Combined Effects of Nutrient and Pesticide Management on Soil Microbial Activity in Hybrid Rice Double Annual Cropping System

Combined effects on soil microbial activity of nutrient and pesticide management in hybrid rice double annual cropping system were studied. Results of field experiment demonstrated significant changes in soil microbial biomass phospholipid contents, abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria, electron transport system (ETS)/dehydrogenase activity, soil protein contents under different management practices and at various growth stages. Marked depletions in the soil microbial biomass phospholipid contents were found with the advancement of crop growth stages, while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also induced slight changes, and the lowest microbial biomass phospholipid content was found with pesticides application alone. A decline in the bacterial abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was observed during the continuance of crop growth, while the lowest abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was found with pesticides application alone, which coincided with the decline of soil microbial biomass. A consistent increase in the electron transport system activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice. The use of fertilizers (NPK) alone or combined with pesticides increased it, while a decline was noticed with pesticides application alone as compared with the control. The soil protein content was found to be relatively stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops undertaken, but notable changes were detected at different growth stages.     

双季杂交稻耕作系统中养分与农药管理对土壤微生物活性的影响

 田间实验表明在不同的管理方式和不同生长期所研究的土壤参数均发生显著变化。土壤微生物生物量/磷脂含量随水稻生长期延长而显著减少，同时，单独施用肥料或农药和同时施用肥料和农药均导致土壤微生物生物量/磷脂含量发生一定变化，单独施用农药的土壤中土壤微生物生物量/磷脂含量最低。异养型细菌和蛋白质分解菌数量随水稻生长期延长持续减少，单独施用农药的土壤中异养型细菌和蛋白质分解菌数量最少，异养型细菌和蛋白质分解菌数量的变化趋势与土壤微生物生物量/磷脂含量相似。电子运输系统/脱氢酶活度随水稻生长期延长持续增强。与对照相比，单独施用肥料或同施农药和肥料导致土壤中电子运输系统活度增强，而单独施用农药土壤中电子运输系统活度明显下降。单独施用肥料或农药及同时施用肥料和农药处理中，土壤中蛋白质含量相对稳定，但在不同生长期存在较大变化。关键词     

除草剂苄嘧磺隆对稻田土壤微生物活性和生物化学特性的影响

在室内培养试验条件下, 研究了不同剂量苄嘧磺隆（0~750 g/hm[sup]2[/sup])对淹水稻田土壤中微生物活性和生物化学特性的影响。结果表明,所有处理中土壤微生物生物量(磷脂含量)随培养期延长而缓慢减少,与对照相比,土壤微生物生物量(磷脂含量)随苄嘧磺隆增加而有所减少。所有处理中异养型细菌（富营养菌和贫营养菌）随培养期延长持续减少,与对照相比土壤中异养型细菌随苄嘧磺隆剂量增加而快速减少,尤其是苄嘧磺隆剂量较大（375和750 g/hm[sup]2[/sup]）的土壤中异养型细菌显著减少。土壤电子运输系统/脱氢酶活度在第1周内随培养时间延长持续下降,之后随培养时间延长而增强。与对照相比,土壤电子运输系统活度也随除草剂苄嘧磺隆施用剂量的升高而下降。第1周内土壤酚含量随培养时间延长持续增加,之后随培养时间延长而减少。 与对照相比,土壤酚含量随苄嘧磺隆施用剂量的增加而快速增加,尤其是苄嘧磺隆剂量较大（375和750 g/hm[sup]2[/sup]）的土壤中酚含量显著增加。在所有处理中,土壤中蛋白质含量随培养时间的延长缓慢减少,但不显著。土壤蛋白质含量随除草剂苄嘧磺隆剂量增加而略微增加,但不显著。     

As contamination alters rhizosphere microbial community composition with soil type dependency during the rice growing season

Rhizosphere microbes play a cardinal role in transformation and crop uptake of arsenic (As), thereby relieving or intensifying the risk of As contamination in the food webs. How rhizosphere microbiomes respond to As contamination in different paddy soils and rice growth stages is still unclear. Here, we conducted a rice pot experiment to address the effects of rice developmental stage and As contamination on the rhizosphere microbial communities in two contrast paddy soils, a yellow clayey paddy soil (YP, pH 5.1, soil organic matter 20.8 g/kg) and red paddy soil (RP, pH 6.2, soil organic matter 46.1 g/kg). The rhizosphere microbial communities were investigated using phospholipid fatty acids analysis at tillering, panicle initiation, and maturity stages. The results showed that rice growing in YP soil accumulated 2-10 times higher contents of As in root than that in RP soil. There was a significant effect of rice growing stage, independent of soil types and As treatment, on rhizosphere microbial community composition in both YP and RP soils as depicted by canonical correspondence analysis. As contamination significantly altered rhizosphere microbial community composition only in YP soil, which showed the soil type dependency of the As contamination effect. In RP soil, the higher content of soil organic matter reduced the impact of As contamination. Soil pH explained more percentage of variation in microbial community composition than soil DOC and DON did. These influences of soil physiochemical properties on heavy metal available and rhizosphere microbial community may lay the foundation for exploration of bioremediation potential.     

微生物菌剂及硅肥对盐碱地水稻生长发育及土壤环境的影响

针对黑龙江省西部地区盐碱地水稻种植过程中存在的有效分蘖少、有效穗数少、产量低、化肥对土壤二次污染等问题,于2019年在黑龙江省泰来县盐碱地水稻生产中进行添加微生物菌剂、纳米硅肥和传统施肥的对比试验,通过调查水稻产量性状、土壤理化性质及微生物含量,明确其增产效果及土壤改良效果.结果表明,添加微生物菌剂和纳米硅肥显著提高盐...     

化肥减量对麦田土壤微生物量及微生物区系的影响

为了解化肥减量和有机培肥配施对冬小麦田土壤微生物的影响,以单施常量化肥(表示为NPK,分别施尿素、磷酸二铵和硫酸钾251.8、255.7和375.2kg.km-2)为对照,设置不同化肥(不减量、减量30%、减量50%和减量70%)和有机肥(18 000、25 500和34 500kg.km-2,分别用LM、MM和HM表示)配施处理,采用系列稀释平板法和氯仿熏蒸培养法分别测定了不同处理下土壤微生物量碳、氮以及微生物区系分布的差异。结果表明,有机无机肥配施显著增加了麦田土壤微生物量碳、氮以及细菌、固氮菌、放线菌等微生物数量,但不影响土壤真菌数量。施肥效果在化肥不减量时随有机肥施用量增加呈上升趋势,在化肥减量时以50%NPK+MM处理最佳。说明化肥适度减量和配施有机肥能够改善土壤微生物量,有利于提高土壤肥力。     

Variation of Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities at Different Growth Stages of Rice （Oryza sativa）

A pot experiment was conducted under submerged conditions with hybrid rice Zhenong 7 to study the variation in the soil microbial biomass carbon （Cmic）, soil microbial biomass nitrogen （Nmic）, soil respiration rate, soil microbial metabolic quotient, soil enzyme activities, chlorophyll content, proline content and peroxidase activity （POD） in rice leaf at different growth stages. The soil Cmic, Nmic and soil respiration rate significantly increased at the early stage and then declined during rice growth, but ascended slightly at maturity. However, soil metabolic quotient declined at all the stages. Soil urease activity increased at first and then decreased, while acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities descended before ascended and then descended again. Soil urease activity and acid phosphatase activity showed a peak value at the tillering stage about 30 days after rice transplanting, but the peak value of dehydrogenase activity emerged at about 50 days after rice transplanting and the three soil enzymatic activities were significantly different at the different developmental stages. As rice growing, chlorophyll content in rice leaf descended at the early stage then ascended and a peak value appeared at about the 70th after rice transplanting, after that declined drastically, while POD activity increased gradually, but proline content declined gradually. There was a slight relation between rice physiological indices and soil biochemical indices, which indicated that soil biochemical characteristics were affected significantly by rice growth in the interaction system of the rice. soil and microorganisms.     

水稻不同生育期的土壤微生物量和酶活性的变化

 研究了全生育期淹水栽培条件下，水稻不同生长阶段的土壤微生物生物量C、土壤微生物生物量N、呼吸作用强度、代谢商、土壤酶活性及水稻叶绿素、脯氨酸、过氧化物酶（POD）活性的变化特征。随着水稻生长，土壤微生物生物量C、土壤微生物生物量N、呼吸作用强度表现为先升后降，到成熟期有所回升的变化规律，且在水稻不同生育阶段差异显著，而土壤微生物代谢商一直下降。土壤脲酶活性表现为先升后降，而酸性磷酸酶与脱氢酶活性则表现为先降后升再降的变化规律。脲酶及酸性磷酸酶活性在水稻移栽后的30 d左右形成峰值，而脱氢酶活性则在50 d左右形成峰值，且在水稻不同生育阶段差异显著。随着水稻生长，水稻叶片中的叶绿素含量表现为先降后升的变化规律，在移栽后70 d左右形成峰值，然后急剧下降，POD的活性则表现为逐渐增强，而脯氨酸含量表现为逐渐下降，不过上述水稻生理指标与土壤各生物化学指标间不存在显著的相关性。试验结果表明在水稻 土壤 微生物相互作用的体系中，土壤微生物量和酶活性明显受到水稻生长发育的影响。     

Rhizosphere Aeration Improves Nitrogen Transformation in Soil,and Nitrogen Absorption and Accumulation in Rice Plants

Two rice cultivars (Xiushui 09 and Chunyou 84) were used to evaluate the effects of various soil oxygen (O₂) conditions on soil nitrogen (N) transformation, absorption and accumulation in rice plants. The treatments were continuous flooding (CF), continuous flooding and aeration (CFA), and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). The results showed that the AWD and CFA treatments improved soil N transformation, rice growth, and N absorption and accumulation. Soil NO₃^– content, nitrification activity and ammonia-oxidising bacteria abundance, leaf area, nitrate reductase activity, and N absorption and accumulation in rice all increased in both cultivars. However, soil microbial biomass carbon and pH did not significantly change during the whole period of rice growth. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the nitrification activity and ammonia-oxidising bacteria abundance, and both of them significantly increased as the total N accumulation in rice increased. Our results indicated that improved soil O₂ conditions led to changing soil N cycling and contributed to increases in N absorption and accumulation by rice in paddy fields.     

头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻根际机能及产量的影响

【目的】再生稻是头季稻生长的延续。本研究尝试从根际微生态系统的变化来阐明机械化栽培下头季稻氮肥管理对头季-再生季水稻产量形成的影响,为再生稻高产高效栽培提供参考。【方法】以“甬优1540”为材料,通过2年的田间试验,在头季总施氮量(225.00 kg/hm²)不变的前提下,设置头季不同氮肥运筹处理,分析了机械化栽培下再生稻产量、根系伤流强度、根际土壤酶活性及其微生物多样性的变化特点。【结果】头季前氮后移施肥处理(N1、N2)有助于根系保持较高活力,尤其在头季生长中后期N1处理(基肥∶一次分蘖肥∶二次分蘖肥∶孕穗肥=3∶1∶2∶4)根系伤流强度比对照(N0)和当地常规施肥处理(N4)显著提高;N1处理两季总产量最高,2年平均达17 351.23 kg/hm²,比当地常规施肥处理(N4)提高了23.00%。土壤酶活性分析表明,蔗糖酶活性在头季齐穗期表现为N2>N1>N3>N4>N0,之后则表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;过氧化氢酶与硝酸还原酶活性在头季生长期均表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;脲酶活性从头季齐穗期至再生季齐穗始终表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;各生育时期土壤酶活性与根系伤流强度间均呈显著或极显著正相关。细菌 16S rDNA 测序表明,施肥与不施肥处理细菌群落结构多样性差异显著,N1处理细菌 Chao1 指数和香农指数显著高于其他处理。菌群结构分析表明,施肥处理增加了与土壤碳氮循环、有机质含量及抗逆性密切相关的细菌数量,尤其是N1、N2处理硝化螺旋菌属相对丰度较高,有利土壤氮素循环。【结论】机械化栽培下,头季氮肥适当后移有利于再生稻根际微生态系统的改善,从而提高根系活力,促进水稻生长,获得两季水稻的高产。     

双季稻栽培方式对冬闲期杂草生长及土壤养分含量的影响

于2009～2011年,在湖南长沙进行双季稻不同栽培方式（＂三定＂栽培、免耕摆栽、传统栽培）定位试验,研究了双季稻不同栽培方式对冬闲期稻田杂草生长及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明：与传统栽培相比,＂三定＂栽培和免耕摆栽方式下冬闲期杂草的密度、单株干重和单位面积生物量以及土壤表层（0～5cm）的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均较高。其中,冬闲期杂草单位面积生物量、单株干重、单位面积密度与土壤表层碱解氮含量呈显著正相关关系,说明冬闲期杂草在双季稻稻田土壤养分循环中起了重要的作用。     

Toposequential Variation in Soil Fertility and Rice Productivity of Rainfed Lowland Paddy Fields in Mini-Watershed (Nong)in Northeast Thailand

Abstract

Mini-watersheds called Nongin Thai are geographical components of rainfed lowland rice culture in Northeast Thailand, and constitute distinct units in understanding environmental constraints for low and unstable rainfed rice production there. The toposequential variation of soil fertility and its relation to rice productivity within mini-watersheds, was examined by phytometry of sampled soils and field measurements of rice growth and yield. The phytometry experiment with irrigated potted rice using soils sampled from various rice fields within each mini-watershed, revealed that soil fertility as evaluated by rice dry matter production showed a 5 times difference among the fields at most. The difference in the soil fertility was ascribed primarily to that in nitrogen (N) supply capacity, which itself had a strong correlation with soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Accordingly, the biomass production of pot-grown rice was proportional to SOC. content, which suggested the usefulness of SOC as an index for soil fertility evaluation. The effect of clay on the soil fertility was much less than that of SOC. The actual rice yield in each field also showed quite large field-to-field variation, most of which was explained by the SOC content, rice growth duration and fertilizer application rate even though water availability also affected the yield. The yield positively correlated with growth duration and hence with earlier transplanting. Both SOC and clay contents of fields showed steep gradients with ascending field elevation within mini-watersheds, resulting in a marked toposequential distribution of rice yield. The toposequential distributions of SOC and clay contents imply that rice culture after deforestation accelerated soil erosion from upper to lower fields. The large toposequential gradient in soil fertility requires different resource and crop management for each toposequential position, in order to improve rice productivity of the mini-watershed as a whole.     

湘南地区烟稻轮作和不同年限烟薯套种对土壤微生物的影响

对湘南地区烟稻轮作和不同年限烟薯套种的烟田土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌进行分离培养,对微生物不同种群的数量进行分析,结果表明：烟薯套种在10年内土壤中可培养细菌与放线菌数量均为递增趋势,10年以后又呈递减的变化趋势,通过与水稻轮作,烟田土壤中可培养细菌、放线菌数量又呈明显增加;烟薯套种中随着套种年限的延长土壤中可培养真菌数量呈明显的递增状态,通过与水稻轮作,土壤中可培养真菌数量有了较为明显的减少.对微生物量C/N分析结果表明,烟薯套种10年内土壤中微生物量碳与微生物量氮均呈递增趋势,在10年以后为递减趋势;烟稻轮作相较烟薯套种明显使土壤中微生物量碳与微生物量氮增加.     

Application of Microbial Fertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture

Summary

This paper summarizes the conception and development of microbial fertilizers and inoculants in China that are used to improve soil quality and the growth, yield and protection of crops. The results presented show the relative effects of these microbial products applied singly or with chemical fertilizers on soil fertility, crop yield and protection. The paper discusses current trends in the development and use of microbial fertilizers in China and suggests areas of high priority research.     

半腐解秸秆覆盖下旱作水稻对15N的吸收和分配

 在模拟田间条件下的水泥池（微区）内，用半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作水稻，两个水平的15N标记尿素分别作基肥、分蘖肥和穗肥施用，研究了不同时期施用的15N在水稻各部位的分配、15N的利用率和土壤 植株系统的氮素平衡。结果表明植株氮素含量中来自肥料氮的百分比（Ndff%）、水稻对15N的吸收和利用率以及15N的土壤残留率因标记肥料的施用时期和用量的不同而有很大差异。分蘖肥的15N在水稻各部位中的Ndff%最高，而作为基肥施入的15N在水稻体内的Ndff%最低。植株对氮肥利用率的最低和最高值分别为5.58%和51.53%，氮肥的土壤残留率最低和最高值分别为13.81%和29.87%。     

System of rice intensification increases rice productivity on saline soil

The acidic condition of soil intervened crop growth, especially for rice crop. This research aimed to examine whether application of SRI method on saline soil can improve the productivity of rice. This research applied SRI method in the hinterland of mangrove forest areas around Segara Anakan Lagoon of Indonesia through modified irrigation to reduce saline water intrusion. SRI along with deep furrows in this first implementation had reduced the use of synthetic fertilizers by 40%, reduced variable costs by 8.35%, increased the B/C ratio by 95% and crop productivity by 76% compared to the control methods and increased the B/C ratio by 161% and crop productivity by 133% compared to conventional methods. The farmer’s motivation to apply SRI along with deep furrows for both N-Ach and N-Aff majority was distributed from moderate to high.     

Rice root growth and physiological responses to SRI water management and implications for crop productivity

This paper reports on several research findings on rice root responses, in terms of growth and physiology, manifested when applying System of Rice Intensification water management principles under semi-field and field conditions, in conjunction with variations in plant density and microbial density in the soil. The research aimed to learn about causal relationships, if any, between rice root and shoot growth at different growth stages of the rice plant’s development and their cumulative effect on yield, which is affected by both biotic and abiotic influences. It was seen that greater root length density and a higher rate of root activity affected the yield-contributing parameters in all of the trials, whether conducted under semi-field or field conditions. At the same time, both root parameters were significantly affected by the water regime, soil microbial density, and planting pattern, the three main factors considered. The most important finding observed under semi-field conditions was that enhanced microbial density in the soil improved the sink capacity of the rice plants under all water regimes evaluated. Positive correlations were found between the chlorophyll content of the flag leaf and the duration of grain filling, between the chlorophyll content of plants’ lower leaves and their roots’ oxidizing activity rate, and the roots’ oxidizing activity rate at later growth stage and the available soil nitrogen. These relationships can significantly improve rice plants’ physiological efficiency and hence grain yield, provided that soil nutrients are not a limiting factor and when source–sink demand is maintained simultaneously. To realize the highest crop yield per hectare, both planting pattern and spacing are factors that need to be optimized. This paper in its conclusion considers the relevance of exploiting roots’ potential for plasticity to enhance crop productivity in the context of impending water constraints and climate-change effects.     

水稻因土质施肥方法探讨

土壤质地是土壤的基本物理性质之一,反应土壤中不同大小直径成土颗粒的组成状况。不同质地土壤间养分含量、蓄水导水、保肥供肥、保温导热、耕性、微生物种类及其活动等性能的差异,影响肥料的固定、转化、吸收和流失,并影响作物的产量形成,进而形成区域性的肥料利用效率的差异。水稻肥料利用状况的改善一直是研究热点,但土壤质地对肥料利用和水稻生长的影响研究相对较少。本文简要介绍了不同质地土壤的养分状况和理化性质差异,分析了土壤质地对作物生长发育的影响;并在简要评价测土配方施肥技术的基础上,初步探讨了不同土质土壤的肥料高效施用方法。     

设施甜瓜种植年限对土壤生物学特性和细菌多样性的影响

以广西北海市种植不同年限的设施甜瓜土壤为研究对象，研究甜瓜不同种植年限对其设施土壤的理化、生物学性状的影响和细菌多样性的演变规律。结果表明：随着种植年限的增加，设施土壤 EC 值随着设施种植年限的增加逐年增大，而 pH 值却随着设施种植年限的增加而下降，两者均以种植 3 a 后变化幅度增大；另一方面，设施土壤中可培养微生物的数量，以及涉及碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性和微生物生物量（C、N、P）亦随着种植年限的增加而逐年下降，特别是种植 3 a 后的下降幅度表现出甚为剧烈的趋势；同时，设施土壤细菌多样性指数（H）、丰富度（S）和均匀度（Eh）指数亦随着设施栽培年限的增加而降低，同样表现出种植 3 a 后下降幅度加剧的趋势。此外，测序结果显示种植 3 a 后，设施土壤优势细菌种属主要以不可培养细菌为主；而且导致了诸如芽孢杆菌属、根瘤菌属等部分有益细菌种属的缺失。基于上述结果可知：施用化肥为主的甜瓜设施栽培连续 3 a 后易出现土壤肥力下降、质量劣化、发生盐渍化等危害。     

生物有机肥对小麦根腐病的防效及其机理初探

为研究生物有机肥对小麦根腐病的防效并初步分析其影响机理,采用盆栽试验法,分析微生物菌有机肥、复合生物有机肥、商品有机肥和发酵干鸡粪对小麦根腐病的防治效果以及对土壤酶活性、土壤养分和作物产量等的影响。结果表明,复合生物有机肥和微生物菌有机肥对小麦根腐病的防效分别为29.38%和27.91%,明显优于其他肥料;施用有机肥均能明显提高小麦根部土壤中脲酶、中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性,显著增加土壤速效养分含量,且以复合生物有机肥和微生物菌有机肥处理土壤的磷酸酶活性和有效磷含量增幅最大;复合生物有机肥能显著促进小麦生长,其株高、地上干重、根干重、穗粒数、千粒重、产量分别较对照增加8.08%、37.32%、37.50%、14.27%、17.16%和40.77%,差异均达到显著水平,微生物菌有机肥处理的地上干重也显著高于对照。总之,复合生物有机肥和微生物菌有机肥能有效提高土壤中性磷酸酶活性,促进磷素循环,增强拮抗和有益微生物对禾谷镰孢菌的抗性并促进小麦生长。