Ultraslow electron spin dynamics in GaAs quantum wells probed by optically pumped NMR

Optically pumped nuclear magnetic resonance (OPNMR) measurements were performed in two different electron-doped multiple quantum well samples near the fractional quantum Hall effect ground state nu = 13. Below 0.5 kelvin, the spectra provide evidence that spin-reversed charged excitations of the nu = 13 ground state are localized over the NMR time scale of about 40 microseconds. Furthermore, by varying NMR pulse parameters, the electron spin temperature (as measured by the Knight shift) could be driven above the lattice temperature, which shows that the value of the electron spin-lattice relaxation time tau1s is between 100 microseconds and 500 milliseconds at nu = 13.     

Low-frequency spin dynamics in a canted antiferromagnet

Resistively detected nuclear spin relaxation measurements in closely separated two-dimensional electron systems reveal strong low-frequency electron-spin fluctuations in the quantum Hall regime. As the temperature is decreased, the spin fluctuations, manifested by a sharp enhancement of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1, continue to grow down to the lowest temperature of 66 millikelvin. The observed divergent behavior of 1/T1 signals a gapless spin excitation mode and is a hallmark of canted antiferromagnetic order. Our data demonstrate the realization of a two-dimensional system with planar broken symmetry, in which fluctuations do not freeze out when approaching the zero temperature limit.     

Optical pumping and vibrational cooling of molecules

The methods producing cold molecules from cold atoms tend to leave molecular ensembles with substantial residual internal energy. For instance, cesium molecules initially formed via photoassociation of cold cesium atoms are in several vibrational levels nu of the electronic ground state. We applied a broadband femtosecond laser that redistributes the vibrational population in the ground state via a few electronic excitation/spontaneous emission cycles. The laser pulses are shaped to remove the excitation frequency band of the nu = 0 level, preventing re-excitation from that state. We observed a fast and efficient accumulation ( approximately 70% of the initially detected molecules) in the lowest vibrational level, nu = 0, of the singlet electronic state. The validity of this incoherent depopulation pumping method is very general and opens exciting prospects for laser cooling and manipulation of molecules.     

Thymic requirement for clonal deletion during T cell development

During T cell differentiation, self tolerance is established in part by the deletion of self-reactive T cells within the thymus (negative selection). The presence of T cell receptor (TCR)-alpha beta + T cells in older athymic (nu/nu) mice indicates that some T cells can also mature without thymic influence. Therefore, to determine whether the thymus is required for negative selection, TCR V beta expression was compared in athymic nu/nu mice and their congenic normal littermates. T cells expressing V beta 3 proteins are specific for minor lymphocyte stimulatory (Mlsc) determinants and are deleted intrathymically due to self tolerance in Mlsc+ mouse strains. Here it is shown that V beta 3+ T cells are deleted in Mlsc+ BALB/c nu/+ mice, but not in their BALB/c nu/nu littermates. Thus, the thymus is required for clonal deletion during T cell development.     

Tumor development after 3-methylcholanthrene in immunologically deficient athymic-nude mice

Athymic-nude (nu/nu) mice and normal (nu/+) mice showed no differences in either latent period or incidence of local sarcomas or lung adenomas within 120 days after administration of 3-methylcholanthrene at birth. However, nu/nu mice were incapable of rejecting allogeneic skin grafts for the duration of the experiment. These results argue against an active role of thymus-dependent immunity as a surveillance mechanism preventing tumor development.     

Spin-orbit echo

Preserving and controlling the quantum information content of spins is a central challenge of spintronics. In solids, the relativistic spin-orbit interaction (SOI) leads to a finite spin lifetime. Here, we show that spin information is preserved by the hidden conserved "twisted spin" and survives elastic disorder scatterings. This twisted spin is an adiabatic invariant with respect to a slow change in the SOI. We predict an echo phenomenon, spin-orbit echo, which indicates the recovery of the spin moment when the SOI is tuned off adiabatically, even after spin relaxation has occurred; this is confirmed by numerical simulations. A concrete experiment in two-dimensional semiconductor quantum wells with Rashba-Dresselhaus SOI is proposed to verify our prediction.     

A sharp peak of the zero-temperature penetration depth at optimal composition in BaFe2(As(1-x)P(x))2

In a superconductor, the ratio of the carrier density, n, to its effective mass, m*, is a fundamental property directly reflecting the length scale of the superfluid flow, the London penetration depth, λ(L). In two-dimensional systems, this ratio n/m* (~1/λ(L)(2)) determines the effective Fermi temperature, T(F). We report a sharp peak in the x-dependence of λ(L) at zero temperature in clean samples of BaFe(2)(As(1)(-x)P(x))(2) at the optimum composition x = 0.30, where the superconducting transition temperature T(c) reaches a maximum of 30 kelvin. This structure may arise from quantum fluctuations associated with a quantum critical point. The ratio of T(c)/T(F) at x = 0.30 is enhanced, implying a possible crossover toward the Bose-Einstein condensate limit driven by quantum criticality.     

小鼠肝炎病毒以不同途径感染4个品系小鼠的比较

用小鼠肝炎病毒A59株以滴鼻、灌胃、腹腔注射3种途径人工感染近交系小鼠(BALB／c小鼠、C57BL小鼠)、免疫缺陷小鼠(NIH—Ⅲ小鼠、BALB／c—nu／nu小鼠),接种病毒后3、5、7、14、21、28d分别取各鼠的肝脏,提取肝脏总RNA。用RT—PCR方法检测小鼠肝炎病毒的感染情况。结果显示：腹腔注射病毒的小鼠在肝脏中能最早检测出病毒,其次是灌胃,滴鼻则最晚;另外,近交系小鼠及免疫缺陷小鼠感染后3d在肝脏中检测出病毒,而转基因小鼠则在感染后7d在肝脏中检测出病毒。     

Influences of Charcoal Amendment on Adsorption-Desorption of Isoproturon in Soils

In order to prevent pesticide leaching from soil, the effects of charcoal amendment on adsorption-desorption of isoproturon in soils were studied and the mechanisms in reducing the loss of isoproturon from soils were suggested. Adsorption-desorption of isoproturon in five different particle sizes of charcoals and three different soils were studied using batch equilibration technique. The results showed that the experimental data were well fitted by the Freundlich empirical equation. Charcoal had a great adsorption capacity for isoproturon, and the smaller the particle size of charcoal, the more the adsorption of isoproturon. The amendment with charcoal could greatly improve the adsorption of isoproturon in soils. The adsorption of isoproturon in soils increased with the rate of charcoal amended （r= 0.9568＊＊, P 〈 0.01）. Desorption of isoproturon from charcoals and soils showed significant hystersis which was shown by the higher adsorption slope （1/nsds） compared to the desorption slope （1/ndes. The hysteresis effects of charcoal on desorption of isoproturon were closely correlated with the content of charcoal in the soils, and the hysteresis index （H） increased with the rate of charcoal amended. Observation of environmental scanning electron microscopy （ESEM） exhibitted the fine pore structure and special surface characteristics of the tested charcoal. Analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectra （FTIR） of isoproturon adsorbed on charcoal suggested probable bonding interactions between isoproturon and charcoal. This research suggests that charcoal amendment may be an effective management practice for controlling pesticide desorption and leaching in soils.     

Failure of T cell receptor V beta negative selection in an athymic environment

The mature T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is the result of selection events during T cell development. Previous assessment of TCR beta-chain selection with serologic and molecular probes demonstrated both positive and negative selection. Although this work suggested a critical role for the thymus, no direct assessment has been made of the requirement for a thymus in TCR V beta selection. A comparison of TCR V beta expression in four different congenic pairs of normal and nu/nu (athymic) mice indicated that the normal V beta deletions associated with tolerance to self minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mlsc) antigens or to self major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded E alpha E beta products did not occur in most athymic mice. Thus, the thymus has a critical role in mediating self tolerance by negative selection.     

Spatial Analysis of Maize Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in Central New York

An increasing number of farmers are considering the use of site-specific nitrogen (N) applications to maize (Zea mays L.) as a way of maximizing yield potential while minimizing fertilizer cost. The objectives of this 3-years experiment were to evaluate the spatial structure of yield response to N fertilizer and investigate the potential for site-specific N management under maize production in New York. Four experimental N rates (50, 110, 160, or 220 kg ha¹), two tillage systems (chisel till and zone-till) and two crop rotations (maizemaize and maizesoybean (Glycine max L.)) were superimposed over a 12 ha field in central New York State with a complex of Honeoye-Lima, Kendaia, and Lima soils ranging from moderately well to poorly drained soils. Pre-sidedress soil nitrate tests (PSNT) showed significant spatial structure but did not conform to that for crop N response, indicating that N fertilizer recommendations based on PSNT results cannot be simply applied in a site-specific management approach. Optimal N rate varied from 110 kg ha ¹ for the dry years 1999 and 2000 to 220 kg ha¹ for 1998, with a warm wet spring. Tillage treatments were generally comparable in N response. Spatial yield response analysis showed limited field-scale regionalization of both yield and profit response to N, suggesting that site-specific application of nitrogen is impractical. The greatest source of variability in N requirements was observed with the annual effects of weather, and presents a greater potential for precise N application than site-specific application. Annual variations in optimum N rate were not related to annual yield differences and yield potential itself does not appear to be a good predictor of N needs.     

热压成型胶接软木板应力松弛转变机理

探究热压成型胶接软木板的应力松弛转变机理,为工业上实现软木板的一步热压成型制备提供基础理论支持。实验采用动态黏弹性测试、准静态单向压缩测试和短时应力松弛测试对胶接软木板及其主要原料(软木,聚氨酯胶)的黏弹性和松弛转变行为进行了深入分析,基于原料的性能特征解析了胶接软木板的应力松弛转变机理。结果表明:当热压温度达到120℃时,软木弹性模量较室温显著降低,为23.98 MPa,且在相同应变下的应力值也随之降低(σ5=1.26 MPa,σ60=2.91 MPa),软木板在外力作用下更容易发生压缩变形,且弹性回复能力减弱;当热压温度达到130℃时,聚氨酯胶中的硬链段开始发生玻璃化转变,该转变过程导致其储能模量大幅降低,造成软木板应力松弛速率加快。软木及软木板具有相似的应力松弛行为,二者的应力松弛速率都随温度升高呈先升高后降低再回升的趋势;当温度升至140℃时,软木板应力松弛速率达到最高(0.093 2),残余相对应力最小(1.18 MPa)。     

Preference for vibrational over translational energy in a gas-surface reaction

State-resolved gas-surface reactivity measurements revealed that vibrational excitation of nu3 (the antisymmetric C-H stretch) activates methane dissociation more efficiently than does translational energy. Methane molecules in the vibrational ground state require 45 kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) of translational energy to attain the same reactivity enhancement provided by 36 kJ/mol of nu3 excitation. This result contradicts a key assumption underlying statistical theories of gas-surface reactivity and provides direct experimental evidence of the central role that vibrational energy can play in activating gas-surface reactions.     

外源木炭对异丙隆在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

 【目的】研究除草剂异丙隆在木炭上的吸附-解吸规律,探讨外源木炭对减少异丙隆从土壤中流失的作用机制,为土壤-水环境中农药的污染防治提供依据。【方法】采用振荡平衡法,研究了异丙隆在5个不同粒径木炭和3种不同类型土壤中的吸附-解吸特征。【结果】异丙隆在木炭和土壤中的吸附-解吸均符合Freundlich方程。木炭对异丙隆有很强的吸附能力,木炭粒径越小,对异丙隆的吸附能力越强。添加木炭能够显著提高土壤对异丙隆的吸附量,木炭添加量越多,异丙隆吸附量越大,木炭添加量与异丙隆吸附量呈显著正相关（相关系数r=0.9568**）。异丙隆在木炭和土壤中的解吸过程均存在明显的滞后效应,且这种滞后效应随着木炭添加量的增大而逐渐加强。环境扫描电镜（ESEM）分析显示,木炭具有疏松多孔结构,对异丙隆具有较强的物理吸附能力。红外光谱（FTIR）分析结果表明,异丙隆可能通过氢键或范德华力与木炭结合。【结论】以木炭作为人工添加吸附剂可有效地减少异丙隆从土壤中的流失。     

Observation of polymer conformation hysteresis in extensional flow

Highly extensible Escherichia coli DNA molecules in planar extensional flow were visualized in dilute solution by fluorescence microscopy. For a narrow range of flow strengths, the molecules were found in either a coiled or highly extended conformation, depending on the deformation history of the polymer. This conformation hysteresis persists for many polymer relaxation times and is due to conformation-dependent hydrodynamic forces. Polymer conformational free-energy landscapes were calculated from computer simulations and show two free-energy minima for flow strengths near the coil-stretch transition. Hysteresis cycles may directly influence bulk-solution stresses and the development of stress-strain relations for dilute polymer flows.     

C60 rotation in the solid state: dynamics of a faceted spherical top

The rotational dynamics of C(60) in the solid state have been investigated with carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C NMR). The relaxation rate due to chemical shift anisotropy (1/9T1(CSA)(1)) was precisely measured from the magnetic field dependence of T(1), allowing the molecular reorientational correlation time, tau, to be determined. At 283 kelvin, tau = 9.1 picoseconds; with the assumption of diffusional reorientation this implies a rotational diffusion constant D = 1.8 x 10(10) per second. This reorientation time is only three times as long as the calculated tau for free rotation and is shorter than the value measured for C(60) in solution (15.5 picoseconds). Below 260 kelvin a second phase with a much longer reorientation time was observed, consistent with recent reports of an orientational phase transition in solid C(60). In both phases tau showed Arrhenius behavior, with apparent activation energies of 1.4 and 4.2 kilocalories per mole for the high-temperature (rotator) and low-temperature (ratchet) phases, respectively. The results parallel those found for adamantane.     

Critical-like phenomena associated with liquid-liquid transition in a molecular liquid

Contrary to the conventional wisdom that there is only one unique liquid state for any material, recent evidence suggests that there can be more than two liquid states even for a single-component substance. The transition between these liquid states is called a liquid-liquid phase transition. We report the detailed experimental investigation on the kinetics of the continuous spinodal-decomposition-type transformation of one liquid into another for triphenyl phosphite. From the analysis of the linear regime, we found that the correlation length, xi, of fluctuations of the relevant order parameter diverges as xi = xi(0)[(T(SD) - T)/T(SD)](-nu) (where xi(0) = 60 nm and nu = 0.5) while approaching the spinodal temperature, T(SD). This is an indication of a critical-like anomaly associated with the liquid-liquid transition. We also revealed that the order parameter governing the liquid-liquid transition must be of a nonconserved nature.     

二维双曲型守恒律的一类MmB差分格式

基于通量分裂、单元平均分片线性重构及逆风特性进行空间离散,构造了二维标量非线性双曲型守恒律的一类新的二阶精度的半离散差分格式。进一步地利用二阶TVDRunge-Kutta离散方法对时间进行离散,得到了一类新的时空二阶精度的全离散差分格式,并证明了格式的MmB特性。之后,将格式按分量形式推广到二维非线性双曲型守恒方程组。该方法的一个主要优点是使用分量形式格式计算二维非线性双曲型守恒方程组,无须解黎曼问题且不用进行局部特征分解,因而形式简单、计算量小。通过计算二维可压缩流欧拉方程组的几个算例,数值结果表明,该格式具有高精度、高分辨率及计算简单的特点。     

Extraction of Proteins from Apple Leaves for Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Analysis

In order to develop an efficient method about protein extraction which is suitable for apple proteomic analysis, four protocols of total protein extraction from apple leaves, which are trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation method （TCA）, phenol extraction methanol/ammonium acetate precipitation method, Tris-HCl extraction method and modified Tris-HCl extraction method were compared. The results showed that the modified Tris-HCl extraction method was the most suitable method in protein extraction for two-dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE） from apple leaves based on the highest resolution and more informative spots of 2-DE gels with no apparent vertical or horizontal streaking.     

二氧化硅/木材复合材料的应力松弛

为弄清二氧化硅/木材复合材料中二氧化硅与木材的结合方式及粘弹性等性质,通过应力松弛方法研究该复合材料的应力松弛特性。结果表明:二氧化硅/木材复合材料的应力松弛量比未处理材小,并且随着增重率的增加,应力松弛量减小。加硅烷偶联剂法制备的二氧化硅/木材复合材料的应力松弛量比直接溶胶-凝胶法制备的小,表明加硅烷偶联剂法制备的二氧化硅/木材复合材料,二氧化硅无机体与木材有更多的结合,内部结合力更大。二氧化硅/木材复合材料的应力松弛过程中的表观活化能(ΔE)比未处理材大,并且随着增重率的增加,表观活化能增加。未处理材ΔE为19.50 kJ/mol,直接溶胶-凝胶法制备的增重率为12.63%、28.00%、90.29%的二氧化硅/木材复合材料的ΔE分别为22.95、25.31、29.06 kJ/mol;而加硅烷偶联剂法制备的增重率为8.08%、20.69%、89.27%的二氧化硅/木材复合材料的ΔE分别为23.21、26.01、29.82 kJ/mol。表明二氧化硅/木材复合材料在应力松弛过程中需要克服的能量增加。随着增重率增加,热力学量活化焓增大。