大豆生物工程研究进展

90年代以来，大豆的生物工程研究重点放在建立遗传转化和再生体系上，随着遗传转化和再生技术的发展，我国已获得了抗病、抗虫转基因大豆植株，取得突破性进展。目前，大豆遗传转化主要采用农杆菌介导法、花粉管通法、基因枪及PEG法。农杆菌介导的遗传转化是以大豆子叶、胚轴为外植体，通过卡那霉素筛选，器官发生再生转化植株；花粉管介导法是以植株整体为受体导入外源原因，获得稳定遗传品系；基因枪介导的遗传转化是以大豆幼胚的胚轴、用基因枪轰击生长点，可以从任意一个基因型获得转基因植株；PEG介导的遗传转化是将质粒导入大豆原生质体，通过潮霉素进行筛选，获得转基因植株。     

大豆再生体系的建立及遗传转化的研究进展

大豆作为重要的粮食和油料作物 ,其再生体系的建立和遗传转化的研究受到了广泛的重视。大豆的再生体系主要包括 :不定芽器官发生途径、体细胞胚胎发生途径、原生质体途径、花粉、花药途径 ;大豆的遗传转化方法主要有载体法和直接转化法两种。本文主要对这些方面的进展情况以及存在的问题进行分析和综述。1　大豆再生体系的建立大豆再生体系的研究是大豆遗传转化研究的一个重要组成部分 ,为提高转化效率、缩短实验周期、解决大豆遗传转化中的嵌合体问题 ,国内外的研究者对不同途径的大豆的再生体系进行了研究和优化。1 1　大豆不定芽器官发生…     

农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节遗传转化技术流程及操作要点

大豆遗传转化效率低,是大豆转基因育种亟待解决的重要问题。以大豆子叶节为外植体采用农杆菌介导法,系统地研究了大豆子叶节遗传转化各技术环节的操作要点,包括工程菌液制备、无菌苗获得及外植体制备、农杆菌的侵染及共培养、不定芽诱导、不定芽伸长、根诱导、驯化与移栽、抗性植株的获得及转基因植株的检测等,建立了一套较稳定、高效的大豆子叶节遗传转化体系。并利用该体系,将野生大豆耐盐碱相关基因A1对大豆品种绥农28、合丰50、合丰55、东农50进行遗传转化,系统地探讨了大豆基因型、影响T-DNA的转移效率的各环节、筛选剂浓度及不同基因型转化效率等几个重要因素。     

不同大豆基因型对大豆遗传转化效率的影响及外源T-DNA插入分析

大豆通常被认为是较难转化的豆科作物之一,大豆基因型是影响大豆转化效率的重要因素。采用农杆菌介导大豆子叶节遗传转化方法,对2个国外大豆品种和9个国内品种进行转化研究,对转化再生植株进行BAR试纸条和PCR检测。结果表明:不同大豆品种再生率及转化效率存在显著差异。国外品种Jack和Bert,南方大豆品种华春6号和东北大豆品种沈农9号具有较高的再生率和转化效率,转化效率分别达到6.45%、3.80%、3.24%和2.86%。对来源于沈农9号的PCR阳性植株进行Southern杂交检测,结果表明:外源基因已导入受体大豆品种,该受体品种实际转化效率为2.14%。对外源T-DNA插入结构进一步分析表明:低拷贝(1~2个)T-DNA插入比例为75%。本研究筛选了4个转化效率较高的大豆品种,为开展高效大豆遗传转化研究提供依据;同时,作为大豆主栽品种,利用华春6号和沈农9号作为受体品种开展转基因研究,对于加快转基因大豆新品种培育研究也具有重要的参考价值。     

大豆遗传转化技术研究进展

高效、稳定的遗传转化体系是开展大豆转基因育种及功能基因组学研究的重要前提。自1988年首次建立基因枪和农杆菌介导的大豆遗传转化技术以来,围绕影响大豆转化效率提高的各种因素,国内外学者对大豆转化方法进行了多方面的改进,包括在共培养基中添加抗氧化剂类化合物,选用强毒农杆菌菌株以及不同的外植体和筛选剂等。经过20多年的发展,大豆遗传转化效率不断提高,目前已报道的大豆转化效率最高可达32.6%。文章对近年来大豆遗传转化技术研究进展进行了综述,并对影响大豆转化效率的主要因素进行了探讨。     

水稻热激蛋白基因HSP90转化大豆的研究

由于干旱和盐碱化的严重影响,我国大豆生产受到很大限制。为了提高大豆的抗旱性,培育抗旱转基因大豆新品种,利用农杆菌介导的子叶节遗传转化技术体系,首次将水稻热激蛋白基因HSP90导入大豆受体材料Bert中,通过HSP90在大豆中过表达,获得了耐旱转基因大豆新材料。本试验中4 000个子叶节外植体用于遗传转化,再生转化苗经PCR和Southern杂交鉴定结合PPT抗性筛选(bar为筛选标记),共获得128棵阳性转基因植株,转化率为3.2%。经初步筛选,获得15份耐旱性较好的材料,其耐旱性显著优于对照。研究结果为进一步筛选耐旱转基因大豆新材料奠定了较好的基础。     

农杆菌介导的大豆遗传转化研究进展

植物基因工程是大豆遗传改良的重要途径。农杆菌介导法是大豆遗传转化的重要方法之一,许多实验室应用该方法得到了转基因大豆,但目前使用该方法进行转化的效率还比较低,尚需深入研究。综述了农杆菌介导的大豆遗传转化的分子机理,常用转化体系及其优缺点并分析了影响转化效率的因素,同时对今后研究的重点进行了讨论。     

转基因大豆产业化现状及展望

转基因大豆是迄今为止播种面积最大、商业化程度最高的转基因作物,同时,也是人们目前公认的最难转化的作物之一.建立高效遗传转化体系和是否继续加强转基因大豆的产业化推广一直都是科技工作者和各国政府的关注焦点.本文将从国内外转基因大豆产业化现状、转基因受体系统、转基因方法及发展趋势等方面对其做一简单综述.     

大豆再生体系和遗传转化研究进展

尽管大豆再生与遗传转化取得了一定成果,但是再生率和转化率仍然很低,是公认的难转化作物.从大豆再生体系与遗传转化两个方面阐述其研究进展,并对目前转化中遇到的植株再生频率低和转化率低或得不到转化体的原因及解决方法提出一些看法.     

农杆菌介导的大豆转基因研究进展

植物基因工程是大豆遗传改良的的重要途径.近几年来转基因植物与日俱增,转化方法也得到了快速的发展.本文综述了农杆菌介导的大豆遗传转化体系及其优缺点,分析了影响转化效率的因素,介绍了农杆菌介导的转基因大豆研究成果.通过对不同方法的比较,结果表明农杆菌介导法是目前大豆转基因中发展较为成熟的方法,但转化体系有待于进一步的优化,从而提高转化率.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.