5-Aza-CdR对德保黑猪手工克隆重构胚胎体外发育效果的影响

为了探讨5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷（5-Aza-CdR）对德保黑猪手工克隆（HMC）重构胚胎体外发育效果的影响，本研究分别从供体细胞和重构胚入手，比较了5个不同处理浓度（0、5、10、20和40 nmol/L）5-Aza-CdR处理HMC重构胚的体外发育效果，筛选最佳处理浓度；在最佳浓度下比较5个不同处理时间（0、24、48、72和96 h）对HMC重构胚的体外发育效果，筛选最佳处理时间；用4个不同浓度（0、0.25、0.5和1 μmol/L）5-Aza-CdR结合最佳浓度和最佳时间处理供体和重构胚，比较其体外发育潜能。结果显示，与空白对照组相比，5、10、20和40 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理72 h对重构胚卵裂率均无显著差异（P>0.05），20 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理能显著提高重构胚的囊胚率（P<0.05），10和20 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理均能显著提高囊胚细胞数（P<0.05），其中以20 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR效果最佳；与空白对照组相比，利用20 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理HMC重构胚72 h能显著提高重构胚的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数（P<0.05），其余处理时间对重构胚卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚细胞数均无显著影响（P>0.05）；在囊胚的最佳处理浓度（20 nmol/L）和最佳处理时间（72 h）下，结合供体的4个处理浓度（0、0.25、0.5和1 μmol/L），同时处理重构胚和供体，各处理组HMC重构胚的发育潜能均有提高，但效果均不显著（P>0.05），其中0.25~0.5 μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理效果较佳。综上表明，适宜浓度（0.25~0.5 μmol/L）的DNA甲基化酶抑制剂5-Aza-CdR处理供体细胞72 h并结合20 nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理重构胚72 h均能有效提高德保黑猪HMC重构胚胎的体外发育潜能，该结果可为今后研究德保黑猪HMC胚胎DNA甲基化调控机制提供参考。     

曲古抑菌素A处理克隆胚对囊胚发育率的影响

[目的]探讨曲古抑菌素A（Trichostatin A,TSA）处理对囊胚发育率的影响。[方法]以牛胎儿成纤维细胞作为供体核,以牛卵母细胞作为受体胞质进行体细胞核移植,用80 nmol/L TSA处理供体细胞12 h,核移植后继续处理克隆胚胎0、6、12和24 h,应用激光共聚焦显微镜检测供体细胞组蛋白H4K12乙酰化水平,并通过核移植检测TSA不同时间处理的克隆胚胎囊胚发育率。[结果]TSA处理12 h的供体细胞组蛋白H4K12乙酰化水平显著增高（P〈0.05）;80 nmol/LTSA处理12 h的克隆胚的囊胚发育率（21.9%）高于未处理组（16.5%）,差异显著（P〈0.05）。[结论]供体细胞和克隆胚胎经TSA处理的12 h的克隆胚胎,显著提高了体外发育能力。     

体细胞核移植的不完全核重编程与克隆动物的发育导常

体细胞核完全的重编程是成功生产克隆动物的先决条件,体细胞核的不完全重编程是克隆动物发育异常的主要原因.本文主要通过对DNA甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化、端粒、X染色体失活和印记基因表达几个方面的论述,来探讨造成克隆动物发育异常的原因.     

体细胞核移植的不完全核重编程与克隆动物的发育异常

体细胞核完全的重编程是成功生产克隆动物的先决条件,体细胞核的不完全重编程是克隆动物发育异常的主要原因。本文主要通过对DNA甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化、端粒、X染色体失活和印记基因表达几个方面的论述,来探讨造成克隆动物发育异常的原因。     

DNA甲基化抑制因子5-AzaDc对犬卵母细胞体外培养核成熟的影响

本实验旨在研究DNA甲基化酶抑制剂5-氮-2-脱氧胞苷(5-Aza Dc)对犬卵母细胞体外成熟的影响。研究比较添加不同浓度5-Aza Dc(1、2μmol/L)处理不同时间(1、2、48、72 h)观察的犬卵母细胞成熟情况,并通过DNA甲基化的免疫荧光染色,观察5-Aza Dc对DNA甲基化在犬卵母细胞中的分布情况及趋势变化。结果表明:添加2μmol/L的5-Aza Dc处理48 h,所有卵母细胞均脱离GV期,并且与对照组相比显著提高进入GVBD-MⅡ期的比率(28.3%vs.87.1%);免疫荧光染色结果显示,成熟卵母细胞的DNA甲基化染色位点主要集中在细胞核内,并未在细胞质中出现,DNA甲基化程度显著降低,并使染色质凝集。综上所述,添加2μmol/L的5-Aza Dc处理48 h可以通过抑制DNA甲基化水平提高犬卵母细胞体外成熟率,短时间的抑制DNA甲基化水平对犬卵母细胞的减数分裂恢复有积极促进作用。     

5-Aza-CdR对德保黑猪手工克隆重构胚胎体外发育效果的影响

为了探讨5-氮杂-2′-脱氧胞苷(5-Aza-CdR)对德保黑猪手工克隆(HMC)重构胚胎体外发育效果的影响,本研究分别从供体细胞和重构胚入手,比较了5个不同处理浓度(0、5、10、20和40nmol/L)5-Aza-CdR处理HMC重构胚的体外发育效果,筛选最佳处理浓度;在最佳浓度下比较5个不同处理时间(0、24、48、72和96h)对HMC重构胚的体外发育效果,筛选最佳处理时间;用4个不同浓度(0、0.25、0.5和1μmol/L)5-Aza-CdR结合最佳浓度和最佳时间处理供体和重构胚,比较其体外发育潜能。结果显示,与空白对照组相比,5、10、20和40nmol/L5-Aza-CdR处理72h对重构胚卵裂率均无显著差异(P0.05),20nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理能显著提高重构胚的囊胚率(P0.05),10和20nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理均能显著提高囊胚细胞数(P0.05),其中以20nmol/L 5-AzaCdR效果最佳;与空白对照组相比,利用20nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理HMC重构胚72h能显著提高重构胚的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数(P0.05),其余处理时间对重构胚卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚细胞数均无显著影响(P0.05);在囊胚的最佳处理浓度(20nmol/L)和最佳处理时间(72h)下,结合供体的4个处理浓度(0、0.25、0.5和1μmol/L),同时处理重构胚和供体,各处理组HMC重构胚的发育潜能均有提高,但效果均不显著(P0.05),其中0.25～0.5μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理效果较佳。综上表明,适宜浓度(0.25～0.5μmol/L)的DNA甲基化酶抑制剂5-AzaCdR处理供体细胞72h并结合20nmol/L 5-Aza-CdR处理重构胚72h均能有效提高德保黑猪HMC重构胚胎的体外发育潜能,该结果可为今后研究德保黑猪HMC胚胎DNA甲基化调控机制提供参考。     

哺乳动物体细胞核移植的DNA甲基化重编程研究进展

DNA甲基化是基因组主要的表观遗传修饰方式之一.核移植重构胚在对供体细胞基因组进行甲基化重编程过程中会出现异常的甲基化模式,而异常的甲基化重编程是导致克隆胚早期死亡及克隆动物发育畸形的主要原因.论文针对体细胞克隆动物基因组DNA的甲基化模式、造成克隆胚胎甲基化异常的原因及异常甲基化对重构胚胎发育的影响等进行了综述.深入研究核移植重构胚甲基化重编程的机制,有助于完善核移植技术,提高克隆效率,使其更好地应用于基础研究和生产实践.     

VPA对牛胎儿成纤维细胞体外培养的影响

为了研究组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(HDACIs)丙戊酸(VPA)处理对牛胎儿成纤维细胞体外培养的影响,试验采用培养到第3代的牛胎儿成纤维细胞经VPA处理后,进行细胞生长曲线绘制及形态、活力、细胞周期的检测,并通过Real-time PCR检测Oct4和Cdx2的表达情况,经梯度浓度的VPA处理牛胎儿成纤维细胞,于24 h后观察细胞形态。结果表明:当VPA浓度高于0.5 mmol/L时,细胞开始出现异常形态,死细胞数目增多。0.5 mmol/L VPA处理牛成纤维细胞24 h可以显著抑制细胞活力,可将60%以上细胞的周期阻滞在G0/G1期;但处理48 h将导致细胞染色体整倍率显著下降。与对照组相比,VPA处理后,Oct4的表达量显著升高,而Cdx2基因的表达量则显著降低。说明用HDACIs VPA处理过的牛成纤维细胞作为体细胞核移植的供体细胞,可能更有利于克隆胚胎重编程及发育。     

动物克隆技术研究的历史、现状与展望

动物克隆技术对于优良种畜的复制、减少实验用动物数目、动物遗传多样性保存及濒危动物挽救、转基因动物培育以及人类疾病的治疗都具有重要的意义。尽管早在1938年HansSpemann就已提出了胚胎细胞核移植的设想,但直到20世纪50和60年代才在两栖类和鱼类获得成功。而哺乳动物的胚胎细胞核移植起步更晚,直到20世纪80年代才开始有成功的报道。自1997年Wilmut等人培育出体细胞克隆绵羊Dolly以来,哺乳动物克隆技术有了迅速发展;先后获得了体细胞克隆小鼠、牛、山羊、猪、猫和兔,供核细胞的种类也在不断拓宽。然而,目前体细胞克隆的成功率还很低,一般只有1%～3%。一般认为,造成克隆成功率低的原因主要是供体核后成性基因程序再编不当。尽管最近的实验证明,端粒长度和X-染色体灭活等程序再编正常,但于配子发生期间形成的后成性信息(如配子基因印迹)在核移植之后并不能恢复。     

无籽刺梨染色体数目观察

以无籽刺梨组培苗根尖为材料,探讨其染色体制片技术。结果表明,无籽刺梨根尖在常温下用0.003mol/L8-羟基喹啉溶液预处理6-8h或0.004mol/L8-羟基喹啉溶液预处理4-6h后,在预冷的卡诺固定液（冰醋酸：无水乙醇=3:1中）0℃下处理15min,经95%乙醇:15% Hcl=1:1的解离液处理5min或无水乙醇:36-38% Hcl=1:1处理6min,然后用卡宝品红染色15或20min,其镜检效果较佳;无籽刺梨的染色体数目为2n=2x=14。无籽刺梨染色体制片技术研究及其染色体数目的确定对其遗传改良工作有着重要的意义。     

Optimizing treatment of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor RG108 on porcine fibroblasts for somatic cell nuclear transfer

Aberration in DNA methylation is believed to be one of the major causes of abnormal gene expression and inefficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). RG108, a non‐nucleoside DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor, has been reported to facilitate somatic nuclear reprogramming and improved blastocyst formation. The aim of this study was to investigate interaction effect of RG108 treatment time (24–72 hr) and concentrations (0.05–50 µM) on donor cells, and further to optimize the treatment for porcine SCNT. Our results showed that RG108 treatment resulted in time‐dependent decrease of genome‐wide DNA methylation on foetal fibroblasts, which only happened after 72‐hr treatment in our experiments, and no interaction effect between treatment time and concentration. Remarkable decrease of methylation in imprinted gene H19 and increased apoptosis was observed in 5 and 50 µM RG108‐treated cells. Furthermore, the blastocyst rates of SCNT embryos were increased as the fibroblasts treated with RG108 at 5 and 50 µM, and additional treatment during cultivation of SCNT embryos would not provide any advantage for blastocyst formation. In conclusion, the RG108 treatment of 72 hr and 5 μM would be optimized time and concentration for porcine foetal fibroblasts to improve the SCNT embryonic development. In addition, combined treatment of RG108 on donor cells and SCNT embryos would not be beneficial for embryonic development.     

DNA methylation analysis on satellite I region in blastocysts obtained from somatic cell cloned cattle

Many observations have been made on cloned embryos and on adult clones by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), but it is still unclear whether the progeny of cloned animals is presenting normal epigenetic status. Here, in order to accumulate the information for evaluating the normality of cloned cattle, we analyzed the DNA methylation status on satellite I region in blastocysts obtained from cloned cattle. Embryos were produced by artificial insemination (AI) to non‐cloned or cloned dams using semen from non‐cloned or cloned sires. After 7 days of AI, embryos at blastocyst stage were collected by uterine flushing. The DNA methylation levels in embryos obtained by using semen and/or oocytes from cloned cattle were similar to those in in vivo embryos from non‐cloned cattle. In contrast, the DNA methylation levels in SCNT embryos were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than those in in vivo embryos from non‐cloned and cloned cattle, approximately similar to those in somatic cells used as donor cells. Thus, this study provides useful information that epigenetic status may be normal in the progeny of cloned cattle, suggesting the normality of germline cells in cloned cattle.     

DNA methylation status of bovine blastocyst embryos obtained from various procedures

DNA methylation is an important factor for the regulation of gene expression in early embryos. It is well known that the satellite I sequence is more heavily methylated in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT-SC) embryos than in embryos derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, the methylation status of bovine embryos obtained by other procedures is not well known. To clarify DNA methylation levels of bovine embryos obtained from various procedures, we examined satellite I sequences in bovine blastocyst (BC) embryos derived from NT-SC, NT using embryonic blastomeres (NT-EM), in vivo (Vivo), IVF and parthenogenetic treatment (PA). Furthermore, in order to evaluate the efficacy of DNA demethylation by the NT procedure, we determined the DNA methylation levels in bovine embryos in which NT was recapitulated (Re-NT). Although the DNA methylation levels in the NT-SC embryos were higher than those in the other embryos, the NT-EM embryos exhibited lower DNA methylation levels. The satellite I sequence in the NT-SC embryos was more demethylated than that in the donor cells. Although the DNA methylation level in the individual NT-SC embryos showed variation, the full-term developmental efficacy of these embryos were not different. These findings suggest that the methylation level of the satellite I sequence at the BC stage is not related to the abnormalities of bovine embryos produced by NT-SC. There was no difference in methylation levels between Re-NT and NT-SC embryos. Our results indicated that the DNA methylation status differed among embryos produced by various methods and that at least some of the demethylation of the donor cell genome occurred in the recipient cytoplast after NT-SC, but the demethylation ability of the NT procedure was noted in the first NT but not in the second NT.     

Effects of downregulating DNA methyltransferase 1 transcript by RNA interference on DNA methylation status of the satellite I region and in vitro development of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos

For the successful production of cloned animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT), the epigenetic status of the differentiated donor cell is reversed to an embryonic totipotent status. However, in NT embryos, this process is aberrant, with genomic hypermethylation consistently observed. Here, we investigated the effects of silencing DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) mRNA by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the DNA methylation status of the satellite I region and in vitro development of bovine NT embryos. First, the levels of DNMT1 expression were analyzed at 0, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 192 h after in vitro culture. Real-time PCR and western blotting analyses detected a significant decrease in DNMT1 mRNA in the siRNA-injected NT (siRNA-NT) group up to 72 h after in vitro culture. Next, the levels of DNA methylation of the satellite I region were analyzed at several time points after in vitro culture. The level of DNA methylation detected in siRNA-NT embryos was significantly less than those in NT embryos throughout in vitro development. Moreover, the developmental rate of embryos to blastocysts in the siRNA-NT group was significantly higher than that of NT embryos. Our data suggest that knockdown of DNMT1 mRNA in NT embryos can induce DNA demethylation, which may enhance reprogramming efficiency.     

Mice cloned by nuclear transfer from somatic and ntES cells derived from the same individuals

The current success rate of cloned mice from adult somatic cell nuclei is very low, whereas it is relatively high for cloned mice from ES cell nuclei. In this experiment, we examined whether the success rate of cloning from somatic cells could be improved via nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (ntES cells) established from somatic cell nuclei. We obtained 11 cloned mice and 68 ntES cell lines from the somatic cell nuclei of 7 mice, and cloned 41 mice were cloned from the ntES cell nuclei. Unexpectedly, the overall success rate of cloning from ntES cell nuclei in this series was no better than when using somatic cell nuclei. Interestingly, full-term cloned mice were produced only via ntES cells from two individuals, but not by direct nuclear transfer from the somatic cells, and vice versa. Ultimately, we were able to obtain clone mice from 6 out of 7 individuals using either somatic cells or ntES cells. Thus, although ntES cells as donor nuclei do not absolutely assure a better success rate for mouse cloning than somatic cells, to preserve and clone valuable individuals, we recommend that ntES cell lines be established. These can then be used as an unlimited source of donor nuclei for nuclear transfer, and thus complement conventional somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning approaches.     

DNA methylation-dependent modulator of Gsg2/Haspin gene expression

The Gsg2 (Haspin) gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase and is predominantly expressed in haploid germ cells. In proliferating somatic cells, Gsg2 is shown to be expressed weakly but plays an essential role in mitosis. Although the Gsg2 minimal promoter recognized by the spermatogenic cell-specific nuclear factor(s) has been found, to date, the molecular mechanism that differentially controls Gsg2 expression levels in germ and somatic cells remains to be sufficiently clarified. In this study, we analyzed the DNA methylation status of the upstream region containing the Gsg2 promoter. We found a tissue-dependent and differentially methylated region (T-DMR) upstream (-641 to -517) of the authentic promoter that is hypomethylated in germ cells but hypermethylated in other somatic tissues. Profiling of Gsg2 expression and DNA methylation status at the T-DMR in spermatogenic cells indicated that the hypomethylation of the T-DMR is maintained during spermatogenesis. Using the reporter assay, we also demonstrated that DNA methylation at the T-DMR of Gsg2 reduced the promoter activity by 60-80%, but did not fully suppress it. Therefore, the T-DMR functions as a modulator in a DNA methylation-dependent manner. In conclusion, Gsg2 is under epigenetic control.     

Vitamin C treatment of embryos,but not donor cells,improves the cloned embryonic development in sheep

Vitamin C is not only an antioxidant but also a regulator of epigenetic modifications that can enhance the activity of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family dioxygenases and promote the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Here, we investigated the effects of vitamin C in regulating DNA methylation in sheep somatic cells or embryos in an effort to improve the cloned embryo development. Vitamin C treatment of sheep foetal fibroblast cells significantly increased the 5hmC levels but did not affect the 5mC levels in cells. After nuclear transfer, vitamin C-treated donor cells could not support a higher blastocyst development rate than non-treated cells. Although combination of serum starvation and vitamin C treatment could induce significant 5mC decrease in donor cells, it failed to promote the development of resultant cloned embryos. When cloned embryos were directly treated with vitamin C, the pre-implantation development of embryos and the 5hmC levels in blastocysts were significantly improved. This beneficial role of vitamin C on embryo development was also observed in fertilized embryos. Our results suggest that vitamin C treatment of the embryos, but not the donor cells, can improve the development of cloned sheep embryos.