除草剂苄嘧磺隆对稻田土壤微生物活性和生物化学特性的影响

在室内培养试验条件下, 研究了不同剂量苄嘧磺隆（0~750 g/hm[sup]2[/sup])对淹水稻田土壤中微生物活性和生物化学特性的影响。结果表明,所有处理中土壤微生物生物量(磷脂含量)随培养期延长而缓慢减少,与对照相比,土壤微生物生物量(磷脂含量)随苄嘧磺隆增加而有所减少。所有处理中异养型细菌（富营养菌和贫营养菌）随培养期延长持续减少,与对照相比土壤中异养型细菌随苄嘧磺隆剂量增加而快速减少,尤其是苄嘧磺隆剂量较大（375和750 g/hm[sup]2[/sup]）的土壤中异养型细菌显著减少。土壤电子运输系统/脱氢酶活度在第1周内随培养时间延长持续下降,之后随培养时间延长而增强。与对照相比,土壤电子运输系统活度也随除草剂苄嘧磺隆施用剂量的升高而下降。第1周内土壤酚含量随培养时间延长持续增加,之后随培养时间延长而减少。 与对照相比,土壤酚含量随苄嘧磺隆施用剂量的增加而快速增加,尤其是苄嘧磺隆剂量较大（375和750 g/hm[sup]2[/sup]）的土壤中酚含量显著增加。在所有处理中,土壤中蛋白质含量随培养时间的延长缓慢减少,但不显著。土壤蛋白质含量随除草剂苄嘧磺隆剂量增加而略微增加,但不显著。     

水稻覆膜旱作对稻田土壤微生物生态质量的影响

在淹水栽培和覆膜栽培方式下,通过田间试验研究了土壤微生物生态质量随水稻生长期的变化情况。研究结果表明,土壤微生物生态质量随着水稻生长期延长而降低,土壤物质周转和循环速度减慢。与淹水栽培方式相比,无论是在水稻分蘖期还是灌浆期,在覆膜栽培方式下土壤微生物生物量相对较高; 土壤电子运输系统活度更强; 土壤蛋白质和土壤总酚含量更高。这说明与淹水栽培方式相比,覆膜栽培方式有利于改善土壤微生物生态质量,加速土壤物质周转和循环。     

不同含水量条件下稻田土壤中杀虫剂的生态影响

 在控制条件下，研究了不同含水量（风干土、50%和100%田间持水量、淹水状态），加与不加杀虫剂（三唑磷田间施用量），对稻田土壤部分性质的影响。含水量对土壤电子运输系统活度（ETS）/脱氢酶、总酚、蛋白质、磷脂含量产生显著影响， 但杀虫剂的加入不产生显著变化。ETS和总酚含量随含水量增加呈线性上升趋势。与不加杀虫剂对照相比，在所有含水量条件下，ETS略有降低，低含水量时稍明显；总酚的含量略有增加，但不显著。蛋白质不受杀虫剂影响。50%田间持水量时，土壤蛋白质有所降低，表明此时有较强的N矿化作用。50%田间持水量时磷脂含量达最大值，之后随含水量增加直线下降；在淹水条件下，磷脂含量最低。与不加杀虫剂对照相比，在较低含水量时，磷脂含量略有减少。上述研究也说明50%田间持水量时对微生物活性最适宜。     

不同施肥处理对大豆根际土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

研究不同施肥处理下,大豆不同生育时期土壤微生物生物量C、N,可培养微生物数量及土壤酶活性的动态变化.结果表明:与对照相比,各施肥处理均显著增加大豆不同生育期土壤微生物生物量C、N含量、细菌数量、土壤脲酶和转化酶活性,处理间以有机无机肥配施处理最高,对土壤真菌和放线菌的影响因肥料和生育时期而异;土壤脲酶活性均为有机肥+NPK>NPK>有机肥>CK;转化酶活性表现为有机肥+NPK>有机肥>NPK>CK.     

解磷细菌筛选鉴定及其在香草兰上的应用效果研究

香草兰为喜磷作物,施用解磷微生物可减少肥料施用量,促进作物生长。采用磷酸盐生长培养基从香草兰种植园中筛选到6株可解磷的细菌,通过NBRIP液体培养基摇床培养3 d后,菌株V-29培养液中可溶性磷含量最高,达到475.3μg/m L。经16S r DNA分子鉴定该菌株为伯克霍尔德氏菌。通过温室盆栽试验研究了施用V-29及其制得的微生物有机肥料在香草兰上的应用效果。结果表明:施用由解磷细菌制得的微生物有机肥可显著提高香草兰茎蔓及根系干重,但单独接种解磷细菌处理与对照相比,差异不显著;施用微生物有机肥及接种解磷细菌均可提高土壤有效磷和植株全磷含量。     

利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记法分析水稻根际土壤微生物多样性

采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记法,分析了4个以Ⅱ-32A为母本和3个以制5为父本的系列杂交水稻组合在同等栽培条件下根际土壤的微生物群落结构,并探讨其与水稻特性的内在联系,以期为水稻育种和品种改良提供科学依据。结果表明,水稻根际土壤磷脂脂肪酸生物标记丰富,共检测到38种PLFAs,其中完全分布的生物标记有23种,不完全分布的有15种;水稻根际土壤中PLFAs含量细菌真菌放线菌。不同水稻材料根际土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸生物标记组成结构存在差异。对根际土壤特征磷脂脂肪酸生物标记16:0(细菌)、18:1ω9c(真菌)、10Me17:0(放线菌)、10Me16:0(硫酸盐还原细菌)和16:1ω5c(甲烷氧化菌)比较可知,制5系列组合含量高,最高的为金生优制5,Ⅱ-32A系列组合较低,含量最低的为Ⅱ优797。对PLFAs总量和水稻特性进行Pearson相关分析,结果表明,PLFAs含量与水稻有效穗数和产量呈显著正相关,但与株高呈显著负相关。对水稻根际土壤磷脂脂肪酸生物量总量进行聚类分析发现,Ⅱ-32A系列组合聚为一类,制5系列组合聚为一类,表现出水稻遗传特性在其根际PLFAs上的差异性。研究结果表明,水稻根际土壤微生物群落PLFAs结构丰富,根际土壤微生物群落结构受水稻遗传亲缘关系的影响。     

香蕉不同生育期根际土壤细菌群落变化研究

土壤微生物是土壤质量和健康的敏感性指标。研究认为,根际微生物区系失调是作物土传病害发生的一个重要原因。通过对香蕉不同生长期根际土壤中细菌多样性和数量的研究,对香蕉枯萎病发生的机理及生物防治具有重要意义。实验采用Real-time PCR和T-RFLP技术,对巴西蕉不同生长期根际细菌数量和多样性进行了研究。结果表明:随着香蕉生长期的增加,根际土壤细菌数量从3月的1.1×1010copies/g土壤逐渐增加到7月的2.7×1010copies/g土壤,随后逐渐减少。然而,根际细菌多样性从3月到7月呈逐渐减少趋势,到7月达到最低,为1.99。另外,不同月份中优势菌的种类和在总细菌中所占的比例也不同。在实验期内,随着香蕉生育期的延长,某些细菌种类大量繁殖,土壤根际细菌群落结构失衡,土壤微生物环境有恶化趋势。     

施用木醋液甜瓜根系生长及根际土壤生物学性状与细菌多样性变化

以盆栽甜瓜为研究对象,基于传统与现代分析技术,探究木醋液对于甜瓜根系生长、根际土壤生物学性状和细菌群落结构的影响,旨在开发木醋液作为液态肥料及土壤改良剂的可行性。结果表明,稀释600倍木醋液处理不仅显著促进甜瓜根系生长、显著提高甜瓜根际土壤中可培养微生物数量以及微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和涉及土壤碳、氮、磷循环相关酶的活性,而且有效地提高了甜瓜根际土壤细菌丰富度Chao 1指数和多样性Shannon指数;另一方面,门或属分类水平上,无论施用何种浓度的木醋液,其优势菌门与对照之间无显著差异,均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）;优势菌属均为Subgroup 6_no rank、Saccharibacteria、Gemmatimonadaceae（芽单胞菌属）、Sphingomonas（鞘脂单胞菌属）、Soil Crenarchaeotic Group、Bacillus（芽孢杆菌属）、Rhodospirillaceae（红螺菌属）、Roseiflexus（玫瑰弯菌属）、Lactococcus（乳球菌属）和Acidimicrobiales。施用木醋液没有改变甜瓜根际土壤中细菌优势菌门或菌属的组成,但稀释300倍或600倍木醋液更有利于甜瓜根际土壤形成细菌群落结构更为多样的微环境。综合甜瓜根系生长及指示根际土壤肥力指标的生物学性状,施用稀释600倍木醋液更有助于促进甜瓜生长、提高甜瓜根际微环境的土壤肥力和抵御土传病害的能力。     

桂北不同林龄桉树人工林土壤养分及生物学特性

采用时空互代法,以广西北部低山丘陵地区不同林龄(1、2、3、4、5 a)桉树人工林为研究对象,对土壤养分含量,微生物数量,微生物生物量和土壤酶活性等生物学特征进行研究,探讨土壤养分变化及其生物学特征的变化规律。结果表明:(1)土壤养分随土层的加深表现出降低的趋势。随林龄的增加,土壤有机碳和速效氮含量呈增加的趋势,全磷呈降低趋势,全钾和速效钾呈先减小后增加趋势,全氮和速效磷无明显规律。土壤pH随着林龄的增加呈降低趋势,随土层深度的增加呈升高趋势。(2)土壤微生物数量和微生物生物量随土层的加深逐渐减少。微生物数量中细菌比例最大,放线菌次之,真菌最小。随着林龄的增加,细菌,真菌,微生物量氮和微生物量磷呈先减小再增加的趋势,放线菌趋于减小,微生物量碳逐渐增大。(3)土壤酶活性随土层深度的增加而递减,且各土层之间差异显著。随着林龄的增加,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸、过氧化氢酶活性均呈增大趋势。(4)土壤生物学特征(微生物数量,微生物生物量和酶活性)受林龄的影响显著,其最高值根据所在的林龄有所不同,与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等因子密切相关,且呈显著相关,在一定程度上可以表征桉树人工林土壤肥力水平变化趋势。     

解磷细菌 Burkholderia 的分离鉴定及对香草兰生长和 P 吸收 的影响

香草兰为喜磷作物，从香草兰种植园中分离筛选到一株解磷微生物——伯克霍尔德氏菌 V-29。在 NBRIP 液体 培养基中摇床振荡培养 5 d 后可溶性磷含量达 475.3 μg/mL，培养基 pH 下降。通过大田试验研究了接种绿色荧光蛋白 标记后的解磷菌株 V-29 及其与有机肥发酵制得的微生物有机肥对香草兰生长和磷素吸收的影响。结果表明：单独接种 V-29 或施用微生物有机肥可显著增加香草兰植株干重、土壤有效磷含量；移栽 4 个月后，标记菌株 V-29 在香草兰根际 土壤中的含量可达 106 cfu/g 土壤。由此可见，伯克霍尔德氏菌 V-29 可单独作为生物菌剂或与有机肥发酵制得微生物有 机肥后用于农业生产中，以减少化肥施用量。     

Combined Effects of Nutrient and Pesticide Management on Soil Microbial Activity in Hybrid Rice Double Annual Cropping System

Combined effects on soil microbial activity of nutrient and pesticide management in hybrid rice double annual cropping system were studied. Results of field experiment demonstrated significant changes in soil microbial biomass phospholipid contents,abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria, electron transport system (ETS)/dehydrogenase activity, soil protein contents under different management practices and at various growth stages. Marked depletions in the soil microbial biomass phospholipid contents were found with the advancement of crop growth stages, while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also induced slight changes, and the lowest microbial biomass phospholipid content was found with pesticides application alone. A decline in the bacterial abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was observed during the continuance of crop growth, while the lowest abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was found with pesticides application alone, which coincided with the decline of soil microbial biomass. A consistent increase in the electron transport system activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice. The use of fertilizers (NPK) alone or combined with pesticides increased it, while a decline was noticed with pesticides application alone as compared with the control.The soil protein content was found to be relatively stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops undertaken, but notable changes were detected at different growth stages.     

Combined Effects of Nutrient and Pesticide Management on Soil Microbial Activity in Hybrid Rice Double Annual Cropping System

Combined effects on soil microbial activity of nutrient and pesticide management in hybrid rice double annual cropping system were studied. Results of field experiment demonstrated significant changes in soil microbial biomass phospholipid contents, abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria, electron transport system (ETS)/dehydrogenase activity, soil protein contents under different management practices and at various growth stages. Marked depletions in the soil microbial biomass phospholipid contents were found with the advancement of crop growth stages, while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also induced slight changes, and the lowest microbial biomass phospholipid content was found with pesticides application alone. A decline in the bacterial abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was observed during the continuance of crop growth, while the lowest abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was found with pesticides application alone, which coincided with the decline of soil microbial biomass. A consistent increase in the electron transport system activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice. The use of fertilizers (NPK) alone or combined with pesticides increased it, while a decline was noticed with pesticides application alone as compared with the control. The soil protein content was found to be relatively stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops undertaken, but notable changes were detected at different growth stages.     

水稻不同生育期的土壤微生物量和酶活性的变化

 研究了全生育期淹水栽培条件下，水稻不同生长阶段的土壤微生物生物量C、土壤微生物生物量N、呼吸作用强度、代谢商、土壤酶活性及水稻叶绿素、脯氨酸、过氧化物酶（POD）活性的变化特征。随着水稻生长，土壤微生物生物量C、土壤微生物生物量N、呼吸作用强度表现为先升后降，到成熟期有所回升的变化规律，且在水稻不同生育阶段差异显著，而土壤微生物代谢商一直下降。土壤脲酶活性表现为先升后降，而酸性磷酸酶与脱氢酶活性则表现为先降后升再降的变化规律。脲酶及酸性磷酸酶活性在水稻移栽后的30 d左右形成峰值，而脱氢酶活性则在50 d左右形成峰值，且在水稻不同生育阶段差异显著。随着水稻生长，水稻叶片中的叶绿素含量表现为先降后升的变化规律，在移栽后70 d左右形成峰值，然后急剧下降，POD的活性则表现为逐渐增强，而脯氨酸含量表现为逐渐下降，不过上述水稻生理指标与土壤各生物化学指标间不存在显著的相关性。试验结果表明在水稻 土壤 微生物相互作用的体系中，土壤微生物量和酶活性明显受到水稻生长发育的影响。     

Variation of Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities at Different Growth Stages of Rice （Oryza sativa）

A pot experiment was conducted under submerged conditions with hybrid rice Zhenong 7 to study the variation in the soil microbial biomass carbon （Cmic）, soil microbial biomass nitrogen （Nmic）, soil respiration rate, soil microbial metabolic quotient, soil enzyme activities, chlorophyll content, proline content and peroxidase activity （POD） in rice leaf at different growth stages. The soil Cmic, Nmic and soil respiration rate significantly increased at the early stage and then declined during rice growth, but ascended slightly at maturity. However, soil metabolic quotient declined at all the stages. Soil urease activity increased at first and then decreased, while acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities descended before ascended and then descended again. Soil urease activity and acid phosphatase activity showed a peak value at the tillering stage about 30 days after rice transplanting, but the peak value of dehydrogenase activity emerged at about 50 days after rice transplanting and the three soil enzymatic activities were significantly different at the different developmental stages. As rice growing, chlorophyll content in rice leaf descended at the early stage then ascended and a peak value appeared at about the 70th after rice transplanting, after that declined drastically, while POD activity increased gradually, but proline content declined gradually. There was a slight relation between rice physiological indices and soil biochemical indices, which indicated that soil biochemical characteristics were affected significantly by rice growth in the interaction system of the rice. soil and microorganisms.     

As contamination alters rhizosphere microbial community composition with soil type dependency during the rice growing season

Rhizosphere microbes play a cardinal role in transformation and crop uptake of arsenic (As), thereby relieving or intensifying the risk of As contamination in the food webs. How rhizosphere microbiomes respond to As contamination in different paddy soils and rice growth stages is still unclear. Here, we conducted a rice pot experiment to address the effects of rice developmental stage and As contamination on the rhizosphere microbial communities in two contrast paddy soils, a yellow clayey paddy soil (YP, pH 5.1, soil organic matter 20.8 g/kg) and red paddy soil (RP, pH 6.2, soil organic matter 46.1 g/kg). The rhizosphere microbial communities were investigated using phospholipid fatty acids analysis at tillering, panicle initiation, and maturity stages. The results showed that rice growing in YP soil accumulated 2-10 times higher contents of As in root than that in RP soil. There was a significant effect of rice growing stage, independent of soil types and As treatment, on rhizosphere microbial community composition in both YP and RP soils as depicted by canonical correspondence analysis. As contamination significantly altered rhizosphere microbial community composition only in YP soil, which showed the soil type dependency of the As contamination effect. In RP soil, the higher content of soil organic matter reduced the impact of As contamination. Soil pH explained more percentage of variation in microbial community composition than soil DOC and DON did. These influences of soil physiochemical properties on heavy metal available and rhizosphere microbial community may lay the foundation for exploration of bioremediation potential.     

微生物菌剂及硅肥对盐碱地水稻生长发育及土壤环境的影响

针对黑龙江省西部地区盐碱地水稻种植过程中存在的有效分蘖少、有效穗数少、产量低、化肥对土壤二次污染等问题,于2019年在黑龙江省泰来县盐碱地水稻生产中进行添加微生物菌剂、纳米硅肥和传统施肥的对比试验,通过调查水稻产量性状、土壤理化性质及微生物含量,明确其增产效果及土壤改良效果.结果表明,添加微生物菌剂和纳米硅肥显著提高盐...     

Rhizosphere Aeration Improves Nitrogen Transformation in Soil,and Nitrogen Absorption and Accumulation in Rice Plants

Two rice cultivars (Xiushui 09 and Chunyou 84) were used to evaluate the effects of various soil oxygen (O₂) conditions on soil nitrogen (N) transformation, absorption and accumulation in rice plants. The treatments were continuous flooding (CF), continuous flooding and aeration (CFA), and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). The results showed that the AWD and CFA treatments improved soil N transformation, rice growth, and N absorption and accumulation. Soil NO₃^– content, nitrification activity and ammonia-oxidising bacteria abundance, leaf area, nitrate reductase activity, and N absorption and accumulation in rice all increased in both cultivars. However, soil microbial biomass carbon and pH did not significantly change during the whole period of rice growth. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the nitrification activity and ammonia-oxidising bacteria abundance, and both of them significantly increased as the total N accumulation in rice increased. Our results indicated that improved soil O₂ conditions led to changing soil N cycling and contributed to increases in N absorption and accumulation by rice in paddy fields.     

头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻根际机能及产量的影响

【目的】再生稻是头季稻生长的延续。本研究尝试从根际微生态系统的变化来阐明机械化栽培下头季稻氮肥管理对头季-再生季水稻产量形成的影响,为再生稻高产高效栽培提供参考。【方法】以“甬优1540”为材料,通过2年的田间试验,在头季总施氮量(225.00 kg/hm²)不变的前提下,设置头季不同氮肥运筹处理,分析了机械化栽培下再生稻产量、根系伤流强度、根际土壤酶活性及其微生物多样性的变化特点。【结果】头季前氮后移施肥处理(N1、N2)有助于根系保持较高活力,尤其在头季生长中后期N1处理(基肥∶一次分蘖肥∶二次分蘖肥∶孕穗肥=3∶1∶2∶4)根系伤流强度比对照(N0)和当地常规施肥处理(N4)显著提高;N1处理两季总产量最高,2年平均达17 351.23 kg/hm²,比当地常规施肥处理(N4)提高了23.00%。土壤酶活性分析表明,蔗糖酶活性在头季齐穗期表现为N2>N1>N3>N4>N0,之后则表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;过氧化氢酶与硝酸还原酶活性在头季生长期均表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;脲酶活性从头季齐穗期至再生季齐穗始终表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;各生育时期土壤酶活性与根系伤流强度间均呈显著或极显著正相关。细菌 16S rDNA 测序表明,施肥与不施肥处理细菌群落结构多样性差异显著,N1处理细菌 Chao1 指数和香农指数显著高于其他处理。菌群结构分析表明,施肥处理增加了与土壤碳氮循环、有机质含量及抗逆性密切相关的细菌数量,尤其是N1、N2处理硝化螺旋菌属相对丰度较高,有利土壤氮素循环。【结论】机械化栽培下,头季氮肥适当后移有利于再生稻根际微生态系统的改善,从而提高根系活力,促进水稻生长,获得两季水稻的高产。     

化肥减量对麦田土壤微生物量及微生物区系的影响

为了解化肥减量和有机培肥配施对冬小麦田土壤微生物的影响,以单施常量化肥(表示为NPK,分别施尿素、磷酸二铵和硫酸钾251.8、255.7和375.2kg.km-2)为对照,设置不同化肥(不减量、减量30%、减量50%和减量70%)和有机肥(18 000、25 500和34 500kg.km-2,分别用LM、MM和HM表示)配施处理,采用系列稀释平板法和氯仿熏蒸培养法分别测定了不同处理下土壤微生物量碳、氮以及微生物区系分布的差异。结果表明,有机无机肥配施显著增加了麦田土壤微生物量碳、氮以及细菌、固氮菌、放线菌等微生物数量,但不影响土壤真菌数量。施肥效果在化肥不减量时随有机肥施用量增加呈上升趋势,在化肥减量时以50%NPK+MM处理最佳。说明化肥适度减量和配施有机肥能够改善土壤微生物量,有利于提高土壤肥力。