种子成熟度对黑花生出苗及生育后期光合特性的影响

为明确种子成熟度对黑花生生长的影响,本研究以黑花生品种黔花生七号为试验材料,设4个种子成熟度,采用室内与大田相结合的方式,研究不同成熟度黑花生种子发芽、出苗、生育后期光合特性以及产量的变化。结果表明：不成熟（T1）的花生籽仁作种子,植株长势弱,光合速率低;较成熟（T2）和成熟（T3）的花生籽仁作为种子,其光合同化能力强,光合速率高。随种子成熟度的增加,花生发芽势、发芽率和出苗率均呈先增加后降低趋势,且在T3处理下各指标值最大, T2、T3、T4（过成熟）处理发芽势、发芽率和出苗率均显著高于T1;除结果枝数外,花生产量及农艺性状均随种子成熟度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在处理T3下荚果产量显著高于其他处理。因此,选用成熟的黑花生作为种子,其出苗好,光同化能力强,净光合速率高,荚果产量高。     

大豆种子性状、幼苗性状及经济性状间的相关性分析

用22个种子性状差异较大的大豆品种,在测量种子百粒重、百粒容积和容重后,进行田间试验,测定各品种幼苗性状及经济性状的平均值,计算大豆种子性状、幼苗性状及经济性状的相关系数。结果表明:大豆种子粒重和容积与出苗率呈极显著负相关,与幼苗叶绿素含量和基茎粗呈极显著正相关,与幼苗根、茎、叶干物重呈显著或不显著的正相关,与后代百粒重和单株产量呈极显著正相关。幼苗叶绿素含量高的品种,单株分枝数和单株荚数多,百粒重和单株产量高。幼苗茎干重和根干重对单株分枝数和单株产量有显著影响,基茎粗与百粒重呈显著相关。选用大粒品种,既可培育壮苗,又可获得较高的单株产量。     

赣北棉油套作下油菜播期对种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探明赣北区域棉油套作模式下油菜的播期与期间主要气象要素(温度、降水量)对油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以常规油菜中双11号为供试材料,设置5个不同播期(10月11日、10月14日、10月17日、10月20日、10月23日),研究不同播期条件下油菜种子出苗率及幼苗素质的差异。结果表明,播期不同对油菜种子出苗率、发芽势和苗高无显著影响,但对幼苗鲜重、根鲜重和主根长的影响达到显著水平;气温和降水量与油菜出苗率、幼苗鲜重、苗高相关性不显著,但油菜直播后10天的平均日平均气温与根鲜重、主根长均呈显著正相关;在播期为10月17日时,油菜苗期的日平均气温相对较高,且油菜幼苗素质的各项指标均表现最佳。由此可知,为保证油菜直播质量,建议播期安排在10月中旬末,尽量追求播后气温较高及降水量较适宜。     

亚麻种子中磷、钾、铁积累规律的研究

以亚麻品种82（50）为材料,研究了亚麻种子中P、K、Fe积累的规律。结果表明：在亚麻种子发育的过程中,磷的含量总体为上升趋势,在开花后的10～20d上升速度较快,在种子成熟后期上升幅度较小;钾的含量是持续下降,在开花后的20d左右下降较快,以后下降速度减慢,当种子完全成熟时,钾的含量略有上升;铁的含量是在开花后10～20d左右上升最快,以后呈下降趋势,在接近成熟时下降速度减慢。对亚麻不同部位种子中磷、钾、铁的含量进行分析表明：磷、钾的含量是基部最高,中部次之,上部最低;而铁的含量则是上部高,基部最低,上部种子中铁含量呈波浪式下降趋势。     

复合外源调节剂种子包衣在滴灌棉田应用研究

探讨复合外源调节剂种子包衣在滴灌棉田的效果,为其推广应用提供依据。以锦华种衣剂包衣为对照（CK）,研究2种复合外源调节剂（HK1和HK2）种子包衣处理对棉花种子田间出苗率、幼苗生长、产量等的影响。结果表明：在播期提前的情况下,2种复合外源调节剂种子包衣处理在种子活力状况以及田间出苗、幼苗生长、生育期干物质积累量、产量等方面均有差异;与常规种衣剂包衣处理相比,HK2包衣处理使出苗期缩短1 d,通过保苗、壮苗,从而提高了棉苗素质;2种复合外源调节剂种子包衣处理可明显提高棉花产量,2个播期中HK2包衣处理的产量分别比CK提高了16.0%和6.2%。说明在播期提前、低温等环境条件下,使用复合外源调节剂种子包衣处理加快棉花发育进程,促进棉花生发育,可达到增产的效果。     

播期与密度对玉米物质生产及产量形成的影响

以郑单958为试验材料,研究播期与密度对玉米物质生产及产量形成的影响。结果表明,播期与密度和玉米群体干物质积累关系紧密,早播密植、晚播稀植有利于群体干物质积累;随播期推迟,产量呈下降趋势,且播期越晚,产量下降越显著。产量构成因素对产量的贡献率因气象条件而异,穗数和千粒重对产量贡献率较大,且随播期推迟均有所降低;花前充足的光辐射、花期适量的降水及花后适宜的有效积温对玉米产量有明显促进作用。苗后50~60 d的光辐射对穗数影响极显著,光辐射及降雨量与穗粒数也呈显著正相关;苗后70 d至成熟期的有效积温对千粒重影响显著。因此,适当调节播期,使玉米生长发育的关键时期处于最适的气象条件有利于发挥玉米高产潜力。     

啤酒大麦种子在成熟过程中品质形成的研究

以 4个啤酒大麦品种 ,研究啤酒大麦种子在种子发育过程中啤酒大麦品质的形成 ,结果表明 :啤酒大麦种子的千粒重随种子的成熟呈直线上升的趋势 ,而蛋白质的含量在种子成熟过程中变化较小 ,呈波状变化 ;抽穗后 36d内随种子的发育成熟 ,发芽率呈上升的趋势 ,抽穗后 36d是大麦种子最佳收获时间 ,此时收获的大麦种子具较高的发芽势与发芽率相对应的 ,此时收获的大麦种子活力、POD和a -淀粉酶活性也最高     

不同播种期对亚麻产量和品质的影响

通过亚麻新品种内亚九号的不同分期播种试验,得出呼和浩特市地区亚麻产量构成因子及产量均为4月20日播种的最高,并呈现出越晚播越低的趋势,亚麻含油率及亚麻酸含量4月13日播种的最高,并呈现出越晚播越低的趋势。综合亚麻产量与含油率及亚麻酸含量的试验结果,在不受冻害影响的前提下,呼市地区亚麻的最佳播种期为4月13日至4月20日之间。     

播期和密度对冬小麦籽粒产量和营养品质及生理指标的影响

为了研究播期和密度对冬小麦籽粒产量和营养品质及生理指标的影响,以中筋小麦中任1号为材料,在大田条件下进行不同播期和密度试验.结果表明,旗叶展开后0～28 d,早播和适播的小麦叶绿素含量高于晚播,生育后期晚播比早播和适播叶绿素含量高,叶绿素含量在不同密度处理间差异不显著.晚播比早播和适播旗叶平均含氮量分别高7%和4%,旗叶含氮量在不同密度处理间差异不显著.播期对籽粒产量及其构成因素有显著影响,籽粒产量和蛋白质产量以适播处理最高,在不同密度处理间除穗粒数差异显著外,其余均不显著.播期对清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和总蛋白含量有显著影响,对球蛋白和谷蛋白含量影响不显著,总蛋白含量以A2播期处理最高.除球蛋白外,总蛋白及其他组分舍量在密度处理问差异均不显著,以B1处理最高.研究结果说明,籽粒产量和蛋白质产量以A2B2处理最高,营养品质以A281处理最佳.旗叶展开后21 d时,旗叶叶绿素含量与清蛋白和球蛋白含量呈极显著或显著正相关(r=0.73**,r=0.57*).     

啤酒大麦种子在成熟过程中品质形成的研究

以4个啤酒大麦品种，研究啤酒大麦种子在种子发育过程中啤酒大麦品质的形成，结果表明：啤酒大麦种子的千粒重随种子的成熟呈直线上升的趋势，而蛋白质的含量在种子成熟过程中变化较小，呈波状变化；抽穗后36d内随种子的发育成熟，发芽率呈上升的趋势，抽穗后36d是大麦种子最佳收获时间，此时收获的大麦种子具较高的发芽势与发芽率相对应的，此时收获的大麦种子活力、POD和α－淀粉酶活性也最高。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.