多玛绵羊和江孜绵羊中均检测到线粒体编码区的Cytb和ND2基因的3种单倍型A、B和C，且在西藏的多玛绵羊、江孜绵羊中C单倍型比例高于B型；而在云南的昭通绵羊、腾冲绵羊和宁蒗绵羊中只检测到单倍型A和B。根据不同的单倍型从5个群体中筛选出39个样品进行mtDNAD-loop区克隆测序，经过系统进化分析揭示西藏绵羊存在A、B、C3种mtDNA单倍型；而云南绵羊只存在A、B2种mtDNA单倍型。以上基于PCR-SSCP和D-loop区序列的分析结果一致提示西藏绵羊有3个母系来源，云南绵羊有2个母系来源。基于mtDNAD-loop序列的多态性分析结果显示西藏多玛绵羊和江孜绵羊的单倍型多样度（Hd）、核苷酸多样度（Pi）及平均核苷酸差异数（k）均高于云南3个地方绵羊品种，提示西藏绵羊遗传多样性较丰富，云南绵羊遗传多样性相对贫乏。     

中国部分山羊品种线粒体DNA D-loop序列遗传多样性分析

分析了中国部分本地山羊品种(18个品种200个体)以及在中国饲养的引入品种(4个品种25个体)线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)的全序列,结合已报道的世界其它地方的山羊(15个品种77个体)以及2只野山羊的线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)全序列共304个体,研究结果表明:山羊线粒体DNA控制区约为1 212 bp,检测到228个变异位点,203种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.993±0.001;核苷酸多样度0.018±0.001。中国部分山羊的变异类型主要为类型A和B,而在巴基斯坦山羊中还检测到类型C和D。比较分析结果表明中国山羊遗传多样性和基因交流比中国黄牛品种要高。     

青海省格尔木牦牛的母系遗传多样性及支系组成

[目的]从分子水平上探究青海省格尔木牦牛的母系遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及其遗传背景。[方法]对49头格尔木牦牛mtDNA D-loop区部分序列进行了测定,后使用DnaSP 5.10.01、Arlequin 3.11和MEGA 5.05等生物信息学软件确定其多态位点和单倍型数目,计算核苷酸多样度和单倍型多样度大小,并进行系统发育分析。[结果]在截取的618 bp格尔木牦牛D-loop区分析序列中,排除1处插入(缺失)后共检测到45处多态位点,包括10处单一多态位点和35处简约信息位点;根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了18种单倍型,其中单倍型H4为优势单倍型,核苷酸多样度为0.015±0.008,单倍型多样度为0.911±0.022。与野牦牛及大通、天祝、金川等其他家牦牛品种相比,格尔木牦牛群体单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度值均较高,表明该群体具有丰富的母系遗传多样性。以美洲野牛为外群,邻接法(即NJ法)构建的系统发育树结果显示：格尔木牦牛群体18种单倍型分布在A、B、C、D和G 5种单倍型组中,且聚为3个大的分支,提示格尔木牦牛由3个母系支系组成,拥有3个母系起源。[结论]格尔木牦牛群体具有丰...     

拉伯高脚鸡线粒体DNA D-loop序列变异与起源分化研究

为从母系遗传角度探明云南拉伯高脚鸡的遗传多样性与起源分化,采用PCR产物直接测序技术对30只拉伯高脚鸡的线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)第一高变区序列进行了分析。结果表明:在所分析的mtDNA D-loop 527 bp序列中,共检测到17个变异位点,归结为5个单倍型。单倍型L1和L2属G世系,单倍型L3和L4属A世系,单倍型L5属B世系。G世系占整个群体的63.3%,A世系占33.3%。单倍型多样度为(0.763±0.049),群体内序列间核苷酸差异的平均数为7.205,核苷酸多样度为0.01315,平均遗传距离为0.016。由最大似然法构建的NJ系统进化树将拉伯高脚鸡聚为3大枝,分别与G、A、B 3个世系对应。与红原鸡及国内外鸡种聚类比较,拉伯高脚鸡在起源上具有其独特性。结果表明,拉伯高脚鸡存在较高的遗传多样性,起源上具有云南本地鸡特有的遗传特征。     

郏县红牛mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性与母系起源研究

［目的］探究郏县红牛的mtDNA D-loop遗传多样性与母系起源。［方法］采用生物信息学方法。［结果］在46头郏县红牛mtDNA D-loop区全序列共检测到60个变异位点,定义20种mtDNA D-loop单倍型,平均单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.8530,平均核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.0254,表明郏县红牛有丰富的母系遗传多样性。构建的IQ系统发育树表明郏县红牛具有瘤牛和普通牛两个母系支系。［结论］郏县红牛具有丰富的母系遗传多样性,有普通牛和瘤牛两个母系起源。     

我国部分地方鸭品种mtDNA D-loop区单倍型分析

为进一步研究鸭品种或遗传资源的遗传多样性,对22个地方鸭品种(遗传资源群体)、2个野鸭群体和2个番鸭群体,共计208个个体的mtDNA D-loop区部分DNA序列的多态性进行了检测,结果发现:单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.886±0.00033,平均核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.02252,并且在所有群体中共发现了60种单倍型,表明我国地方鸭品种遗传多样性丰富,其中单倍型H8在2种野鸭中均有发现,为我国地方鸭品种起源判定提供了新的参考依据。     

广西乌鸡线粒体DNA D-loop区序列遗传多样性分析

采用PCR和直接测序的方法测定广西东兰乌鸡线粒体DNA(mt DNA)D-loop第一高变区序列,比较分析东兰乌鸡(片羽、丝羽)的遗传变异。结果表明:在东兰乌鸡mt DNA D-loop区中,共发现27个变异位点,46种单倍型,其变异方式主要是转换和缺失;检测片段的G+C含量(60.59%)明显高于A+T含量(39.41%),具有偏倚性(P0.05);单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度分别为(0.890±0.020)、(0.01653±0.02483),表明东兰乌鸡的遗传多样性较丰富,其中丝羽乌鸡的变异位点、单倍型数量、单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度等均比片羽乌鸡高。在NJ系统发生树上,东兰乌鸡分为3大支,说明具有3个血统来源,起源于中国红色原鸡。     

建昌马mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

试验旨在以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为切入点,研究建昌马的母系遗传多样性与系统进化。从建昌马(n=39)血液中提取基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增mtDNA D-loop区并直接测序,分析其高变区247 bp序列信息,统计mtDNA D-loop区的单倍型及变异位点,计算单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,Hd)、核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity,Pi)和平均核苷酸变异数(average number of nucleotide differences,K)。构建包括建昌马在内的19个品种马的NJ系统进化树,计算各品种间的遗传距离。结果显示,试验获得了清晰的PCR扩增产物,并通过直接测序方法获得了约1200 bp的序列。39匹建昌马mtDNA D-loop区247 bp序列(其中1个样品缺失1 bp)的AT碱基含量为61.45%,属AT碱基对富集区,检测到33个多态性位点,共显示26种单倍型,其中4种为共享单倍型,且Hap7和Hap1为优势单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.947,核苷酸多样性为0.02399,平均核苷酸变异数为5.901,显示丰富的母系遗传多样性;NJ系统进化树显示,建昌马分布在A、C、D、E、F、G共6个支系中,约50%的样品分布在A支系,显示出复杂的母系起源;建昌马与关中马的遗传距离最小(0.021),其次是三河马、文山马、韩国车巨马(0.024),与韩国济州岛马遗传距离最大(0.032)。本研究结果表明,建昌马的mtDNA D-loop高变区遗传多样性丰富,具有多个母系起源,且A支系占有明显优势,与关中马、文山马可能有共同的母系起源。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.